Record Books Research Articles

The hardest-hit home run?

We present a problem to be assigned or done as an in-class activity in an upper-division undergraduate course on computational physics. The problem involves a home run hit by Mickey Mantle on May 22, 1963, which he famously called “the hardest ball I ever hit.” Is this home run truly one for the record books, or has it been eclipsed by players in the modern era? Modeling the trajectory of a baseball involves consideration of both wind resistance and the Magnus effect and is an interesting application of numerical solutions to ordinary differential equations. Ultimately, the answer is that Mantle would compare favorably to the most powerful batters currently playing, but to arrive at that conclusion we must reflect on the plausibility of results and sources of uncertainty.

RTS, S malaria vaccination among children aged 24–59 months in the Sunyani Municipality, Ghana; 2023

BackgroundFollowing the successful pilot of RTS,S malaria vaccine, it has been recommended by the WHO for prevention of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in children living in endemic areas. Despite the proven benefits of the malaria vaccine, uptake especially of the fourth dose, remains relatively low. We assessed complete uptake of RTS,S malaria vaccine among children 24–59 months and associated factors in the Sunyani Municipality of Ghana. MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among 361 caregivers of children aged 24–59 months in the Sunyani Municipality, who had received at least one dose of RTS,S malaria vaccine. Structured questionnaires were administered to caregivers and relevant vaccination information was extracted from the maternal and child health record books. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to determine factors associated with complete uptake of the vaccine at 95 % confidence interval (CI). ResultsApproximately 45 % (164/361) of the children had completed the RTS,S malaria vaccination schedule. Children aged 48–59 months (AOR:0.26, 95 %CI:0.09–0.76), those with caregivers who believed that children were being used for experiment (AOR:0.29, 95 %CI:0.16–0.54) or doubted the safety of the vaccine (AOR:0.27, 95 %CI:0.14–0.52) were less likely to complete the four doses. On the other hand, children of caregivers who reported vaccine shortages and travelled long distances to access immunization services (AOR:3.15, 95 %CI:1.17–8.47), and those with adequate knowledge on the malaria vaccine (AOR:1.89, 95 %CI:1.08–3.29) were more likely to complete the vaccination schedule. ConclusionLess than half of the children who started RTS,S malaria vaccination completed the full schedule. Age of child, caregiver knowledge and perception of the malaria vaccine, and access to immunization service were associated with complete uptake of the RTS,S malaria vaccine. Strengthening caregiver education and access to immunization services could improve uptake of the subsequent doses and coverage of the fourth dose.

Medication adherence among Japanese patients with developmental disabilities: a survey study.

Developmental disabilities (DD) often persist into adulthood, necessitating early and continuous treatment. Although pharmacotherapy is a viable treatment option, managing medication can be challenging. Prior research has not explored medication use among patients with DD in Japan. Thus, this study aimed to identify the medication challenges faced by these patients. A questionnaire survey was administered to 200 outpatients to collect data on the number of prescribed medications, the timing of administration, the frequency of missed doses, and the use of medication notebooks. This was a prospective observational study without intervention and a random sampling. The survey revealed that 57.0% of the participants were non-adherent to their medication regimen. Specifically, medication non-adherence rates were 44.7% among individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), 86.9% for those with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and 30.4% for patients with comorbid ASD and ADHD. Despite 48.3% of the participants taking measures to prevent forgetting their medication, 65.3% of them still failed to take their medication as prescribed. The possession rate of medication record books was 96.0%. The study indicates that the frequency of medication non-adherence among patients with DD in Japan mirrors that in other countries. Patients who reported taking preventative measures still experienced high rates of non-adherence, suggesting limited effectiveness of these strategies. It is essential to develop more effective measures to improve adherence, enhance disease awareness, and increase understanding of medication instructions. The high possession rate of medication record books suggests they could play a significant role in managing DD, and their use is expected to increase in the future.

