Recovery Of Campylobacter Research Articles

High Campylobacter diversity in retail chicken: epidemiologically important strains may be missed with current sampling methods.

Campylobacter spp. are leading bacterial gastroenteritis pathogens. Infections are largely underreported, and the burden of outbreaks may be underestimated. Current strategies of testing as few as one isolate per sample can affect attribution of cases to epidemiologically important sources with high Campylobacter diversity, such as chicken meat. Multiple culture method combinations were utilized to recover and sequence Campylobacter from 45 retail chicken samples purchased across Norwich, UK, selecting up to 48 isolates per sample. Simulations based on resampling were used to assess the impact of Campylobacter sequence type (ST) diversity on outbreak detection. Campylobacter was recovered from 39 samples (87%), although only one sample was positive through all broth, temperature, and plate combinations. Three species were identified (Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, and Campylobacter lari), and 33% of samples contained two species. Positive samples contained 1-8 STs. Simulation revealed that up to 87 isolates per sample would be required to detect 95% of the observed ST diversity, and 26 isolates would be required for the average probability of detecting a random theoretical outbreak ST to reach 95%. An optimized culture approach and selecting multiple isolates per sample are essential for more complete Campylobacter recovery to support outbreak investigation and source attribution.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of the sources of Campylobacter in poultry production (preharvest) and their relative contributions to the microbial risk of poultry meat

A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to idetnify the relative contributions of the sources of Campylobacter in poultry live production to Campylobacter prevalence of broiler meat. The keywords of Campylobacter, prevalence, live production, and broiler were used in Google Scholar to address the research interest. A total of 16,800 citations were identified, and 63 relevant citations were included in the meta-analysis after applying predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. A generalized linear mixed model approach combined with logit transformation was used in the current meta-analysis to stabilize the variance. The analysis revealed that Campylobacter is ubiquitous in the poultry house exterior environment including surroundings, wildlife, domestic animals, and farm vehicle, with a predicted prevalence of 14%. The recovery of Campylobacter in the interior environment of the poultry house is far less abundant than in the exterior, with a prevalence of 2%, including litter, water, insects, mice, feed, and air. A lack of evidence was observed for vertical transmission due to the day-old chicks being free of Campylobacter from 4 studies identified. Live birds are the predominant carrier of Campylobacter, with a predicted prevalence of 41%. Transportation equipment used for live haul had an overall prevalence of 39%, with vehicles showing a predicted prevalence of 44% and crates with a predicted prevalence of 22%. The results of this meta-analysis highlight the need to implement effective biosecurity measures to minimize the risk of Campylobacter in poultry meat, as human activity appears to be the primary factor for Campylobacter introduction.

In-sewer decay and partitioning of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli and implications for their wastewater surveillance

Campylobacter jejuni and coli are two main pathogenic species inducing diarrhoeal diseases in humans, which are responsible for the loss of 33 million lives each year. Current Campylobacter infections are mainly monitored by clinical surveillance which is often limited to individuals seeking treatment, resulting in under-reporting of disease prevalence and untimely indicators of community outbreaks. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has been developed and employed for the wastewater surveillance of pathogenic viruses and bacteria. Monitoring the temporal changes of pathogen concentration in wastewater allows the early detection of disease outbreaks in a community. However, studies investigating the WBE back-estimation of Campylobacter spp. are rare. Essential factors including the analytical recovery efficiency, the decay rate, the effect of in-sewer transport, and the correlation between the wastewater concentration and the infections in communities are lacking to support wastewater surveillance. This study carried out experiments to investigate the recovery of Campylobacter jejuni and coli from wastewater and the decay under different simulated sewer reactor conditions. It was found that the recovery of Campylobacter spp. from wastewater varied with their concentrations in wastewater and depended on the detection limit of quantification methods. The concentration reduction of Campylobacter. jejuni and coli in sewers followed a two-phase reduction model, and the faster concentration reduction during the first phase is mainly due to their partitioning onto sewer biofilms. The total decay of Campylobacter. jejuni and coli varied in different types of sewer reactors, i.e. rising main vs. gravity sewer. In addition, the sensitivity analysis for WBE back-estimation of Campylobacter suggested that the first-phase decay rate constant (k1) and the turning time point (t1) are determining factors and their impacts increased with the hydraulic retention time of wastewater.

