Recovery Of Acetic Acid Research Articles

A sustainable bioprocessing system leveraging gas fermentation and bipolar membrane electrodialysis system for direct recovery of acetic acid

This study examined the integration of gas fermentation with bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BPMED) for sustainable production of acetic acid and bases, focusing on medium recycling and ion-exchange membrane optimisation. Gas fermentation was performed using an acetogenic microbe, Eubacterium callanderi KIST612, in a custom-designed gas bioreactor. The BPMED system was operated under specific voltage conditions to evaluate the proton and hydroxyl ion generation, ion concentration, and residual ratios. Gas fermentation consistently generated acetate with a stable CO2 consumption rate (0.167 mmol gcell−1) and an increased rate of conversion of carbon into biochemicals via methanol. The BPMED system efficiently produced acetic acid (acetate extraction rate of 99.72 %–99.82 %) and hydroxide ions (from 8 to 18 V), with operational challenges identified at higher voltage levels (≥20 V). The BPMED process, which includes additional membranes and exhibits a lower acetate flux than the ED process, had remarkable cost-effectiveness, surpassing the ED integration process by 17.6 %. This economic advantage was paralleled by a significant environmental benefit, where the BPMED process reduced carbon dioxide emissions by 7.4 % compared with the ED process. These results suggest that integrating gas fermentation with BPMED is a viable and sustainable approach for acetic acid production.

Selective extraction and preconcentration of melatonin mediated by hydrophobic natural deep eutectic systems

BackgroundSample preparation is the key to achieve the goals of Green Chemistry and represents the highest source of the total negative impact of analytical methodologies on the environment. Therefore, assessing the greenness of analytical procedures and, if possible, reducing their impact on the environment and workers is necessary. In this sense, the alternative analytical techniques must be cost-effective, eco-friendly, and sustainable, to focus these issues and ensure efficient extraction, preconcentration, and analysis of the targeted compounds. ResultsThe selective extraction and preconcentration of melatonin (MEL) mediated by hydrophobic natural deep eutectic systems (HPB-NADES) from three native plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) cultures was studied and performed. The HPB-NADES based on menthol:thymol showed excellent selectivity for MEL, evaluated through the 3-indole acetic acid and tryptophan recovery and the matrix effect values. The extraction recovery of MEL was 97.9 to 100.3%, with an RSD of less than 3% and an interesting enrichment factor of 14.7–15.2. Finally, the LOD and LOQ for MEL were 23.4 and 71.4 ng/L, with a linear range of 71.4–5000 ng/L showing good linearity (F less than 1.16). The sustainability of the methodology showed scores of 0.71 and 0.66, and a chemical risk corresponding to the use of 0.812 g of chloroform per extracted and analyzed sample. ConclusionsThe present study introduced, for the first time, a green analytical method for selectively extracting and quantifying MEL from three PGPR cultures using HPB-NADES. The methodology exhibited favorable linearity, LOD, LOQ, and extraction recoveries with negligible matrix effects. The use of environmentally friendly solvents and sample preparation techniques ensures the sustainability of the approach. Additionally, the present work highlighted the potential of PGPR in improving plant adaptation to abiotic stress under low MEL concentrations.

Turning waste into value: eco‐efficient recovery of by‐products from biomass pretreatment in lignocellulosic biorefineries

AbstractThis original research contributes to enhancing the viability of biorefineries through recovering valuable by‐products from the liquid remaining after the biomass pretreatment by hot liquid water. A novel downstream processing method is developed for the recovery of acetic acid, formic acid, furfural and 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) by enhanced distillation. The major challenge in this research is the processing of the highly diluted initial solution (>96 wt% water) and the thermodynamic limitations owing to possible formation of several azeotropes. This new process recovers 78.7% of the acetic acid (99.8 wt%), while the rest of it is recycled back to the biomass pretreatment step together with most of the separated water from the initial solution. Over 99.5% of formic acid, furfural and HMF is also recovered, at purities of 74.7, 98.0 and 100 wt%, respectively. Vapor recompression and heat integration are implemented to decrease the energy use. The results demonstrate a 77.4% decrease in total annual costs (from $3.44 to 0.78/kgproduct), a 75.0% reduction in minimum average selling price (from $3.50 to 0.87/kgproduct), an 81.1% reduction in energy requirements (from 77.41 to 14.66 kWthh/kgproduct) and an up to 99.7% decrease in CO2 emissions (from 11.17 to 0.03 kgCO2/kgproduct).

