Speed Record Research Articles

High-resolution spatiotemporal forecasting of the European crane migration

In this paper we present three different models to forecast bird migration. They are species-specific individual-based models that operate on a high spatiotemporal resolution (kilometres, 15 min-hours), as an addition to radar-based migration forecast models that currently exist. The models vary in complexity, and use GPS-tracked location, flying direction and speed, and/or wind data to forecast migration speed and direction. Our aim is to quantitatively evaluate the forecasting performance and assess which metrics improve forecasts at different ranges. We test the models through cross-validation using GPS tracks of common cranes during spring and autumn migration. Our results show that recordings of flight speed and direction improve the accuracy of forecasts on the short range (<2 h). Adding wind data at flight altitude results in consistent improvements of the forecasts across the entire range, particularly in the predicted speed. Direction forecasts are less affected by adding wind data because cranes mostly compensate for wind drift during migration. Migration in spring is more difficult to forecast than in autumn, resulting in larger errors in flight speed and direction during spring. We further find that a combination of flight behaviours – thermal soaring, gliding, and flapping – complicates the forecasts by inducing variance in flight speed and direction. Fitting those behaviours into flight optimisation models proves to be challenging, and even results in significant biases in speed forecasts in spring. We conclude that flight speed is the most difficult parameter to forecast, whereas flight direction is the most critical for practical applications of these models. Such applications could e.g., be prevention of bird strikes in aviation or with wind turbines, and public engagement with bird migration.

Proposing Disk Scheduling Algorithm to Enhance the Efficiency of Disk Performance

Management of disk scheduling is a very important aspect of operating system. Disk scheduling involves a careful examination of pending requests to determine the most efficient way to serve these requests. A disk scheduler examines the positional relationship among waiting requests, then reorders the queue so that the requests will be serviced with minimum seek. Performance of the disk scheduling completely depends on how efficient is the scheduling algorithm to allocate services to the request in a better manner. After the arrival of the multi-core processor, the speed of the processors became much faster with the Hyper-Threading technology, and with this the speed of the processors increased dramatically with a record speed. All processers need CPU time and read/write time together to complete their execution. Read/write operations require the operating system to access the disk to store and retrieve data. In the recent years many algorithms (FIFO, SSTF, SCAN, C-SCAN, LOOK, etc.) are developed in order to optimize the system disk I/O performance. The purpose of this study is to obtain a new scheduling algorithm that reduces seek time, sum of head movement, spin time, and transfer time, so as to improve disk performance efficiency in a better way to try to synchronize with CPU performance.

Large Language Model‐Based Chatbots in Higher Education

Large language models (LLMs) are artificial intelligence (AI) platforms capable of analyzing and mimicking natural language processing. Leveraging deep learning, LLM capabilities have been advanced significantly, giving rise to generative chatbots such as Generative Pre‐trained Transformer (GPT). GPT‐1 was initially released by OpenAI in 2018. ChatGPT's release in 2022 marked a global record of speed in technology uptake, attracting more than 100 million users in two months. Consequently, the utility of LLMs in fields including engineering, healthcare, and education has been explored. The potential of LLM‐based chatbots in higher education has sparked significant interest and ignited debates. LLMs can offer personalized learning experiences and advance asynchronized learning, potentially revolutionizing higher education, but can also undermine academic integrity. Although concerns regarding AI‐generated output accuracy, the spread of misinformation, propagation of biases, and other legal and ethical issues have not been fully addressed yet, several strategies have been implemented to mitigate these limitations. Here, the development of LLMs, properties of LLM‐based chatbots, and potential applications of LLM‐based chatbots in higher education are discussed. Current challenges and concerns associated with AI‐based learning platforms are outlined. The potentials of LLM‐based chatbot use in the context of learning experiences in higher education settings are explored.

Prior-free 3D tracking of a fast-moving object at 6667 frames per second with single-pixel detectors.