Adherence to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine five-dose policy among pregnant women in an urban slum in Ghana: a mixed-methods study

BackgroundMalaria in pregnancy (MiP) is a public health concern especially for pregnant women living in slums. The World Health Organization recommends at least three doses of Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine (SP) to prevent MiP. In Ghana, it is recommended that pregnant women receive a minimum of five doses of the medication. This study sought to determine the level of adherence to IPT5 policy and factors associated with adherence among pregnant women in a slum community in Ghana.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study involving 232 nursing mothers and four healthcare workers at the St. Martin’s Memorial Hospital, Sukura, Ghana. Sociodemographic characteristics of nursing mothers were obtained using an interview-administered questionnaire. Data on the number of SP doses and other obstetrics characteristics were collected by reviewing the antenatal record books. To obtain information about healthcare and health system factors associated with adherence to the five-dose policy, four healthcare providers were interviewed. A data extraction form was used to obtain information about the availability of SP at the facility.ResultsThe level of adherence to IPT5 was 8.6% (20/232) (95% CI 5.0–12.3) among the participants. Only 8.4% of the participants received their first dose at 16 weeks. Respondents who began ANC in the second trimester were 81% less likely to adhere to IPT5 than those who began in the first trimester (aOR = 0.19, 95% CI 90.01–0.65, p < 0.008). Healthcare provider and health system factors that influence IPT5 uptake include healthcare providers’ knowledge of IPTp-SP guidelines, the practice of Directly Observed Therapy, education of pregnant women, training of healthcare providers, and availability of water. SP was available at the facility during the period of review.ConclusionAdherence to the IPTp-SP five-dose policy was suboptimal. Pregnant women who started ANC early were more likely to adhere to the policy. Provider knowledge, DOT practice, training, education of pregnant women and water availability were also found to influence adherence. Encouraging early ANC visits and providing healthcare workers with necessary training can substantially improve adherence in slum areas.

Incidence Pattern and Outcome of Diseases in Patients Admitted in Coronary Care Unit in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Dhaka - A 3 Year Retrospective Study

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading causes of death globally. Like other countries, CVD prevalence is also rising among the adults in Bangladesh. Most of the cardiac emergencies and acute ailments are preferably managed in a specially designed place of a hospital called Coronary Care Unit, which has better facilities of monitoring, care and support. In every day-to-day practice a proportion of diabetic patients need to admit in CCU for different life threatening crisis. For better understanding of such CVD prevalence scenario, we conducted this retrospective observational study. Aim of the Study: Our objective was to assess the pattern and incidence of CVD admitted in CCU with their outcomes among the population using the data from the record book. Methodology: This is a retrospective observational study carried out in the Coronary Care Unit (CCU) of BIRDEM Hospital Dhaka Bangladesh from 2017-2019. Total 1069 patients (861 were Diabetic and rest were non diabetic) who were admitted to the CCU of this Institute from 2017-2019 were studied and evaluated to see the pattern of cardiac emergencies in diabetic population. Results: Among 1069 patients, 57.2% were male and 42.8% were female. Majority (80.54%) of them were diabetic. Most of the patients belonged to age 50 years and above. Seven hundred and one (65.57%) patients were admitted due to Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD) in different forms. Among the Acute Coronary Syndrome, most prevalent one was NSTEMI (354). Among NSTEMI group, where 50.37% were male and 50.67% were female, 102 patients had Unstable Angina and 73 had STEMI. Eighty nine patients were admitted after intervention (PCI or CABG) and 61 patients had Ischemic Dilated Cardiomyopathy (IDCM) due to some complications. Four hundred and twenty patients admitted due to Heart Failure and 137 patients were admitted due to different forms of Shock. Cardiac function was assessed (by Teichholz method and Biplane Simpson's method) among the admitted patients and 57.31% of patients had moderate LV dysfunction, 29.26% had severe systolic dysfunction and remainder 13.43% found to have mild LV systolic dysfunction. Mean hospital stay was assessed and it was found to be gradually declining from 13.33 in 2017 to 9.23 in 2019 (p=0.041*). Outcome of the study population shows that ~ 66% were transfer to general ward or cabin of the department of cardiology after initial stabilization, 17.3% were discharged directly from CCU, and 5.42% patients were transferred to other department after recovery. About 5.5% were become critically ill for which they need to transfer under care of ICU, 2.5% were transfer for intervention (to other institutes according to patient’s economical ability and preference for CABG, Pace maker implantation, PTCI etc.) and 3.3% patients were expired. Conclusion: In this study, incidence of IHD found higher than other cardiac diseases. NSTEMI is about three times more than Unstable Angina and about five times more prevalent than STEMI for the reason of admission in CCU. Diabetes Mellitus was found in majority of the admitted patients in CCU and the number of diabetic population is increasing which may also responsible for leading more coronary heart disease in our country in future. 88.7% of study population was shifted to general ward after initial stabilization after acute crisis, 2.5% required further cardiac intervention and 5.5% become critical and required ICU support. Only 3.3% of total population expired after all possible support. Bangladesh Crit Care J September 2024; 12 (2): 125-131

