Loss Recovery Research Articles

ASSET RECOVERY: CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES IN INVESTIGATING CORRUPTION IN INDONESIA

This article examines investigations into corruption cases where economic motives are very strong. The challenge for investigators to recover state losses faces various obstacles. On the other hand, wealth resulting from corruption often becomes a means of resistance. In addition, the assets of corruptors are often hidden, so that law enforcement requires separate efforts. The research method used is a normative method with a statutory approach. Meanwhile, the interpretation of regulations is carried out by means of systematic interpretation. Investigation of criminal acts of corruption is a difficult and complex stage full of challenges that requires investigators to compete with the perpetrators of crimes. Investigators face many obstacles, especially related to laws and regulations, limited facilities and infrastructure which cause difficulties in confiscating the assets of perpetrators of corruption. On the other hand, judges decisions related to compensation money and fines are often not paid. These obstacles cause the recovery of state losses and the fines that must be paid to be not optimal. Therefore, efforts are needed to strengthen the authority of police investigators and prosecutors to create a balance in the investigation of criminal acts of corruption. Investigation of criminal acts of corruption requires a strong legal framework.

Improving the Security of Split Data When Using Multidimensional Parity Algorithms

A model of distributed storage split data using algorithms, multidimensional parity, resistance to partial losses of the storage sites, is regarded as an alternative way of security that can replace the conventional multiple reservations and carrying costs of growth of the physical volume. In this model, the generated redundant data allows you to restore partial loss of the split parts. In this case, the recovery is performed at the expense of the parity files formed during the splitting procedure, in which the main action is the calculation of bitwise parity with summation modulo "two". With this additional operation between the source files, you can restore the corrupted file without distortion. A comparison with several models that use checksum codes for recovery shows that the estimated probability of losses due to storage failure in the case of multidimensional parity codes is significantly less than when using other split data storage options. Using the operation of adding the bits of undamaged files, you can completely restore corrupted files. According to the calculated data, even when theoretically non-recoverable losses are reached, it is always possible to find combinations of chain recovery. The complexity of alternative methods, including the iterative decoding method, makes a distributed split data storage system using multidimensional parity algorithms a more convenient error correction technology.
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Corticosteroid nasal irrigation as early treatment of olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19: A prospective randomised controlled trial.

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of corticosteroid irrigation compared to saline to no nasal irrigation in COVID-19 patients with olfactory loss. A randomised controlled study was conducted at the Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery Department, Ramathibodi Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mahidol University. Two hundred thirty-seven COVID-19 participants with a new-onset smell loss were recruited into the study. Two hundred twenty-two participants met the inclusion criteria and were randomised into three groups: corticosteroid irrigation, saline irrigation and no treatment. The primary outcome was the mean difference in the smell sensation score among the groups after treatment at 1, 2 and 6 weeks. The secondary outcomes measurements included (1) a self-rating quality of life (QOL)-related smell dysfunction score, (2) the change over time in smell sensation score and self-rating QOL-related smell dysfunction score and (3) the median time to complete recovery of smell loss. The mean differences in smell sensation scores among the three groups were not statistically significant at any follow-up period. The mean score of self-rating QOL-related smell dysfunction in the corticosteroid group was significantly better than the other groups at 1 week. The change of outcome scores showed significant improvement over time, regardless of the treatments. The median time to complete smell recovery was similar: 3 weeks. This study emphasised that corticosteroid nasal irrigation is not superior to saline or no nasal irrigation in restoring the sense of smell in COVID-19-associated olfactory loss.

The prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of the broadly active antiviral ribonucleoside N4-Hydroxycytidine (EIDD-1931) in a mouse model of lethal Ebola virus infection

The unprecedented magnitude of the 2013–2016 Ebola virus (EBOV) epidemic in West Africa resulted in over 11 000 deaths and spurred an international public health emergency. A second outbreak in 2018–2020 in DRC resulted in an additional >3400 cases and nearly 2300 deaths (WHO, 2020). These large outbreaks across geographically diverse regions highlight the need for the development of effective oral therapeutic agents that can be easily distributed for self-administration to populations with active disease or at risk of infection. Herein, we report the in vivo efficacy of N4-hydroxycytidine (EIDD-1931), a broadly active ribonucleoside analog and the active metabolite of the prodrug EIDD-2801 (molnupiravir), in murine models of lethal EBOV infection. Twice daily oral dosing with EIDD-1931 at 200 mg/kg for 7 days, initiated either with a prophylactic dose 2 h before infection, or as therapeutic treatment starting 6 h post-infection, resulted in 92–100% survival of mice challenged with lethal doses of EBOV, reduced clinical signs of Ebola virus disease (EVD), reduced serum virus titers, and facilitated weight loss recovery. These results support further investigation of molnupiravir as a potential therapeutic or prophylactic treatment for EVD.

Formulation Of The Application Of Restorative Justice To Offenders Of Corruption In Indonesia

Today's paradigm for resolving corruption issues should move from retributive to restorative justice. The existing criminal justice system, which stresses retributive justice, is incapable of achieving the goals intended by the law's drafters, namely the suboptimal restitution of public financial losses. In light of the failure of retributive justice to prevent and remove corruption, it is vital to adopt a new strategy called restorative justice. In addition to preventing and eradicating corruption offenses, the restorative justice strategy may be utilized to maximize the recovery of losses to the state. This is a normative study with numerous primary, secondary, and tertiary legal resources serving as data sources. The evidence is then descriptively and qualitatively examined, resulting in a conclusion addressing the legal issues. The failure of retributive justice procedures based on vengeance and neoclassical theory to satisfy society's sense of justice sparked the idea of incorporating restorative justice into the concept of punishment, particularly the punishment of those who commit corruption offenses. To use restorative justice approaches to resolving corruption cases, it is essential to establish systematized and exhaustive legal processes to eradicate corruption. The state still needs to create legal processes for resolving corruption cases utilizing restorative justice approaches. In this work, the author attempts to develop a legal system for resolving corruption cases with restorative justice approaches that consider crucial variables and the repercussions of implementing this procedure.

Lentiviral Gene Transfer Corrects Immune Abnormalities in XIAP Deficiency

BackgroundX-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) deficiency is a severe immunodeficiency with clinical features including hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) due to defective NOD2 responses. Management includes immunomodulatory therapies and hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). However, this cohort is particularly susceptible to the chemotherapeutic regimens and acutely affected by graft-vs-host disease (GvHD), driving poor long-term survival in transplanted patients. Autologous HSC gene therapy could offer an alternative treatment option and would abrogate the risks of alloreactivity.MethodsHematopoietic progenitor (Lin−ve) cells from XIAPy/− mice were transduced with a lentiviral vector encoding human XIAP cDNA before transplantation into irradiated XIAP y/− recipients. After 12 weeks animals were challenged with the dectin-1 ligand curdlan and recovery of innate immune function was evaluated though analysis of inflammatory cytokines, body weight, and splenomegaly. XIAP patient-derived CD14+ monocytes were transduced with the same vector and functional recovery was demonstrated using in vitro L18-MDP/NOD2 assays.ResultsIn treated XIAPy/− mice, ~40% engraftment of gene-corrected Lin−ve cells led to significant recovery of weight loss, splenomegaly, and inflammatory cytokine responses to curdlan, comparable to wild-type mice. Serum IL-6, IL-10, MCP-1, and TNF were significantly reduced 2-h post-curdlan administration in non-corrected XIAPy/− mice compared to wild-type and gene-corrected animals. Appropriate reduction of inflammatory responses was observed in gene-corrected mice, whereas non-corrected mice developed an inflammatory profile 9 days post-curdlan challenge. In gene-corrected patient CD14+ monocytes, TNF responses were restored following NOD2 activation with L18-MDP.ConclusionGene correction of HSCs recovers XIAP-dependent immune defects and could offer a treatment option for patients with XIAP deficiency.