Enrichment and Direct Plating for Detection of Campylobacter in Chicken Liver Rinse and Exudate

Foodborne campylobacteriosis has been traced to undercooked chicken liver dishes; thus, it is important to use the best available culture methods when testing for the presence of Campylobacter. We compared two Campylobacter enrichment broths-Bolton formulation and Neogen formulation-in combination with three selective plating media-Campy-Cefex, Campy-Line and RF Campylobacter agars-for detection of Campylobacter from fresh retail chicken livers. In each of three experiments, nine replicate tubs of chicken livers were sampled by drawing exudate and a pooled rinse of five whole liver lobes. Results are reported as number positive and compared by Fisher's exact test. In experiment 1, no combination of enrichment and plating media significantly outperformed another for detection of Campylobacter (P > 0.05); all tubs were found to include Campylobacter in both exudate and liver rinse. In experiment 2, serial dilutions of samples were plated before and after enrichment. Exudate was found to be significantly more likely than rinse to support detection of Campylobacter by direct plating (P < 0.05); most exudate samples included at least 10 CFU Campylobacter per mL. Enrichment improved detection from rinse, but not exudate; all enrichment and plating combinations resulted ≥1,000 CFU/mL from most enriched samples. In experiment 3, samples were diluted before enrichment to determine effect of enrichment on ever lower numbers of Campylobacter. Enrichment did not improve recovery of Campylobacter from exudate or undiluted rinse (P > 0.05). However, when rinse samples were diluted to lower Campylobacter numbers, enrichment improved detection (P < 0.05). Overall, all media combinations tested were equivalent for detection of Campylobacter from chicken livers; sensitivity for detection seemed to be increased by using liver exudate compared with a pooled rinse of liver lobes.

Recovery of Campylobacter from feed using different enrichment media

Studies were conducted to investigate the recovery of Campylobacter from feed. The impact of feed moisture, water activity, pH, number of background microflora and the use of different antibiotic supplements in Campylobacter enrichment broth (CEB) on Campylobacter recovery were evaluated in five studies. Broiler starter feed was inoculated with 104 −105 cfu of Campylobacter/g and stored at 24 °C and 43% RH. Enrichment culture was conducted on the day of inoculation or 24 h post inoculation and every 48 h of storage thereafter for 14 d. Feed moisture, water activity, pH and level of background microflora were not correlated with Campylobacter recovery. The incubation of feed in CEB with no antibiotic supplement resulted in the number of background microflora increasing to 109 cfu/g and the pH of the media decreasing to pH 4-5 impacting recovery. Addition of certain antimicrobial supplements to CEB reduced background microflora growth and maintained a near neutral pH. Campylobacter was recovered up to 10 days post inoculation when using CEB containing antibiotic supplements compared to 1 day in CEB. These findings suggest that Campylobacter can be recovered from feed and the type of antimicrobial supplement utilized influences recovery by controlling extraneous microbial growth which occurs during enrichment.

Assessment of Stabilized Hydrogen Peroxide for Use in Reducing Campylobacter Levels and Prevalence on Broiler Chicken Wings

Poultry processing establishments use antimicrobial aids on broiler parts to minimize Campylobacter contamination. A silver-stabilized hydrogen peroxide (SHP) product was assessed for use as an antimicrobial processing aid. In a series of experiments, wing segments with skin were inoculated with 103 to 107 cells of Campylobacter coli, followed by treatment with SHP at 15,000 or 30,000 mg/L, peroxyacetic acid (PAA) at 300 or 3,000 mg/L (parts per million), or water. Each treatment was applied by either dip or spray. Rinsates from each wing segment were analyzed for direct counts and prevalence of Campylobacter. Treatment with SHP or PAA significantly reduced Campylobacter levels compared with water controls by up to 2.22 log CFU/mL. At high inoculum levels (106 to 107), SHP and PAA applied by dip had up to 1.27 log CFU/mL further reductions of Campylobacter levels compared with spray-treated wing segments. Additionally, wing drumettes were observed to retain higher levels and prevalence of Campylobacter recovery compared with wing flats at a low inoculation level (103). The results indicated that there was no carryover effect of SHP (same day versus 24 h) and dip treatment with SHP or PAA decreased Campylobacter recovery on broiler chicken wing segments compared with a water control. Although a 2-log reduction was modest, SHP had similar efficacy as the commonly used processing aid PAA. SHP shows potential for further investigation as an antimicrobial processing aid for use on poultry parts.