EFFECT OF BLENDED LEARNING EDUCATIONAL MODEL ON SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS’ MATHEMATICS CONCEPTUAL UNDERSTANDING

The study was conducted to assess the effect of a blended learning educational model on grade ten students' mathematics conceptual understanding in Ethiopia. A non-equivalent pre-test and post-test quasi-experimental design was employed. Two intact classes from different schools were randomly selected and assigned to experimental (n=38) and comparison group (n=45). From the previous semester, students’ record book revealed that both groups have almost an equivalent mathematics performance. A one-way ANOVA and paired sample t-test were used to analyze the data. Moreover, to check the equivalence of the groups, the same pre-test was developed and administered. The result indicates that both groups were equivalent. The test covers tenth-grade topics relations and functions, polynomial functions, exponential functions, and logarithmic functions. The study shows that students instructed through the blended learning approach surpassed those taught via the conventional method in their comprehension of mathematical concepts. The one-way ANOVA statistical result revealed there is a notable disparity between groups with effect size of η2 =.269, which is a large effect size. Moreover, a paired sample t-test shows the experimental group showed a substantial mean difference of 14.327 with a very large effect size (d=1.016) when compared with the comparison group. Thus, the study shows that blended learning was more effective in improving mathematical conceptual understanding when compared with a conventional method of teaching. Based on the findings, the researcher recommends blended learning in mathematics education and suggests stakeholders and policymakers incorporate the model into the curriculum. Keywords: blended learning, conceptual understanding, educational model, lab rotation model, mathematical concept

Prevalence and determinants of orthopedic surgical site infections in rural northern Ghana: a retrospective cohort study

BackgroundThe annual incidence of orthopedic surgeries has been steadily rising globally. The rise in orthopedic surgeries is associated with increased surgical site infection, which is linked with high mortality, extended hospital stays, and decreased quality of patient life. There is a dearth of knowledge on the magnitude and risk factors of orthopedic surgical site infections in Ghana.ObjectiveTo investigate the prevalence and determinants of orthopedic surgical site infections in St. Theresa’s Hospital, Nandom.MethodA retrospective cohort design among 1032 patients who underwent orthopedic surgeries between January 2014 and December 2018. Admission and patient record books constituted the data sources. The data were initially extracted into a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet, cleaned, and exported to SPSS version 27 and R for coding and analysis.ResultsThe prevalence of orthopedic surgical site infection was 9.3%. The determinants of orthopedic surgical site infections were: male sex (OR = 2.33, 95%CI 1.04, 5.51) p = 0.04; self-employed (OR = 3.25, 95%CI 1.2, 10.29) p = 0.030; unemployed/retired (OR = 4.61, 95%CI 1.35, 17.72) p = 0.019; duration of admission (OR = 1.03, 95%CI 1.01, 1.05) p = 0.002; number of days on postoperative medications (OR = 1.21, 95%CI 1, 1.46) p = 0.045; white blood cell count (OR = 1.04, 95%CI 0.98, 1.08) p = 0.050; and revised surgery (OR = 9.89, 95%CI 5.32, 18.79) p = 0.001.ConclusionThis study's prevalence of orthopedic surgical site infection was 9.3%. Surgical site infections are the most surveyed and common types of healthcare-associated infections that occur in low and middle-income countries. Several factors may contribute to these infections. Standardized guidelines are needed to consolidate the prevention of these infections globally.