Deep cut of anthropogenic nitrogen oxides emissions to mitigate ozone vegetation damages in China

The fast growing surface ozone (O3) pollution poses threats to the ecosystem health and carbon assimilation in China. Here, we apply a coupled atmospheric chemistry-vegetation model to explore the effective ways of mitigating O3-induced loss of gross primary productivity (GPP) in China through anthropogenic emission controls at different regions and for different species. For the current pollution level, surface O3 decreases national GPP by 10% in the summer. Sensitivity experiments show that such GPP loss can be alleviated by 3.6%, 2.9%, and 0.6% with 50% reductions in the anthropogenic emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) globally, inside, and outside China, respectively. The efficiencies of O3 reduction and GPP recovery increase with the deeper cut of the precursors. For the same ratio (50%) of emission reduction, domestic NOx control alone decreases national average O3 by 4.9 ppbv and mitigates 2.7% of O3-induced GPP damages, much higher than the 0.9 ppbv reduction in surface O3 and 0.6% recovery of GPP loss with VOCs control alone. Although with nonlinear and heterogeneous responses, our study suggests that the control of NOx emissions is a more effective way than VOCs to mitigate O3 pollution and related GPP damages in China.

Interpreting Contractual Rights to COVID-19 Remedies: An Analysis of Cases

The construction industry has been adversely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic including significant delays on projects and outbreaks of COVID-19 on site. UK legal cases interpreting contractual rights to COVID-19 remedies are analyzed in this paper. The analysis of UK legal cases regarding potential contractual rights to COVID-19 remedies including change in law, force majeure, and frustration has revealed the barriers to recovery of losses. Instead, construction companies could consider focusing on more commonly used contract provisions, for example, extensions of time and prolongation claims or compensation events. The UK Supreme Court has ruled on the possibility of payment from business interruption insurance. Even the UK government has failed to comply with public procurement law under pressure of the COVID-19 pandemic. The High Court in London has ruled that landlords are entitled to recover rent and service charges owed to them by tenants whose businesses were mandated to close by coronavirus restrictions.

Pure Economic Losses from the Russian Perspective

Abstract The article is devoted to the issue of compensation for pure economic losses under Russian law. The category of pure economic losses came into the focus of Russian researchers relatively recently. Currently, the mainstream discussion of Russian scholars on the topic is based on the analysis of foreign cases and arguments related to them. Meanwhile, Russian case law has been enriched with precedents that can lead to a non-consistent way for resolving such kind of disputes. We propose the approach that the reimbursement of pure economic losses directly depends on the determination of the limits of tort liability or its conditions. Thereby, the comprehensive analysis of these conditions will make it possible to more clearly define the scope of the pure economic losses. Nevertheless, the conservatism of the Russian doctrine of tort law and the inconsistency of law enforcement does not always allow us to apply the usual conditions of tort liability as a method for analyzing pure economic losses under Russian law. Thus, we consider the arguments for and against the recovery of pure economic losses that have developed abroad and are often discussed by Russian scholars. Besides, the article deals with the most important cases in which the courts have granted claims for the recovery of the pure economic losses. Nevertheless, the reasoning of the courts does not always look satisfactory, since it has not always been supported by the strict analysis of conditions of tort liability. We also consider cases where courts’ attention to factual circumstances prevails over their legal analysis. Although these cases reflect the current Russian political agenda, we posit that they provide with valuable material for legal discussion on the issue of recovery of pure economic losses. The coherent application of liability conditions would have removed the political context of these cases and led to the concentration of courts’ attention on the legal details of the cases. As a result, the authors postulate the need to analyze the core of tort liability, i.e., its conditions. This will create a more subtle mechanism for setting up tort liability and develop immunity of tort law to exogenous factors related to the political context.