Administration of direct-fed Bacillus cultures and refined functional carbohydrates to broiler chickens improves growth performance and promotes positive shifts in gastrointestinal microbiota

Due to regulation and consumer-driven decreases in the use of antibiotics, there is a critical need for the development of alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) for use in poultry production. Direct-fed microorganisms (DFM) and prebiotics, which have been demonstrated to improve growth performance and microbial safety of poultry, are thought to be potentially important alternatives to AGP. In this study, we investigated the administration of 2 multi-strain Bacillus spp. cultures as DFM, Saccharomyces cerevisiae–derived refined functional carbohydrates (RFC) as a prebiotic, and a multi-strain direct-fed Bacillus spp. culture and RFC in combination as a synbiotic in comparison to an AGP and an untreated control in broiler chickens. DFM, prebiotic, and synbiotic administration improved BW at 14 D, starter FCR, and cumulative ADG when compared to an untreated control and at a level similar to broilers administered an AGP. Administration of either DFM culture, RFC, or the synbiotic reduced recovery of Campylobacter spp. by up to 1 log10 cfu g-1 when compared to the untreated control, whereas 1 log10 cfu g-1 more total Lactic Acid Bacteria were recovered when broilers were administered prebiotic RFC compared to the untreated control. These data suggest that administration of DFM and prebiotics can be used to improve growth performance, reduce the colonization of human foodborne pathogens, and promote populations of beneficial bacteria in poultry.

Administration of dietary prebiotics improves growth performance and reduces pathogen colonization in broiler chickens

Dietary prebiotics are thought to be potentially important alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters in poultry production because of their beneficial performance and health effects. The administration of dietary prebiotics has been demonstrated to improve animal health, growth performance, and microbial food safety in poultry production. In this study, we evaluated the effects of Saccharomyces- derived prebiotic refined functional carbohydrates (RFC) with yeast culture on growth performance and gastrointestinal and environmental microbiota when administered in-feed and through drinking water to broiler chickens. Broilers were administered 2 doses of prebiotic in-feed through 42 d of production and prebiotic-treated water in the final 72 h. Administration of prebiotic RFC improved ADG and decreased cecal Campylobacter counts, while the high dose also increased final BW. Additionally, significant main effects of prebiotic RFC dose were observed with the high dose improving ADG and ADFI over the finisher phase and final BW. Although the effects were not significant, the prevalence of Campylobacter in the cecum after feed withdrawal was 17% lower when broilers were administered the high prebiotic dose, and recovery of Campylobacter from litter was up to 50% lower when broilers were administered prebiotic RFC. Our results suggest that co-administration of RFC with yeast culture as a prebiotic can be used to improve growth performance and reduce human foodborne pathogens in poultry.

Recovery of thermophilic Campylobacter by three sampling methods from river sites in Northeast Georgia, USA, and their antimicrobial resistance genes.

Sixteen sites in the watershed of the South Fork of the Broad River (SFBR) in Northeastern Georgia, USA, were sampled in two seasons to detect Campylobacter. Sites were classified as mostly influenced by forest, pasture, wastewater pollution control plants (WPC) or mixed use. Sampling was repeated in the late spring and late fall for 2years for a total of 126 samples. Free-catch water and sediment grab samples were taken at each site; Moore's swabs were placed for up to 3days at most sites. A total of 56 isolates of thermophilic Campylobacter were recovered. Thirteen samplings were positive by two or three methods, and 26 samplings were positive by only one method; once by Moore's swab only and 25 times by free-catch water only. Campylobacter was detected at 58% of cattle pasture sites, 30% of forested sites and 81% of WPC sites. Twenty-one of the isolates carried antimicrobial resistance genes, mostly blaOXA-61. Free-catch water samples were more efficient than Moore's swabs or sediment samples for recovery of Campylobacter, which was more likely to be detected in streams near cattle pastures and human communities than in forested land. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The role of environmental water in transmitting Campylobacter was investigated, and methods for recovery of the organism were compared. The sequence types of recovered Campylobacter correlated with adjacent land use without regard to the method used to isolate the organisms. Sequence types and antimicrobial resistance genes associated with cattle were most prevalent near pastures. Even though types were recurrent at a given site, types appeared to be lost or replaced as the water flowed downstream.