Association between Vitamin D Deficiency and Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Individuals in Bangladesh: a Case Control Comparative Study

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a well-known healthcare problem globally. Several factors, including vitamin D level influence cardiovascular diseases. This study was aimed to determine the association of vitamin D (25 [OH] D) levels and serum lipid profiles with T2DM in Bangladesh. The data (n = 111) were collected from the patients’ register record book of BIHS General Hospital (Mirpur, Dhaka). Clinical (age, gender) and biochemical (fasting glucose level, after meal glucose level, HbA1C, lipid profile (HDL, LDL, TG, cholesterol) and 25-hydroxy vitamin D information were included for analysis. Independent sample t-test (two-tailed) was used to compare diabetic (cases, n = 70) and non-diabetic (control, n = 41) groups. Correlation analysis and multiple linear regression assessed unadjusted and adjusted relations between vitamin D levels and other variables, respectively. There was a statistically significant (p &lt;0.001) difference identified in vitamin D levels (mg/dl) between diabetic [mean (range): 23.3 (10.20-38.4)] and non-diabetic [mean (range): 26.9 (20.5-51.4)] subjects. Significantly higher triglyceride, total cholesterol and blood glucose (fasting and after meal) levels were observed in diabetic subjects compared to non-diabetic subjects. However, HDL level was significantly lower in diabetic patients than in non- diabetic patients (40.15 ± 5.56 vs. 42.74 ± 5.72 mg/dl). Pearson correlation analysis exhibited a significantly positive correlation of vitamin D deficiency with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) (r = 0.195, p = 0.040), total cholesterol (r = 0.567, p = 0.046), and LDL (r = 0.897, p = 0.003) levels. Multiple regression analysis showed that vitamin D deficiency was significantly associated with higher glycated hemoglobin A1C (β = - 0.097, p = 0.039), fasting blood glucose (β = - 0.119, p = 0.011), total cholesterol (β = - 0.160, p = 001) and triglyceride (β = - 0.201, p &lt; 0.001) levels. Additional extended and thorough randomized controlled clinical trials are required to draw a more definitive conclusion and accumulate more substantial evidence regarding the positive impact of vitamin D supplements on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 27(2): 175-181, 2024 (July)

Rabies control in Bangladesh and prediction of human rabies cases by 2030: a One Health approach

Bangladesh is making progress toward achieving zero dog-mediated rabies deaths by 2030, a global goal set in2015. Drawing from multiple datasets, including patient immunisation record books and mass dog vaccination (MDV) databases, we conducted a comprehensive analysis between 2011 and 2023 to understand the effectiveness of rabies control programmes and predict human rabies cases in Bangladesh by 2030 using time-series forecasting models. We also compared rabies virus sequences from GenBank in Bangladesh and other South Asian countries. The estimated dog population in Bangladesh was determined to be 1,668,140, with an average dog population density of 12.83 dogs/km2 (95% CI 11.14-14.53) and a human-to-dog ratio of 86.70 (95% CI 76.60-96.80). The MDV campaign has led to the vaccination of an average of 21,295 dogs (95% CI 18,654-23,935) per district annually out of an estimated 26,065 dogs (95% CI 22,898-29,230). A declining trend in predicted and observed human rabies cases has been identified, suggesting that Bangladesh is poised to make substantial progress towards achieving the 'Zero by 30' goal, provided the current trajectory continues. The phylogenetic analysis shows that rabies viruses in Bangladesh belong to the Arctic-like-1 group, which differs from those in Bhutan despite sharing a common ancestor. Bangladesh's One Health approach demonstrated that an increase in MDV and anti-rabies vaccine (ARV) resulted in a decline in the relative risk of human rabies cases, indicating that eliminating dog-mediated human rabies could be achievable. The study was supported by the Communicable Disease Control (CDC) Division of the Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS) of the People's Republic of Bangladesh.

AN ENGINEERED SYSTEM FOR SOLID WASTE COLLECTION IN SAMARU, ZARIA, NIGERIA

Solid waste includes all materials that are firm and stable in shape including semisolid materials that are no longer considered of sufficient value to be retained in a given setting. Solid waste generation rates and patterns within the study area were mapped out through GPS, Google route software, AutoCAD, ArcGIS, GPS, Route optimization software, measuring tape, Marker, Containers of equal volume, Record book, Calculator, and Stopwatch. Eleven sacks were used to collect solid waste from eleven different households daily within three months of the wet and dry seasons of the year. The highest average volume of solid waste generated per household per week in Samaru was in the dry season =0.25 m3. The dry season witnesses a substantial volume of 0.206 m³ for garbage organic materials, constituting 66.45% of the total composition. In the wet season, this volume remains significant at 0.104 m³, accounting for 61.18% of the total composition. The highest percentage of organic materials (garbage) during both seasons suggests a need for improved organic waste management. The minimum allowable capacity of the solid waste collection containers for the designed system is 10 m3 considering a minimum of two containers per city block