4-hydroxyisoleucine mediated IGF-1/GLP-1 signalling activation prevents propionic acid-induced autism-like behavioural phenotypes and neurochemical defects in experimental rats

Autism is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by a neurotransmitter imbalance that impairs neurodevelopment processes. Autism development is marked by communication difficulties, poor socio-emotional health, and cognitive impairment. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and glucagon-like growth factor-1 (GLP-1) are responsible for regular neuronal growth and homeostasis. Autism progression has been linked to dysregulation of IGF-1/GLP-1 signalling. 4-hydroxyisoleucine (HI), a pharmacologically active amino acid produced from Trigonella foenum graecum, works as an insulin mimic and has neuroprotective properties. The GLP-1 analogue liraglutide (LRG) was employed in our investigation to compare the efficacy of 4-HI in autism prevention. The current study explores the protective effects of 4-HI 50 and 100 mg/kg orally on IGF-1/GLP-1 signalling activation in a PPA-induced experimental model of autism. Propionic acid (PPA) injections to rats by intracerebroventricular (ICV) route for the first 11 days of the experiment resulted in autism-like neurobehavioral, neurochemical, gross morphological, and histopathological abnormalities. In addition, we investigated the dose-dependent neuroprotective effects of 4-HI on the levels of several neurotransmitters and neuroinflammatory cytokines in rat brain homogenate and blood plasma. Neuronal apoptotic and anti-oxidant cellular markers were also studied in blood plasma and brain homogenate samples. Furthermore, the luxol fast blue (LFB) staining results demonstrated significant demyelination in the brains of PPA-induced rats reversed by 4-HI treatment. Rats were assessed for spontaneous locomotor impairments, neuromuscular coordination, stress-like behaviour, learning, and memory to assess neurobehavioral abnormalities. The administration of 4-HI and LRG significantly reversed the behavioural, gross and histological abnormalities in the PPA-treated rat brains. After treatment with 4-HI and LRG, LFB-stained photomicrographs of PPA-treated rats' brains demonstrated the recovery of white matter loss. Our findings indicate that 4-HI protects neurons in rats with autism by enhancing the IGF-1 and GLP-1 protein levels.

Effect of a Toothpaste Containing Surface Pre-Reacted Glass-Ionomer Filler on the Remineralization of Artificial Carious Enamel Lesions in situ

This study evaluated the remineralizing effect of a toothpaste containing surface pre-reacted glass-ionomer (S-PRG) filler on demineralized enamel in situ. For this, 180 bovine enamel samples were demineralized by using a microcosm biofilm model for 3 days. Thereafter, the samples were randomly signed to 15 healthy volunteers and to 3 cross-over in situ phases corresponding to the following treatments: (1) toothpaste containing 1,500 ppm F as NaMFP (positive control, Colgate®Cavity Protection), (2) toothpaste containing 5% S-PRG filler (Shofu®), and (3) placebo toothpaste (negative control prepared by Shofu®). Four demineralized enamel blocks were fixed into each palatal appliance per phase. The volunteers wore the appliances for 5 days and were trained to brush their teeth 2 times for 2 min a day, while one drop of the toothpaste’s slurry (1:3) was dripped on each sample for the same period. The surface hardness and TMR analyses were done and analyzed by ANOVA/Tukey and t test (p < 0.05). S-PRG filler and Colgate® toothpastes were equally able to improve 2–2.5× enamel remineralization by the analysis of % surface hardness recovery. However, S-PRG toothpaste was the only one able to significantly improve ΔΔZ (the integrated mineral loss recovery: 1,489 ± 503 %vol.μm) compared to placebo (1,050 ± 467 %vol.μm), while Colgate® did not differ from placebo. No differences were seen between the groups with respect to ΔLD. S-PRG filler and Colgate® toothpastes show similar potential to remineralize the lesion surface. However, S-PRG toothpaste is better to recover mineral loss at the subsurface area.

Implementing The Confiscation Of Confiscated Objects For Criminal Acts Of Corruption That Have Impaired Value

This research discuss the implementation of confiscating criminal acts of corruption that have decreased in value. The author raised this matter because, based on data released by Indonesia Corruption Watch (ICW), there were 533 (five hundred and thirty-three) cases throughout 2021. Based on this data, it was found that the total potential state losses incurred reached Rp 29.4 trillion. In contrast to the magnitude of the losses incurred, on the other hand, based on the results recorded by the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) that the return of state losses was only Rp 2.6 trillion, which consisted of payment of fines, compensation for the spoils, and Rp 3 billion in the form of payment of status determination and use of grant funds. From the existing problems, the author examines how to manage the confiscated objects of corruption so as not to experience a decrease in value. This research uses a normative juridical writing method; namely, the law is conceptualized as what is written in legislation, or the law is seen as a gift or norm, which is a benchmark for human behavior considered appropriate and supported by data found on the internet. After researching the problems discussed in this journal, this can be overcome by holding an auction in advance of confiscated objects that will experience a decline in value so that the recovery of state financial losses can take place optimally, which needs to be also supported by a good work ethic from law enforcement officials. The law, namely by taking good care of confiscated objects so that they do not experience a decline in value and integrated data collection in order for the confiscated objects to remain safe and unrewded or not recorded.