Flow-based recovery of acetic acid from aqueous solutions using bio-derived terpenes as extracting solvents

The ability to recover acetic acid and related byproducts from wastewater treatment plants would unlock a sustainable source of important building block-chemicals that are currently derived from fossil fuels. We report here a two-stage flow-based procedure for the extraction and alkaline back-extraction of acetic acid from an aqueous feed solution, using geraniol or eucalyptol as bio-derived organic solvents. In the first stage, acetic acid is extracted from the feed solution into the organic solvent; and, in the second stage, acetic acid is back-extracted into a 2-M NaOHaq solution, leaving a regenerated solvent that may be used for further extractions. Recovery efficiencies of up to 51 % and 37 % were obtained using geraniol and eucalyptol, respectively. By back-extracting acetic acid into a smaller volume of NaOH than the feed solution from which it was extracted, more than three-fold enhancements in acetic acid concentration were achieved with respect to the feed solution. Overall acetic acid recovery efficiencies of 57 ±1% and 46 ±2% were obtained for geraniol and eucalyptol, respectively. Both solvents were successfully used for multiple extraction/back-extraction cycles, with geraniol giving a stable concentration of back-extracted acetic acid over the course of ten cycles.

High-Efficiency Recovery of Acetic Acid from Water Using Electroactive Gas-Stripping Membranes.

Recovery of carbon-based resources from waste is a critical need for achieving carbon neutrality and reducing fossil carbon extraction. We demonstrate a new approach for extracting volatile fatty acids (VFAs) using a multifunctional direct heated and pH swing membrane contactor. The membrane is a multilayer laminate composed of a carbon fiber (CF) bound to a hydrophobic membrane and sealed with a layer of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS); this CF is used as a resistive heater to provide a thermal driving force for PDMS that, while a highly hydrophobic material, is known for its ability to rapidly pass gases, including water vapor. The transport mechanism for gas transport involves the diffusion of molecules through the free volume of the polymer matrix. CF coated with polyaniline (PANI) is used as an anode to induce an acidic pH swing at the interface between the membrane and water, which can protonate the VFA molecule. The innovative multilayer membrane used in this study has successfully demonstrated a highly efficient recovery of VFAs by simultaneously combining pH swing and joule heating. This novel technique has revealed a new concept in the field of VFA recovery, offering promising prospects for further advancements in this area. The energy consumption was 3.37 kWh/kg for acetic acid (AA), and an excellent separation factor of AA/water of 51.55 ± 2.11 was obtained with high AA fluxes of 51.00 ± 0.82 g.m-2hr-1. The interfacial electrochemical reactions enable the extraction of VFAs without the need for bulk temperature and pH modification.

Classical and Process Intensification Methods for Acetic Acid Concentration: Technical and Environmental Assessment

This study aims to investigate, from a technical and an environmental perspective, various alternatives for acetic acid concentration for maximizing acetic acid production, its purity, and in the meantime, minimizing the energy usage and the environmental impact. Liquid–liquid extraction followed by azeotropic distillation using different solvents such as: (i) ethyl acetate, (ii) isopropyl acetate, and (iii) a mixture containing isopropyl acetate and isopropanol were first explored, using process flow modeling software. The three cases were compared considering various technical key performance indicators (i.e., acetic acid flow-rate, acetic acid purity, acetic acid recovery, power consumption, thermal energy used, and number of equipment units involved) leading to the conclusion that the usage of the isopropyl acetate—isopropanol mixture leads to better technical results. The isopropanol-isopropyl acetate mixture was furthermore investigated in other two cases where process intensification methods, based on thermally coupled respectively the double-effect distillation process, are proposed. The highest quantity of pure acetic acid (e.g., 136 kmol/h) and the highest recovery rate (e.g., 97.74%) were obtained using the double-effect method. A cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment, involving ReCiPe method, was used to calculate and compare various environmental impact indicators (i.e., climate change, freshwater toxicity potential, human toxicity, etc.). Several steam sources (i.e., hard coal, heavy fuel oil, light fuel oil, natural gas, and biomass) were considered in the environmental evaluation. The results of the life cycle assessment show a reduction, by almost half, in all the environmental impact indicators when the double effect method is compared to the thermally coupled process. The usage of biomass for steam generation lead to lower impacts compared to steam generation using fossil fuels (i.e., hard coal, heavy fuel oil, light fuel oil, natural gas).