Resistance Assessment as a Strategy to Increase the Adoption of Electronic Laboratory Notebooks

Electronic Lab Notebooks (ELNs) have seen a significant rise in research laboratories. However, realizing the benefits of ELNs requires the active participation of employees within an organization. This study aims to identify the factors contributing to resistance towards adopting an ELN, specifically eLabFTW. A semistructured questionnaire, validated by experts, was administered to record book requesters at the René Rachou Institute (FIOCRUZ MG). The findings revealed that individual decision-making factors include peer influence within the research group and familiarity with traditional physical logbooks. Assessing resistance can serve as a strategic tool to enhance system adoption.

Intestinal Parasitic Infection in Children and Adolescents With Ocular Diseases: The Prevalence, Spectrum, and Effect of Lockdown During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

People with visual impairments and blindness face challenges in performing regular tasks such as maintaining proper sanitation, which makes them vulnerable to intestinal parasitic infections. This study aims to examine the prevalence and distribution of intestinal parasitic infections in children and adolescents with ocular diseases and to assess if the lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic affected these rates. This retrospective, hospital record-based study was conducted among children and adolescents attending the Regional Institute of Ophthalmology in Kolkata, India. It involved routine stool examinations as part of their treatment during 2019-2020. Early morning stool specimens were collected and brought to the institute laboratory in containers. Stools were examined under a microscope for cysts, ova, parasites, and adult worms. Findings were recorded in the laboratory record book. These data were then extracted into a spreadsheet and analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 26 (Released 2019; IBM Corp., Armonk, New York). The prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections was 8.59% (59 out of 687 patients). Among those 59 positive cases, Ascaris lumbricoides, Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, Trichuris trichiura, Taenia spp., Enterobius vermicularis, and Isospora belli were detected in 27 (45.8%), 15 (25.4%), 8 (13.6%), 6 (10.2%), 3 (5.1%), 2 (3.4%), and 1 (1.7%) patients, respectively. The positivity rate of stool samples was higher from September and thereafter from January to March. The sample positivity rate was higher post-pandemic and lockdown, but not statistically significant (11.5% vs. 5.3%; χ²=4.044, df=1, p=0.44). Ascaris lumbricoides was the most commonly observed intestinal parasite in children and adolescents with ocular disease in our setting. Seasonal variation was noted with higher case positivity at the end of the rainy season and thereafter in winter. Therefore, we propose to strengthen the routine deworming program during this period in Eastern India. Higher sample positivity after the pandemic may be attributed to school closures during the lockdown period, which might have caused some children to miss their routine deworming medication.

Using Excel to Teach Agri-business and Financial Literacy Concepts to 4-H Youth

Teaching youth agribusiness subject matter and financial literacy through 4-H livestock projects is an important task. This article discusses using Excel as a record keeping tool to expand knowledge and comprehension of financial concepts and profitability in the beef industry. A description of the Excel record book contents and parent feedback is presented. Using the Excel record book expanded conversations about the beef industry and proved to be a favorable tool for increasing youth understanding of critical agribusiness concepts.

Darbas, nesustodavęs net Viešpaties dieną. Zigmanto I darbadieniai Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės teisme 1506–1544 metais