Real-time tracking and 3D trajectory computation of fast-moving objects is a promising technology, especially in the field of autonomous driving. However, existing image-based tracking methods face significant challenges when it comes to real-time tracking, primarily due to the limitation of storage space and computational resources. Here, we propose a novel approach that enables real-time 3D tracking of a fast-moving object without any prior motion information and at a very low computational cost. To enable 3D coordinate synthesis with a space-efficient optical setup, geometric moment patterns are projected on two non-orthogonal planes with a spatial resolution of 125 μm. Our experiment demonstrates an impressive tracking speed of 6667 frames per second (FPS) with a 20 kHz digital micromirror device (DMD), which is more than 200 times faster than the widely adopted video-based tracking methods. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest tracking speed record in the field of single-pixel 3D trajectory tracking. This method promotes the development of real-time tracking techniques with single-pixel imaging (SPI).

Single femtosecond laser pulse–induced valence state conversion in BaFCl: Sm3+ nanocrystals for low-threshold optical storage

Abstract Femtosecond laser-induced valence state conversion (VC) in solid materials has attracted significant research attention due to its potential application in ultra-high density optical storage, boasting advantages such as ultra-high recording speed, easy reading, and high signal-to-noise ratio. However, identifying appropriate materials and technological solutions conducive to efficient single-laser-shot recording remains a pivotal challenge for practical applications. In this work, we report single femtosecond laser pulse–induced VC in BaFCl: Sm3+ nanocrystals utilizing a 4F-configuration optical imaging system comprising two-dimensional scan galvo mirrors. For the first time, we experimentally reveal the luminescence mechanisms and channels of multiphoton absorption-induced Sm2+ ions under both single and multiple 800 nm fs laser pulses. Leveraging the highly efficient single femtosecond laser pulse induced VC, we demonstrate a prototype optical storage experiment by sweeping the recording laser pulse. Remarkably, a threshold pulse energy as low as ∼100 nJ for effective single-laser-shot recording in BaFCl: Sm3+ nanocrystals is obtained under the current experimental conditions. Our investigations offer profound insights into the physical mechanisms underlying femtosecond laser induced VC in solid materials, thereby promoting the prospects of VC based optical storage toward practical applications.

Pedestrian Walking Speed Analysis: A Systematic Review

(1) Background: Almost all trips include a walking leg. Pedestrian flow dynamics are an essential input to infrastructure design as well as efficient and safe operations. Pedestrian walking speed is the most influential traffic flow variable. This study examines the factors influencing pedestrian walking speed, categorizing them into pedestrian flow characteristics, pedestrian attributes, layout configuration, ambient conditions, and pedestrian behavioral patterns. (2) Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted, aggregating studies that investigate pedestrian walking speed across various environments and conditions. The identified factors were systematically categorized, and a meta-analysis was employed to synthesize the results. (3) Results: Speed measurements seem to be dependent on the method and technique employed, with experiments systematically overestimating speed and video recordings systematically underestimating it. Pedestrian density strongly influences speed as in motorized traffic. Being female, being of older age, walking in a group, engaging in social interactions or phone-related tasks, and moving under noise conditions are reported to have a negative impact on walking speed. Carrying baggage and moving under adverse weather conditions are also reported to have a statistically significant impact, but the direction of the impact is not always the same and seems to be very context dependent. (4) Conclusions: The findings highlight the significance of physiological, psychological, and environmental elements in shaping pedestrian behavior and thus speed. Valuable insights from this review can assist researchers, designers, and operators in providing safer, more inclusive, and reliable infrastructures for pedestrians. Future investigations should broaden the scope of data collection methods, particularly indoors.