Recovery of phenol and acetic acid from glass fibre reinforced thermoplastic resin using catalytic pyrolysis process on ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst and its kinetic behaviour

Glass fibre-reinforced thermoplastic (GFRP) is the composite material of choice for engineers to improve their design, save expenses, and achieve sustainability goals, what leads to generation of a big quantity of GFRP waste (during production or as an end-life-product) that needs to be disposed of safely. In order to valorise GFRP waste, this research aims to recover phenol and acetic acid as high-added value chemical and energy products from the millions of tons of GFRP waste produced annually during the catalytic pyrolysis process. The experiments were performed on glass fibre-reinforced poly(methyl methacrylate)-PMMA (GF/PM) as a common and commercial thermoplastic resin in five stages. In the first stage, the thermal decomposition of the milled feedstock over different percentages of ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst to feedstock in the ranges 0.5–5 wt.% (w/w) was performed using TGA. The generated volatile products from TGA were analysed using TG-FTIR and GC/MS in the second and third stages, respectively. The fourth stage was used to study the kinetic behaviour of catalytic pyrolysis of the feedstock with different catalysts and at different heating conditions using isoconversional models. In the last stage, the experimental thermal decomposition curves were simulated numerically. The results showed that ZSM/GF/PM can decompose significantly in the ranges 320–460 °C. Meanwhile, 2 wt.% of catalyst-to-GF/PM ratio was sufficient to recover more than 48% of phenol, 23% of acetic acid, 19% carbon dioxide compounds at 30 °C/min with high intensity of aromatic benzene. Also, this batch gave a higher kinetic complexity in terms of activation energy in the ranges 100–200 kJ/mol (linear models) and 230–440 kJ/mol (nonlinear models). These results confirm that involvement of 2 wt.% ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst in the pyrolysis of GF/PM has a big impact on the formulated volatile components and their potential upscaling.

Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Acetylated Cellulose Nanofiber-Reinforced Polylactic Acid Based on Scale-Up from Lab-Scale Experiments

This study deals with the possible range of life cycle greenhouse gas emissions (LC-GHG) from acetylated cellulose nanofiber-reinforced polylactic acid (AcCNF/PLA) production processes, considering future scaling-up, process improvement, and variations in their process modeling and simulation. The chemical and mechanical processes required for breaking down aggregated natural cellulose into nanofibers and kneading as cellulose nanofiber-reinforced plastic are under development in lab or pilot scale; to assess future environmental performance, we estimated process inventories in future possible industrial processes for prospective life cycle assessment. It was found that both the pulp acetylation process and the mechanical kneading process makes up a large percentage of LC-GHG from AcCNF/PLA production and can be reduced by process improvement in industrialization. Acetic anhydride consumption is dominant in pulp acetylation LC-GHG and can be significantly reduced by installing and optimizing distillation columns for the recovery of excess acetic anhydride and byproduct acetic acid. Power consumption in the mechanical kneading process can also be reduced by increasing the production rate up to industrial scale.