Neutral pH sodium chlorite decreases recovery of Campylobacter in neutralizing buffered peptone water from simulated broiler carcass rinses

ABSTRACTThe goal of this study was to evaluate factors causing low recovery of Campylobacter during regulatory sampling following acidified sodium chlorite (ASC) treatment of broiler carcasses and subsequent carry‐over into neutralizing buffered peptone water (nBPW) rinses. Solution alkalinity was shown to positively correlate with the presence of un‐reduced chlorite anion in the recovery broth, implying that low recovery of Campylobacter from rinses may be due to residual chlorite, an oxidizing agent. To demonstrate the susceptibility of Campylobacter to residual chlorite, three strains were inoculated into pH = 7.5 nBPW with or without addition of sodium chlorite and stored for 24 hr at 4 °C prior to culturing. Microbial counts from the solutions indicated that residual chlorite can decrease recovery by up to 4 log CFU/mL relative to controls. Acceptable recovery of Campylobacter from nBPW rinses containing residual chlorite may require development of a suitable neutralizing agent in the nBPW recovery medium.Practical applicationsRecovery of viable Campylobacter spp. from broiler carcasses following antimicrobial treatment with acidified sodium chlorite may potentially be compromised when using nBPW as the recovery medium. At neutral or slightly alkaline pH, residual sodium chlorite, an oxidizing species, is not reduced by thiosulfate present in nBPW, and demonstrates antimicrobial effects on Campylobacter. Development of a suitable alternative to thiosulfate as a reducing agent in the recovery medium may be required in to provide optimal conditions for recovery of Campylobacter.

Research Note: A comparison of media for the recovery of Campylobacter spp. from long term storage at -80° C

Research Note: A comparison of media for the recovery of Campylobacter spp. from long term storage at -80° C

Isolation of emerging Campylobacter species in working farm dogs and their frozen home-killed raw meat diets

We applied 7 culture methods to 50 working farm dog fecal samples and 6 methods to 50 frozen home-killed raw meat diet samples to optimize recovery of a wide range of Campylobacter spp. Culture methods combined filtration, enrichment broths, and agars at 37°C and 42°C in conventional and hydrogen-enriched microaerobic atmospheres. Overall, a prevalence of 62% (31 of 50) and 6% (3 of 50) was detected in dog and meat samples, respectively, based on Campylobacter genus PCR. A total of 356 Campylobacter spp. isolates were recovered from dogs, with successful isolation by individual methods ranging from 2 to 25 dogs. The species detected most commonly were C. upsaliensis and C. jejuni, and less commonly C. coli and C. lari. Species isolated that are rarely reported from dogs included C. rectus, C. lari subsp. concheus, C. volucris, and Helicobacter winghamensis. Six isolates from dogs positive by Campylobacter genus PCR were confirmed, using 16S rRNA sequencing, as Arcobacter cryaerophilus (1) and Arcobacter butzleri (5). C. jejuni multi-locus sequence typing results revealed a diversity of sequence types in working dogs, with several uncommonly reported from other C. jejuni sources in New Zealand. Overall, 20 isolates from 3 meat samples were positive by Campylobacter genus PCR; 1 meat sample was positive for C. jejuni, 1 for C. rectus, and 1 isolate was subsequently identified as A. butzleri. The method using Campylobacter enrichment broth in a hydrogen-enriched environment on nonselective agar resulted in significantly reduced recovery of Campylobacter spp. from both sample types.