Rapid development and mass production of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing chicken egg yolk antibodies with protective efficacy in hamsters

Despite the record speed of developing vaccines and therapeutics against the SARS-CoV-2 virus, it is not a given that such success can be secured in future pandemics. In addition, COVID-19 vaccination and application of therapeutics remain low in developing countries. Rapid and low cost mass production of antiviral IgY antibodies could be an attractive alternative or complementary option for vaccine and therapeutic development. In this article, we rapidly produced SARS-CoV-2 antigens, immunized hens and purified IgY antibodies in 2 months after the SARS-CoV-2 gene sequence became public. We further demonstrated that the IgY antibodies competitively block RBD binding to ACE2, neutralize authentic SARS-CoV-2 virus and effectively protect hamsters from SARS-CoV-2 challenge by preventing weight loss and lung pathology, representing the first comprehensive study with IgY antibodies. The process of mass production can be easily implemented in most developing countries and hence could become a new vital option in our toolbox for combating viral pandemics. This study could stimulate further studies, optimization and potential applications of IgY antibodies as therapeutics and prophylactics for human and animals.

Uncertainty evaluation for wind speed measurement part (2): “Input quantity correlation”

When the “Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement” (GUM) is used to evaluate the uncertainty of wind speed sensors, there is a lack of input quantities correlation research, which leads to the deviation of the uncertainty evaluation result. This paper takes the calibration result of an automatic weather station's three-cup wind speed sensor as an example to evaluate the uncertainty of wind speed sensor measurement based on the correlation of input quantities. First, the calibration point of 10.00 m/s wind speed is taken as an example, and the original wind speed record is obtained by calibrating the three-cup wind speed sensor. Then, according to the GUM evaluation method, the uncertainty of the wind speed measurement result is analyzed and evaluated, And analyze and explore the correlation between the input quantities (considering the influence of the stability and uniformity of the wind tunnel on the measurement result, and the existence of a certain interdependence between them, an experimental plan was developed to test the stability and uniformity of the wind tunnel, and the correlation coefficient between them was calculated to be 0.1561 at the wind speed point of 10.00 m/s). Finally, the input quantities correlation (the correlation coefficient of wind tunnel stability and uniformity) is integrated into the uncertainty evaluation, and the uncertainty evaluation result is obtained at 10.00 m/s wind speed point (where U = 0.22 m/s, U95 = 0.22 m/s). Through comparison, the uncertainty results evaluated without considering the correlation of input quantities have generated negative deviation, with deviation values being −0.00022 m/s. Due to the relatively small deviation, in practical applications, it can be determined whether to correct it based on the accuracy requirements of the measurement result and actual needs.

Experimental Animal Research in Vaccine Studies during the Pandemic Process

The pandemic that emerged in Wuhan, China, in 2019, once again revealed the role of basic sciences and experimental animal research in the world. This situation, also called COVID-19, has spread rapidly all over the world in a short period of 3 months. It has been revealed that vaccination is more important than treatment in reducing mass deaths during the fight against the pandemic. The fact that RNA viruses constantly change their genetic properties was also a major challenge in finding an effective vaccine. However, increasing progress in basic sciences (especially mRNA technology) and the use of humanized mice have contributed greatly to reducing mass deaths. The fact that the Sars-Cov-2 virus does not cause infection in conventional mice and that it can create an infection model in mutant mice to which human lung epithelial genes are transferred has given great impetus to vaccine and new drug treatment studies. The first vaccine model was developed using these mice in vaccine studies. Nearly 176 vaccine types have been developed in the Covid-19 pandemic. These vaccines; viron vaccines are nucleic acid-based (mRNA), viral vector and protein-based vaccines. The mutant mice used in the first step of these vaccines created the disease model almost perfectly and ensured that the results in the target species (Human) progressed with fewer errors. Since the disease occurs in mice carrying human lung epithelium very close to the target species, they have played a major role in testing the protective effects of vaccines. The vaccines prepared towards the end of 2020 were made ready for use. Vaccine production has been carried out at an almost record speed in pandemics in world history. Although vaccines may have different effects and protection levels, the role of vaccines in the pandemic is undeniable. More than 2.5 billion doses of COVID-19 vaccines have been administered worldwide, and approximately 35 million doses continue to be administered every day. Experimental animal research, genetic research and gene transfer that started in the 1970s were used to obtain vaccines that were prepared in a short time and made available to humanity. technologies and mutant mouse technology play a huge role. Although the pandemic process is still not over, it is expected to ease and continue to have effects similar to seasonal flu. In this process, humanity has gained important experience in acting together and rapid vaccine development. The use of experimental animals is of great importance in these processes.