RECYCLING TECHNOLOGY OF ACTIVE MATERIALS OF THE ZINC-MANGANESE CURRENT SOURCES

It is being investigated whether it is possible to develop a low-cost method for processing used Zn-MnO2 primary chemical power sour­ces, which is focused on a closed cycle of ge­nerating zinc-manganese power sources from wasted batteries. It is proposed that chemical processing reagents be replaced with less dangerous ones for the environment and people, in accordance with «green chemi» principles. The existing hydrometallurgical method of processing of primary current sources with selective extraction of the spent part of the anode mass is modified and laboratory processed. The stage of additional extraction of arsenic is entered. The proposed technological scheme avoids heavy air loads in the form of carbon dioxide emissions by eliminating the stage of burning organic matter. The use of acetic acid allows to avoid sulfuric acid discharges and to obtain high-quality for secondary production of cathode mass of new chemical current sour­ces, as well as to obtain technical zinc powder and active zinc powder using hydrometallurgical technology for anode mass production of primary batteries. Also, the presence of stages of extraction of heavy metal ions (Hg2 +, Pb2 +, Cd2 +) and Arsenic to obtain products that can be further used in other technological processes makes this technology virtually waste-free, and in the stages of recovery of acetic acid and hypochlorite – closed. Thus, the use of the proposed technological schemes allows to make such production not only a little harmful to the environment, but also for workers, as well as to simplify the requirements for technological equipment.

Dehydration of a Dilute Acetic Acid‐Water Mixture via Batch Heteroazeotropic Distillation

AbstractDehydration via batch heteroazeotropic distillation emerges as a promising technology for the recovery of acetic acid (HAc) from dilute aqueous solutions. In this preliminary work, this process was studied with the aid of Aspen Batch Modeler®, using an acetic acid aqueous solution as the model feed instead of wood vinegar from biorefineries andn‐butyl acetate as the azeotropic entrainer. The non‐random two liquids (NRTL)‐virial Hayden‐O'Connell model (HOC) model was chosen to calculate the thermodynamic properties. The response surface methodology with Box‐Behnken design was successfully applied to obtain optimum process conditions, providing a dehydrated HAc product from the pot with high purity and recovery.

Optimization of acid-mediated delignification of corn stover, an agriculture residue carbohydrate polymer for improved ethanol production

Lignocellulose is an important carbohydrate feedstock polymer for societally-acceptable second generation ethanol production. Delignification of lignocellulose is the foremost step towards accessing the sugars that can be fermented for ethanol production. Hence, the relative efficacies of single organosolv acid pretreatments, consisting of acetic and propionic acids, for delignification of corn stover have been optimized. It was observed that amongst the pretreatments involving single organosolv agent, 40% acetic acid resulted in maximum lignin reduction. The co-pretreatment consisting of Hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid resulted in more delignification (90.2% as compared to 75.7% in case of acetic acid alone), though found to be a costlier pretreatment. On the other hand, 40% acetic acid being low-cost and with an additional advantage of acetic acid recovery through distillation offered an economical choice for organosolv pretreatment of corn stover. This work thus guides the development of a cost-effective pretreatment regime for delignification of corn stover.

Integrated Multiproduct Biorefinery for Furfural Production with Acetic Acid and Lignin Recovery: Design, Scale-Up Evaluation, and Technoeconomic Analysis

Furfural is a versatile platform and multipurpose chemical that can be produced with no carbon efficiency loss from pentose sugars present in prehydrolysate streams. Existing processes for the prod...

Hydrogenation of Aqueous Acetic Acid over Ru-Sn/TiO2 Catalyst in a Flow-Type Reactor, Governed by Reverse Reaction

Ru-Sn/TiO2 is an effective catalyst for hydrogenation of aqueous acetic acid to ethanol. In this paper, a similar hydrogenation process was investigated in a flow-type rather than a batch-type reactor. The optimum temperature was 170 °C for the batch-type reactor because of gas production at higher temperatures; however, for the flow-type reactor, the ethanol yield increased with reaction temperature up to 280 °C and then decreased sharply above 300 °C, owing to an increase in the acetic acid recovery rate. The selectivity for ethanol formation was improved over the batch process, and an ethanol yield of 98 mol % was achieved for a 6.7 min reaction (cf. 12 h for batch) (liquid hourly space velocity: 1.23 h−1). Oxidation of ethanol to acetic acid (i.e., the reverse reaction) adversely affected the hydrogenation. On the basis of these results, hydrogenation mechanisms that include competing side reactions are discussed in relation to the reactor type. These results will help the development of more efficient catalytic procedures. This method was also effectively applied to hydrogenation of lactic acid to propane-1,2-diol.