The selection of the judicial acts of Sigismund I preserved in the Lithuanian Metrica showed that when conducting investigations of the ruler’s employment at court, we must take into account the uneven nature of the documents. We can distinguish 4 types of judicial acts: judgments or sentences, ordinances (orders), pre-trial or post-trial documents and minutes (drafts). 3081 acts were selected for this study, only about half of which are recorded in court record books, and the rest in books of inscriptions. The most numerous types of acts are ordinances, which make up more than half of all the judicial acts (1629) of Sigismund I.Due to the breadth of the ruler’s judicial functions and their interweaving with other types of activities, the methodology of selecting and sorting judicial documents is not protected from the subjective decisions of the researcher. Therefore, the quantitative expressions achieved by the research must be understood as relative. However, they also allow us to see the dynamics of the ruler’s judicial activity: in the first half of the reign of Sigismund I (1506–1521), the ruler’s judicial activity was not active, but from 1522 it began to grow noticeably, reaching its apogee in 1533. Later, the activity steadily decreased.Judging by the ruler of Lithuania (probably not only Sigismund I) took place in two different phases: during the ruler’s residence in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, when his judicial activity became more active, and in the Crown, when his activity weakened. Almost always, the most active time of the first phase coincided with the Seim of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. However, during the penultimate visit, Sigismund I handled most of the cases outside the Seim time. The dynamics of judicial documents in general and judgments in particular (i.e. the resolution of cases) show that starting from 1523 he was increasingly active as a judge in the cases of residents of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania while he was in Poland. Despite the resulting protests and in 1542 the ruler’s promise not to judge “Lithuanian cases” in Poland, this practice continued even later, but it was not significant.The accounting of Sigismund I’s working days per year showed the chaotic nature of the activity of the ruler-judge. Quantitative analysis of judicial acts preserved in Lithuanian Metrics does not allow us to claim that the ruler’s agenda was overloaded with the obligation to judge. However, qualitative factors (judging on Sundays, during Holy Week and during Christmas) testify to the constant pressure exerted by the litigating authorities on the person of the ruler. This was the essence of the ruler’s burden of judging.

Haematinic Pill Chart Partner – An Innovative Production for the Management of Anaemia in Pregnancy in Perak, Malaysia

Anaemia is one of the most prevalent health problems in the world, affecting almost half a billion women of reproductive age.1 Major recognised contributing factor of anaemia in pregnancy is iron and folate deficiency. Many antenatal patients are not adherent to the iron supplementations prescribed. The objectives of this innovation, Haematinic Pill Chart Partner (HPCP), was to improve compliance of iron supplementation by antenatal anaemic patients, to achieve Hb &lt; 11 gm% at 36 weeks of pregnancy, to provide comprehensive and effective health education to all antenatal patients, to reduce time of consultation as well as to produce a pill chart in a cost effective manner. Time taken for initial doctor’s consultation pre and post HPCP was analysed from the clinic’s antenatal record book. 10 patients in January 2018 (pre-intervention) and 12 patients in January 2019 (post-intervention) were compared. Mean time taken and cost for production of one pill chart were calculated. There was marked reduction in the percentage of antenatal patients with Hb &lt; 11gm% at 36 weeks of pregnancy by 6.9%; from 8.3% in 2018 to only 1.4%. HPCP proved to be comprehensive and effective. 20 patients (100%) were satisfied (Patient’s Satisfaction Survey) and 5 doctors (100%) were satisfied (Doctor’s Satisfaction Survey) using HPCP. There was marked reduction in time taken (26 minutes) for doctor’s consultation. Cost of production of one HPCP was only RM 8.00. HPCP was found to be a very useful, user-friendly, and effective in the management of anaemia in pregnancy in Buntong Health Clinic.

Implementasi Manajemen Sarana dan Prasarana Sebagai Penunjang Efektivitas Pembelajaran di Madrasah Aliyah Negeri 1 Pamekasan

This research aims to determine the implementation of facilities and infrastructure management to support the effectiveness of learning at the Aliyah Negeri 1 Pemekasan madrasah. The research method used is a qualitative approach. Data collection was carried out by observation, interviews, and documentation. Based on this research, the results showed that the principal together with the teaching staff at MAN 1 Pamekasan held a meeting regarding planning facilities and infrastructure before the new school year, the principal also asked for input from each person responsible for providing sarpas both in the classroom and outside the classroom, procurement of facilities and Infrastructure is budgeted for BOS funds. Management of facilities and infrastructure at MAN 1 Pamekasan involves four teams, has operational standards (SOP), and uses a record book for borrowing goods. Two factors influence the implementation of facilities and infrastructure management, namely the driving factor for facilities and infrastructure management at MAN 1 Pamekasan is the support and attention from the government to continue building quality facilities for academic smoothness with school operational assistance (BOS), the inhibiting factor is the existence of sarpas are missing or damaged and on the one hand the budget is inadequate. In conclusion, complete facilities and infrastructure support the learning process and even support the achievement of educational goals. Keywords: Facilities and infrastructure management, Learning effectiveness