Effectiveness of the active ingredients (Capixyl, Procapil, and rosemary extract) of the Trust? tonic for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia in comparison to minoxidil

Background: Androgenic alopecia (AGA) is a common hair loss disorder seen in both males and females and continues by presenting thinning and miniaturization because of androgens, genetics, extracellular matrix (ECM) protein destruction, and micro-inflammation. The most common treatments for AGA used in males are minoxidil and finasteride. These drugs have an effective role in the recovery and retardation of hair loss; however, there are different side effects and limitations to their efficacy. Materials and Methods: In this research, we compared the effectiveness of the Trust tonic’s active complex, Capixyl, Procapil, and rosemary extract (CPR), and 2% minoxidil solution in reducing hair loss and stimulating hair growth. The study was conducted on two groups of male subjects with an average of 45 years for twenty-four weeks using 1 ml of each solution everyday in the morning and evening.

P45 Lyme-associated uveitis: Panuveitis and positive Lyme results – is it a masquerade or the real deal?

P45 Lyme-associated uveitis: Panuveitis and positive Lyme results – is it a masquerade or the real deal?

Certain Legal Problems of Losses’ Recovery for Credit Institutions’ Unfair Behavior

The paper analyzes the current legislation and considers certain legal problems of recovery of losses for unfair behavior of credit institutions. The author notes a different understanding in the theory of law of the principle of good faith and the evaluation of its criteria, as well as an increase in cases of unfair behavior of credit institutions. It is concluded that unfair behavior is the basis for civil liability. As a result of the reform, the Civil Code of the Russian Federation has been replenished with new compositions of the civil wrongdoing providing for damages for unfair behavior. The paper considers the legal features of the recovery of losses for unfair behavior of credit institutions. The Author examines the recovery of losses in cases provided for in Articles 10, 434.1 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation using case studies from banking practice. The author notes that unfair behavior at the stage of negotiations on conclusion of banking contracts is more often manifested by credit institutions. In particular, providing incomplete or unreliable information to a party allows credit institutions to sell one service under the guise of another (misseling). As examples of recovery of losses, cases of unfair behavior in collecting bank commissions, as well as in case of unilateral increase in the amount of the interest rate, are considered. The author believes that the inequality of the bank’s and the client’s capabilities (professional knowledge, different property status, the client’s lack of special knowledge, etc.) makes it difficult to prove the amount of losses for such a client, especially when unfair behavior is not related to financial conditions. The conducted research allowed the author to conclude that unfair behavior serves not only as a basis for collecting damages, but also as a tool influencing the possibility of reducing losses. In conclusion, the author gives suggestions for improving the rules for collecting losses for unfair behavior of credit institutions.

IMPAIRMENT/REVERSION OF NON-FINANCIAL ASSETS FOR THE PURPOSE OF ACCOUNTING AND TAX ACCOUNTING

Identification of impairment and recovery of impairment losses of nonfinancial assets, in particular, inventories, long-term assets held for sale, fixed assets is one of the topical issues of financial and tax accounting. Today, most organizations have an overestimation of the value of assets and a real reflection of the value of assets in terms of their impairment is required.