Acetic acid and methanol recovery from dimethyl terephthalate process wastewater using pressure membrane and membrane distillation processes

In this study, acetic acid and methanol were recovered from dimethyl terephthalate process wastewater using cross flow membrane and membrane distillation processes. Different types of ultrafiltration (UP150 and UP005) and nanofiltration (NF270 and NF90) were tested in cross flow membrane filtration to recover acetic acid from wastewater. NF90 membrane supplied maximum acetic acid rejection efficiency and it increased from 39.6% to 46.9% when applied pressure increased from 10 to 20 bar. The effect of solution pH was also tested and the rejection efficiency of acetic acid increased from 46.9% to 100% when the pH was increased from 2.5 to 7.0. However, methanol rejection efficiency did not affect with pressure and pH change. Methanol rich solution obtained from NF90 membrane permeate was recovered by vacuum membrane distillation. 95 % methanol recovery was obtained by hydrophobic polypropylene (PP) membrane at 250 mL/min flow rates. SEM images and contact angles of clean and used membranes were also provided and the results showed that hydrophilic organic acids deposited on the membrane surface increased the hydrophilicity.

Effect of Wild Lactobacillus buchneri Strains on the Fermentation Profile and Microbial Populations of Sugarcane Silage.

Sugarcane silage has been increasing as a feed in the tropics by dairy farmers. However, sugarcane normally had high yeast population that leads to intense alcoholic fermentation and excessive Dry-Matter (DM) loss during ensilage and after air exposure, as well. There are several patents that have recently shown the benefits of applying Lactobacillus buchneri in forage preservation. This study aimed to investigate the changes in pH, DM, Water-Soluble Carbohydrates (WSC) and fermentation end product concentrations that occur in sugarcane silage with or without inoculation with L. buchneri after 45 days of ensiling. Sugarcane plants were harvested with approximately 16 months of growth and chopped at 2 cm. Four strains of wild L. buchneri (56.1, 56.4, 56.9 and 56.26) and the commercial inoculant "Lalsil Cana" were evaluated. For all treatments, the theoretical application rate was 1.0 × 106 colony- forming units (cfu) per g of fresh weight. Data from the silo openings were analysed as a completely randomized design, with four replicates per treatment (inoculants). The treatment with L. buchneri affected the DM content, pH, Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) population, DM recovery, and concentrations of WSC, lactic acid, acetic acid and ethanol of sugarcane silage after 45 days of ensiling. Yeasts and molds populations and the concentrations of propionic and butyric acids were not affected by the treatments. Lactobacillus buchneri 56.1 and 56.4 are considered the most suitable strains for improving the fermentation of sugarcane silage and thus are potential inoculants for silage production. At present, we are preparing the patent application.

Liquid–Liquid Equilibrium Study for the Ternary System of Water + Acetic Acid + 2-Octanol

Excellent extraction ability and easy regeneration of the extractant are highly important for the recovery of acetic acid from water by solvent extraction. In this paper, the extraction capability of octanol isomers and some conventional extractants was investigated. It was found that the extraction capability of 2-octanol was significantly better than that of the traditional extractant isopropyl acetate. The liquid–liquid equilibrium data for the ternary system of water + acetic acid + 2-octanol were measured at different temperatures (293.2, 303.2, and 313.2 K) under 101 kPa. The results showed that the distribution coefficient and selectivity decreased with an increase in acetic acid concentration and the temperature had little impact on the distribution coefficient, suggesting that the extraction could be conducted over a large temperature range. The reliability of the equilibrium data was also verified using the Othmer–Tobias and Hand equations, and the correlation coefficients were all close to 1.0, suggesting that the experimental data was reliable. Furthermore, the NRTL (nonrandom two-liquid) and UNIQUAC (universal quasichemical) models were employed to correlate the experimental data, and the binary interaction parameters of the ternary system were obtained. The results indicated that, for the UNIQUAC model, the root-mean-square deviations between the experimental and simulated data at different temperatures were from 0.63% to 0.94% and those for the NRTL model were all within 0.6%, which indicate that the NRTL model is more suitable for the ternary system of water + acetic acid + 2-octanol.