A Baseline Quantitative Survey of Campylobacter spp. on Retail Chicken Portions and Carcasses in Metropolitan Perth, Western Australia

Limited baseline retail surveys have been published over the past 10 years on Campylobacter in Australian chicken meat. This study generates quantitative baseline data to assist in risk assessment and management strategies. Raw poultry products (n = 315) were purchased for a year (2016-2017) from retail supermarkets in metropolitan Perth, Western Australia (WA). Campylobacter concentration was determined by a direct plating method in all samples, whereas in 58.7% (185/315) of the samples, testing was done using enrichment culture in conjunction with direct plating according to standard methods. Using direct plating, Campylobacter were recovered from 23.8% (75/315) of the samples, whereas 53.7% (100/186) of the samples were positive for Campylobacter using enrichment culture (∼1 g). Campylobacter counts revealed that 76.2% of the chicken portions and carcasses were contaminated with <1 log10 colony-forming units (CFU)/g, and 18.7% of the samples were contaminated with ≥2 log10 CFU/g. The average Campylobacter concentration among 315 tested chicken meat samples was 1.82 log10 CFU/g (±standard deviation (SD) 2.26 log10 CFU/g). The likelihood of Campylobacter recovery by direct plating from chicken products with skin on was significantly higher (odds ratio [OR] 4.4; p < 0.0001) than product forms with skin off. The highest counts of Campylobacter were associated with chicken wings (1.94 log10 CFU/g [±SD 2.26 log10 CFU/g]). There were some significant variations in Campylobacter counts based on the interaction between product forms and sourcing poultry processing establishment. This study provides the first published research on Campylobacter status in retail chicken meat in Australia since almost 10 years. Results from this study add to the knowledge on the assessment of microbial safety of the WA poultry chain, and can be used as an input for future development of quantitative risk assessment of Campylobacter.

Neutralization of residual antimicrobial processing chemicals in broiler carcass rinse for improved detection of Campylobacter

The USDA-Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) has established pathogen reduction performance standards for Campylobacter on broiler carcasses. Processors may apply antimicrobial processing aids as a spray or immersion to lower contamination on carcasses. In the United States, broiler carcasses are generally sampled by whole carcass rinse and the potential exists for residual levels of antimicrobial processing aid to be carried over into the rinsate. It has been shown that, if un-mitigated, such carryover can interfere with the detection of Salmonella. In the current study, we demonstrate that unmitigated carryover of antimicrobial treatment also can interfere with the detection and recovery of Campylobacter in broiler carcass rinse samples. We tested traditional buffered peptone water and found that it did not offer enough neutralizing capability to counteract residual antimicrobial activity of some post-chill processing aids (peroxyacetic acid, cetylpyridinium chloride, acidified sodium chloride, or a blend of acids) to allow full recovery of Campylobacter. A recently reported formulation for a neutralizing buffered peptone water (currently being used by FSIS) outperformed the traditional carcass rinse medium and allowed significantly improved recovery of Campylobacter even in the presence of 3 of the 4 tested antimicrobial processing aids. Performance of the new carcass rinse medium with the fourth antimicrobial processing aid (acidified sodium chloride) was not different from the traditional formulation. Neutralizing buffered peptone water represents a significant improvement in the broiler carcass rinse method for detection of Campylobacter.

Enhanced culture recovery of Campylobacter with modified Cary-Blair medium: A practical field experience

Modified Cary-Blair medium derived devices have been implemented in many laboratories to optimize culture recovery of common bacterial enteric pathogens. Our analysis constitutes the first report of routine laboratory experience supporting the idea that the use of such devices enhances Campylobacter recovery from stools.

Recovery of Campylobacter spp. from Food and Environmental Sources.

The recovery of Campylobacter species from food and environmental sources is challenging due to the slow growth of these bacteria and the need to suppress competing organisms during the isolation procedures. The addition of multiple selective antimicrobials to growth media can negatively impact recovery of some Campylobacter spp. Here, we describe our current method for the isolation of thermotolerant Campylobacter species, mainly C. jejuni and C. coli, from food and environmental samples. We emphasize the use of membrane filtration during plating for the specific isolation of Campylobacter spp. and a reduced use of antimicrobial supplements throughout the whole isolation process.

Comparative performance of isolation methods using Preston broth, Bolton broth and their modifications for the detection of Campylobacter spp. from naturally contaminated fresh and frozen raw poultry meat