Fingering of a cavitation bubble in a thin gap: Ejection of the reversed boundary layer into the bulk flow

Fingering of a cavitation bubble in a thin gap: Ejection of the reversed boundary layer into the bulk flow

Super-sectioning with multi-sheet reversible saturable optical fluorescence transitions (RESOLFT) microscopy

Light-sheet fluorescence microscopy is an invaluable tool for four-dimensional biological imaging of multicellular systems due to the rapid volumetric imaging and minimal illumination dosage. However, it is challenging to retrieve fine subcellular information, especially in living cells, due to the width of the sheet of light (>1 μm). Here, using reversibly switchable fluorescent proteins (RSFPs) and a periodic light pattern for photoswitching, we demonstrate a super-resolution imaging method for rapid volumetric imaging of subcellular structures called multi-sheet RESOLFT. Multiple emission-sheets with a width that is far below the diffraction limit are created in parallel increasing recording speed (1–2 Hz) to provide super-sectioning ability (<100 nm). Our technology is compatible with various RSFPs due to its minimal requirement in the number of switching cycles and can be used to study a plethora of cellular structures. We track cellular processes such as cell division, actin motion and the dynamics of virus-like particles in three dimensions.

GaN atomic electric fields from a segmented STEM detector: Experiment and simulation.

Atomic electric fields in a thin GaN sample are measured with the centre-of-mass approach in 4D-scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM) using a 12-segmented STEM detector in a Spectra 300 microscope. The electric fields, charge density and potential are compared to simulations and an experimental measurement using a pixelated 4D-STEM detector. The segmented detector benefits from a high recording speed, which enables measurements at low radiation doses. However, there is measurement uncertainty due to the limited number of segments analysed in thisstudy.

Psychological assessment of event-related motor potential in different brain regions in carrying out simple and complicated tasks

Introduction: Training in a certain skill not only culminates in better motor performance but also leads to neural adjustments and regulations in different brain regions. Aim: The present study aimed to psychologically assess event-related motor potential in motor-related cortical regions during simple and complicated tasks. Method: The current research was of a semi-experimental type with a single-phase post-test design without a control group. The participants of the present study consisted of all 20-32-year-old right-handed male table tennis players in Tehran, in 2019. A total of 8 samples were selected via convenience sampling. Data were collected at the National Brain Mapping Laboratory. Annett Hand Preference Questionnaire (1970), Ocular Dominance Testing Card (1910), the Newgy Robo Pong Model 2050 Digital Table Tennis Robot, and the Specific Test for Table Tennis Stroke (2016) were used to record speed from Radar gun, and cameras and judges’ scoring were also used to measure accuracy. Moreover, the two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistical test was employed to assess the differences in two levels of task complexity in SPSS software version 24. Results: The results showed that the motor potential in the primary motor cortex region had a greater range in the simple task than in the complicated task (P=0.012); however, the premotor (P=0.008) and the posterior parietal cortical regions (P=0.026) of the complicated task had larger ranges than the simple task. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, the motor potential range is dependent on the task complexity level. Therefore, it is suggested that tasks with different complexity levels be taken into account in investigating event-dependent potentials.