An advanced approach for the recovery of acetic acid from its aqueous media: deep eutectic liquids versus ionic liquids

Green chemistry era forces scientists to develop and apply new media in recovery of high-added value materials. It is interesting to utilize deep eutectic liquids (DELs), which have advantages of biodegradability and very low toxicity and ease of use, in separating these fine materials from a complex environment. DELs have been specially designed and used for the extraction of recovery of acetic acid (AA) from its aqueous solutions. Two DELs containing the same hydrogen bond donor-HBD (glycerol) and two different hydrogen bond acceptor-HBA (a quaternary ammonium salt and an amine-based) have been designed with a molar ratio of 1:2. The tailor-designed extractants were diluted with diethyl adipate (DEA), diethyl malonate (DEM), and diethyl succinate (DES), respectively. Extraction efficiency of the diluents has been increased more than 4 times. To compare the results with that of the ionic liquid (IL), 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide has been used in the same organic solvents. Efficiencies of the DELs have surpassed 1.4 to 4 times over the IL.

Recovery and purification of acetic acid from aqueous mixtures by simulated moving bed adsorption with methanol and water as desorbents

The objective of this work is to study the recovery of acetic acid from aqueous mixtures by adsorption using a commercial polyvinylpyridine (PVP) resin (Reillex® 425) as adsorbent, and methanol or water as desorbents. A theoretical model has been developed to describe the adsorption/desorption dynamics of acetic acid from aqueous mixtures in a fixed bed of the commercial resin. The model has been used to design and optimize a cyclic process based on simulated moving bed (SMB) technology for the recovery of acetic acid from a 10% w/w acetic acid/water mixture. The Triangle Theory and the volume separation method have been used, and an acetic acid with recovery ≥95% is obtained, and purity ≥99%. Productivities of 47.3 kg msolid−3 h−1 and 52.0 kg msolid−3 h−1, with desorbent consumptions of 0.0316 m3 kg−1 and 0.0205 m3 kg−1 have been achieved with methanol and water as desorbents, respectively. The recovery process of methanol from extract and raffinate streams has been simulated with Aspenplus®, calculating the energy requirement (0.0135 MJ/kgacetic acid).

Simple Methods for the Determination of Adsorption Rate and Equilibrium Parameters in the Recovery of Acetic Acid Using GAC and Synthetic Resins

Industrial acetic acid production based on anaerobic fermentation technology is not economically viable at present due to the high cost of product recovery by adsorption or extraction at neutral pH conditions. In this study, kinetics and equilibria of acetic acid sorption onto granular activated carbon and weak base resins were examined at pH < pKa of the acid. Comparative data on equilibrium sorption from a fermentation broth are also reported. It is observed that the weak base resins have higher adsorption capacities and selectivities for the uptake of organic acids from complex mixtures compared to activated carbon. A simple method to estimate intraparticle diffusivities from batch kinetic data using approximations to analytical solutions is developed. Methods for the accurate estimation of isotherm constants and external mass transfer coefficients are discussed and implemented. The estimated coefficients are shown to predict batch kinetic data well. This study will help in the screening of sorbents fo...

Proses Ekstraksi Asam Asetat dari Distilat Asap Cair Tempurung Kelapa Menggunakan Pelarut Etil Asetat

Coconut shell is one of the most widely found biomass in Indonesia. It has potential to be utilized as raw material in producing liquid smoke. Liquid smoke is a distillate from pyrolysis of biomass. The distillate contains various compounds including acetic acid. This research is important to understand the effect of combined distillation and extraction on liquid smoke purificatian in obtaining acetic acid. The variation of solvent to feed ratio (2:1, 4:1, 6:1, dan 8:1) and temperature of extraction (30, 50, dan 70 °C) to obtain yield, acetic acid content, pH, and density which is the best among those of possible variable given. The objective of distillation is to separate the components with high boiling points such as tar. The main purpose of extraction is acetic acid recovery in order to obtain higher content of acetic acid in extract. The solvent in the process of extracting acetic acid is ethyl acetate. GC-MS analysis was also performed on this research to show composition of acetic acid from liquid smoke, distillate, and extract, which are all the composition of polar organic are also shown.