Spectrum of Microbial Keratitis in the Mid-Western Region of Nepal

Introduction: Microbial keratitis is sight threatening infective keratitis caused by non-viral pathogens like bacteria, fungus or protozoa which may lead to blindness when neglected. It is the most common cause of unilateral corneal blindness which is a major public health concern for developing countries. Incidence of microbial keratitis in Nepal is higher (799/100000 per year) compared to developed countries like United States (11/100000 per year) due to varying epidemiological factors. Early clinical diagnosis, initiation of proper antibiotic therapy, identification of causative microorganism and management of predisposing factors together are necessary for rapid recovery and prevention of severe visual loss. &#x0D; Methods: This was a retrospective study of all consecutive patients diagnosed with suspected microbial keratitis and subjected to corneal scrapping in Cornea Department of Rapti Eye Hospital who attended during November 2021 to October 2022. The major outcome measures studied were predisposing factors, microbial spectrum, antibiotic sensitivity, treatment outcomes and surgical interventions required.&#x0D; Results: A total of 68 eyes of 68 cases diagnosed with microbial keratitis and subjected to corneal scrapping were enrolled in the study. Mean age of the study participants was 49.6 ± 19.6 years and male to female ratio was 1.96:1. Ocular trauma was the most common predisposing factor (48.5% of cases) followed by use of steroid. Culture was positive in 36.8% of cases of which bacterial isolates were more common than fungal isolates. Streptococcus pneumoniae (37%) and Fusarium species (44.44%) were most common organisms among the bacterial and fungal isolates respectively. &#x0D; Conclusions: Streptococcus pneumoniae and Fusarium species are the most common bacterial and fungal species causing microbial keratitis in the mid-western region of Nepal with ocular trauma being the commonest predisposing factor. Cefazolin and fluoroquinolones are most effective antibiotics for Gram positive and Gram negative organisms.&#x0D;

Evaluation of the Recovery of Idiopathic Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss Based on Estimated Hearing Disorders.

Various prognostic factors for idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) have been reported. Hearing loss directly derived from idiopathic SSNHL is important for understanding underlying pathogenesis and outcomes. We assessed the usefulness of evaluating hearing loss and recovery of idiopathic SSNHL on the basis of estimated hearing loss. The study included 115 patients whose characteristics and outcomes of hearing loss were investigated. The effects of vertigo/dizziness and age on hearing thresholds before/after treatment, nonaffected ear threshold, estimated hearing loss, improvement of hearing loss, and estimated remaining hearing loss were investigated. Vertigo/dizziness was a significant prognostic factor for hearing. In vertigo/dizziness patients, significantly more severe hearing loss and poorer improvement of hearing loss were observed above 500 Hz and below 1000 Hz, respectively. Severe hearing disorder remained at all frequencies. Conversely, post-treatment thresholds were significantly higher in the older population (≥65 years), although no differences in pretreatment thresholds were observed between the younger (≤64 years) and older populations. However, on the basis of nonaffected ear thresholds, previously existing hearing loss could have influenced the outcome. Thus, comparison of hearing outcomes between affected and nonaffected ears is essential for understanding hearing loss and outcomes in idiopathic SSNHL cases with existing hearing disorder.

Packet transport for maritime communications: A streaming coded UDP approach

The maritime communication network (MCN) plays an important role in the 6th generation (6G) system development. In MCNs, packet transport over long-distance lossy links will be ubiquitous. Transmission control protocol (TCP), the dominant transport protocol in the past decades, have had performance issues in such links. In this paper, we propose a novel transport approach which uses user datagram protocol (UDP) along with a simple yet effective bandwidth estimator for congestion control, and with a proactive packet-level forward erasure correction (FEC) code called streaming code to provide low-delay loss recovery without data retransmissions at all. We show that the approach can effectively address two issues of the state-of-the-art TCP variants in the long-distance lossy links, namely 1) the low bandwidth utilization caused by the slow increase of the congestion window (CWND) due to long round-trip time (RTT) and the frequent CWND drop due to random and congestion losses, and 2) the high end-to-end in-order delivery delay when re-transmissions are incurred to recover lost packets. In addition, we show that the scheme's goodput has good smoothness and short-term intra-protocol fairness properties, which are beneficial for multimedia streaming and interactive applications that are prominent parts of today's wireless traffic.

Operational Loss Recoveries and the Macroeconomic Environment: Evidence from the U.S. Banking Sector

Operational Loss Recoveries and the Macroeconomic Environment: Evidence from the U.S. Banking Sector