The Return Period Wind Speed Prediction of Beijing Urban Area Based on Short-Term Measured Wind Speed

To predict and explore the return period wind speed distribution in Beijing urban area, based on the short-term measured wind speed record, the measured independent storm peak samples are extracted and the Monte–Carlo numerical simulation method is used to randomly generate pseudo-independent storm peak samples with the same distribution as the independent storm peak samples. In addition, the appropriate threshold is used to select and extract the over-threshold independent storm peak samples from the measured samples. And, then, the return period wind speed of the whole wind direction is predicted. Further, the traditional Cook method is used to predict and analyze the return period wind speed of each wind direction according to the measured wind speed data. The results show that the return period wind speed prediction results of the whole wind direction corresponding to the simulated pseudo samples and the measured over-threshold samples are basically close to each other, and the maximum relative deviation is less than 7%. The mean relative deviation of the return period wind speed prediction results is about 10.6% between each wind direction and the whole wind direction, and the mean relative deviation is about 9.4% between the RPWS prediction result of each wind direction and the design value of the code. In addition, the return period wind speed prediction values of the west by southwest, northwest and north by northeast wind directions exceed the design value of the code, while the predicted values of the other wind directions are within the envelope range of the design value of the code. Finally, the research content of this paper can provide some reference for the wind resistance design analysis of building structures in Beijing area.

Impact of COVID-19 vaccination drive against COVID-19 illness and deaths in a tertiary care centre

Introduction: In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, worldwide efforts to develop vaccines to give protection against COVID-19. Despite the record speed at which have been developed, COVID-19 vaccines have still been subject to the same checks, balances, and scientific and regulatory rigour as any other vaccine, and shown to be safe. The study aimed to establish the relationship of vaccination on length of stay. Materials and methods: A retrospective cohort study was carried out among all 1123 COVID-19 patients admitted or discharged during March 2021 to June 2021 at tertiary care centre. Hospital records of all COVID-19 patients admitted during study duration were assessed for the required information and also telephonic interview taken if needed. Descriptive statistics were used to assess the distribution of factors among the patients. Results: Of total 1123 inpatients, 21.7% had received a single dose of COVID-19 vaccine while 74.9% had not received any form of COVID-19 vaccination. Mean length of stay in hospital was similar (7.6 days). Among all, 81.3% were nonvaccinated. The mean length of stay in ICU for the two doses received vaccinated was 4.2 ± 3.0 days while unvaccinated patients was 5.1 ± 2.6 days. Mortality rate was 3.6% patients in the two doses vaccinated group and 74.4% in the non-vaccinated group found. Conclusion: Among vaccinated patients there was a 75% relative risk reduction in ICU admission. There was no difference observed in duration of stay among vaccinated or unvaccinated patients, deaths among comorbid patients.

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE SPEED OF TROTTING HORSES

The article represents the study of influencing factors on the main breeding characteristic of trotting horses, namely, speed during trialing on racetracks. Differences in the processes of selecting different trotting horse breeds are considered. The development of prize-winning equestrian sports and racetrack business is highlighted. Quantitative characteristics of trotting horses in Ukraine were established, absolute records of speed of trotting horses of domestic selection, fluctuations of the speed index of horses bred and prepared in different technological and climatic conditions were determined. It was outlined that the speed of trotting horses differs in stud farms due to technological and climatic differences. It was also established that equal horses by breed, age and gender differ in speed when trialed at different racetracks in Ukraine. Thus, horses trialed at the Kyiv Hippodrome with a high probability (p&gt;0.95-0.99) prevailed in terms of speed of peers trialed at the Odesa Hippodrome, both by record speed and by speed revealed in all age periods. Differences between peer groups of different gender have also been established. Thus, stallions of all age groups prevailed in terms of speed of mares at both racetracks. The correlational relationship between record speed and the main body diameters of mares of the newly created Ukrainian trotting breed group was established, and it was found out that the livelier mares are also the largest according to the determined body diameters. The influence of breeders of different origins on the speed of the progeny of the newly formed Ukrainian trotting breed group was determined. It was established that in all studied age groups the progeny of stallions of the French trotting breed prevailed over purebred peers of both trotting breeds in terms of speed at 1,600 m. It was proved that the use of the gene pool of the French trotting breed for crossbreeding makes it possible to improve the selection characteristics of horses of the newly created Ukrainian trotting breed group, to enrich its gene pool and reduce inbreeding depression in working conditions with a limited gene pool of the breed.