The performance of different isolation methods was evaluated for the detection of Campylobacter from naturally contaminated raw poultry meat. Therefore, fresh and frozen poultry meat samples were analysed using the standard procedure (ISO 10272-1:2006), enrichment in Preston broth, and enrichment in modified Bolton broth (supplemented with (i) potassium clavulanate (C-BB), (ii) triclosan (T-BB), (iii) polymyxin B (P-BB)). The enrichment cultures were streaked onto both modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar (mCCDA) and RAPID'Campylobacter agar (RCA). Moreover, direct plating on mCCDA and RCA was performed to quantify Campylobacter. In total, 33 out of 59 fresh retail meat samples (55.9%) were Campylobacter positive. For both fresh and frozen poultry meat samples, enrichment in Bolton broth (ISO 10272-1:2006) resulted in a higher number of positive samples than enrichment in Preston broth. Supplementation of Bolton broth with potassium clavulanate (C-BB) and triclosan (T-BB) enhanced the Campylobacter recovery from fresh poultry meat compared to non-supplemented Bolton broth, although the use of C-BB was less applicable than T-BB for Campylobacter recovery from frozen samples. Additionally, the use of RCA resulted in a higher isolation rate compared to mCCDA. The present study demonstrates the impact of culture medium on the recovery of Campylobacter from fresh and frozen naturally contaminated poultry meat samples and can support laboratories in choosing the most appropriate culturing method to detect Campylobacter.

Influence of enrichment and isolation media on the detection of Campylobacter spp. in naturally contaminated chicken samples

Investigating Campylobacter epidemiology requires adequate technique and media to ensure optimal culturing and accurate detection and isolation of Campylobacter strains. In the present study, we investigated the performances of three enrichment durations in Bolton broth (0, 24 and 48h) and compared four isolation media (mCCDA, Karmali, Butzler no. 2 and CampyFood agar (CFA)) for the detection of Campylobacter positive samples and the identification of Campylobacter species, from naturally contaminated broiler chicken samples (caeca, neck skin from carcasses, and skin from thighs). We compared our local results to those we obtained with samples from a European survey (caeca and neck skin) and a national survey (neck skin, thigh skin, and breast). Direct plating favored the detection of positive samples highly contaminated by Campylobacter (caeca and neck skin from carcasses) whatever the media. A longer enrichment reduced the rates of Campylobacter recovery except when using Butzler no. 2, more particularly for neck skin which background microflora was less important than in caeca. As a matter of fact, enrichment allowed a higher detection rate of positive samples with low Campylobacter contamination levels (breast, thigh skin), this detection being enhanced when using Butzler no. 2. When comparing the 3 other selective media, CFA was the 2nd most efficient media prior to mCCDA and Karmali. Interestingly, enrichment promoted the growth of Campylobacter coli but this promotion was least with Butzler no. 2 agar. Our study has confirmed the need to adapt the method to the types of samples for improving the detection of Campylobacter and that the method may affect the prevalence of the species.

Isolation Method (Direct Plating or Enrichment) does Not Affect Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Campylobacter from Chicken Carcasses

AbstractTo determine if Campylobacter isolation method influenced antimicrobial susceptibility results, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of nine antimicrobials were compared for 291 pairs of Campylobacter isolates recovered from chicken carcass rinse samples using direct plating and an enrichment method. Among the isolates 64.1% were C. jejuni, 35.7% were C. coli, and 0.2% were C. lari. Direct plating yielded significantly less (P &lt; 0.05) C. coli (21.3%) compared to sample enrichment (50.2%). Antimicrobial resistance was most common for tetracycline (41.4%), nalidixic acid (26.3%), and ciprofloxacin (25.9%). Significantly more (P &lt; 0.05) C. coli were resistant to nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, azithromycin, and erythromycin as compared to C. jejuni isolates. Nonparametric bootstrap analysis of antimicrobial MICs showed no significant differences between direct plating and the enrichment method for any of the antimicrobials tested. These data indicate that bacterial isolation method can bias Campylobacter species recovery. However, isolation method did not significantly affect antimicrobial susceptibility results of C. jejuni or C. coli recovered from broiler carcasses.Practical ApplicationsTo monitor trends in food safety and public health, antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Campylobacter derived from poultry products and infected patients has become common practice in both regulatory food safety and public health programs. Various methods have been employed for Campylobacter recovery including direct plating for enumeration of contamination levels and enrichment protocols for detection of low numbers or injured cells. This study was conducted to determine if the method of Campylobacter isolation from chicken carcass rinsate, direct plating or enrichment, influences antimicrobial susceptibility testing results.

Comparison of Two Methods for the Recovery of Campylobacter from Chicken Carcasses

Comparison of Two Methods for the Recovery of Campylobacter from Chicken Carcasses