Speed Record of AES-CTR and AES-ECB Bit-Sliced Implementation on GPUs

Speed Record of AES-CTR and AES-ECB Bit-Sliced Implementation on GPUs

Remote Determination of Critical Speed and Critical Power in Recreational Runners.

This study aimed to compare estimations of critical speed (CS) and work completed above CS (D'), and their analogies for running power (critical power [CP] and W'), derived from raw data obtained from habitual training (HAB) and intentional maximal efforts in the form of time trials (TTs) and 3-minute all-out tests (3MTs) in recreational runners. The test-retest reliability of the 3MT was further analyzed. Twenty-three recreational runners (4 female) used a foot pod to record speed, altitude, and power output for 8 consecutive weeks. CS and D', and CP and W', were calculated from the best 3-, 7-, and 12-minute segments recorded in the first 6weeks of their HAB and in random order in weeks 7 and 8 from 3 TTs (3, 7, and 12min) and three 3MTs(to assess test-retest reliability). There was no difference between estimations of CS or CP derived from HAB, TT, and 3MT (3.44 [0.63], 3.42 [0.53], and 3.76 [0.57]m · s-1 and 281 [41], 290 [45], and 305 [54]W, respectively), and strong agreement between HAB and TT for CS (r = .669) and CP (r = .916). Limited agreement existed between estimates of D'/W'. Moderate reliability of D'/W' was demonstrated between the first and second 3MTs, whereas excellent reliability was demonstrated for CS/CP. These data suggest that estimations of CS/CP can be derived remotely, from either HAB, TT, or 3MT, although the lower agreement between D'/W' warrants caution when using these measures interchangeably.

The safety and effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines for adolescents

Since the 2019 outbreak of COVID-19, the virus has rapidly spread worldwide, becoming the largest epidemic in recent years. Infection with SARS-CoV-2 can cause symptoms ranging from mild to severe, potentially leading to death, including for patients in intensive care units. Fortunately, scientists and researchers worldwide raced against time, quickly organized, and devoted themselves to vaccine research. After unremitting efforts, they developed a vaccine for COVID-19 at record speed, successfully slowing down and preventing its spread. However, even after more than three years, although significant progress has been made in combating the epidemic, numerous challenges still need to be addressed. One of these problems is the vaccination of young people, which poses a significant challenge. The vaccination of young people is hampered by severe side effects experienced by some individuals and concerns voiced by parents, which makes the process difficult. This paper examines literature and gathers data from sources such as CNKI, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and World Health Organization database to analyze the impact of three major COVID-19 vaccines on adolescents. The analysis focuses on vaccination responses and associated effects, aiming to provide references for future epidemic prevention. In addition, the suggestions may increase parents' trust in vaccines, provide them with important information, and help the vaccination of teenagers go more smoothly.

Complex gravity-acoustic impact on V-flame structure

Development of efficient and safe energy systems for space objects includes ensuring fire safety. This problem requires a deep understanding of influence of gravitational forces on combustion processes, which explains the importance of studying this issue. The paper analyzes the dynamics of inverted conical methane-air flame under conditions of normal and reverse gravitational force with external acoustic excitation. Applied frequencies of acoustic excitation could be parasitic or be produced during proper work of different technical systems of aircraft. High speed recording of flame chemiluminescence and PIV analysis were conducted. Decomposition of flow vector pictures into the modes was calculated using POD method. Energy contribution into the flow was analyzed for its separate elements at the different frequencies of excitation. At the high excitation frequencies vortex generation intensity in the shear layer with reverse gravity is about the same as it was observed in the experiments with normal gravity direction, that could indicate dominance of acoustic mechanism of the vortexes stimulation over the mechanism of shear instability. At external excitation frequency equals 240 Hz significant growth of shear vortex diameters and increasing of perpendicular oscillations amplitude of flame branches were obtained. Thereby in such experiment with 240 Hz external acoustic excitation the most intensive large scale instability of flow was observed.