Death or Long-Term Absence as a Legal Fact Terminating the Employment Relationship

The article notes that in practice of terminating an employment contract due to circumstances independent of the will of the parties, it is difficult to apply such a ground as the death of an employee or employer – an individual. In particular, it is stated that it is difficult to choose the reason for termination of an employment contract with an employee who has been absent for a long time and is not performing his or her work. In practice, the grounds for termination of the employment contract are often replaced, since the employer does not consider it necessary to clarify the reasons for the absence of the employee before dismissing him. In addition, it is emphasized that due to the introduction of electronic employment record book, there is no clarity of actions with them in the event of the death of an employer – an individual. It is also emphasized that in the event of the death of a person who is a single executive body (director-general) and at the same time the only participant in a limited liability company, who formally carried out administrative and economic activities, including accounting and personnel work, his death results in the actual loss of any possibility for the limited liability company of any actions, and the organization becomes paralyzed. In this case, the employee also has problems with the payment of his salary, issuance of the work record and other actions carried out by the employer, if the heirs do not intend to continue the company’s activities and are waiting to accept the inheritance. It was concluded that it is advisable to amend the labor legislation in terms of specifying the actions of the employer in the event of a long absence of the employee.

Public Health Outreach in Impoverished Areas of Cambodia: Addressing the Issues Related to Prescription Practices

During a two-week public health internship organized by Projects Abroad in impoverished areas in Cambodia, the authors participated in health check-ups and outreach activities. We identified issues such as polypharmacy and medication misuse. These problems stem from symptom-based prescriptions without considering individual patient conditions due to limited diagnostic equipments and medications. Our solution involved suggesting a documentation akin to Japan's prescription record books, and Drug Information Leaflets (DILs). Prescription record books would enable patients to record the medications they purchased at the pharmacy, so that physicians would know what medications patients are taking during their health checkups, and thus prevent polypharmacy. In addition, the DILs included medication details and illustrations, considering the low literacy rates in the areas. We emphasized the need for sustained non-communicable diseases (NCDs) treatment and the potential of external perspectives to introduce innovative healthcare approaches and improvements within local communities.

Outcomes of Premature Rupture of Membrane Among Women Admitted in Teaching Hospital, Chitwan, Nepal

Background: Premature rupture of membranes is defined as rupture of membranes after 28th weeks of gestation before the onset of labor is called preterm PROM when it occurs after 37 completed weeks of gestation and before onset of labor, then it is term PROM. Spontaneous rupture of the membrane any time beyond 28th weeks of pregnancy but before the onset of labor is called Premature Rupture of Membrane (PROM). The management of maternal and fetal outcome in PROM is very important to decrease maternal as well as neonatal mortality and for better management and prevention of complications which has essential significance for the further fate pregnancy. Thus, the study aims to find out the factors and outcomes of PROM among the women who will be admitted in maternity ward at Chitwan Medical College. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in a teaching hospital of Chitwan, Nepal during the study period of six months from 13th Feb 2023 to 14th August 2023 after getting ethical approval from Chitwan Medical College- institutional Review Committee (Reference number-CMC-IRC/079/080). Women were selected via convenience sampling technique. Face to face interview was conducted to gather socio-demographic and obstetric data by structured interview schedule whereas, data related to the feto maternal outcomes were obtained from patient charts and delivery record books. Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20 was used for data analysis. Point estimate at 95% confidence interval was calculated along with frequency and proportion for binary data. Result: The prevalence of premature rupture of membrane was found to be 15.3% out of 503 delivered mothers during six-month period. More than half (67.5%) of postnatal mother were between age of 35-45 years. More than half (57.1%) of mother were at 33-35weeks of gestation. Only 3.9 % of mother has Postpartum hemorrhage as maternal outcome. Only 2.6% of fetus have meconium aspiration syndrome as fetus outcome. Conclusion: The burden of premature rupture of membrane was found quite higher as compared to other similar studies done in Nepal. Hence, awareness, early screening, and treatment are necessary for the hospital attended pregnant women to minimize the risk of premature rupture of membrane. Keywords: Outcomes, premature and Rupture of membrane

Population-based cross-sectional study of factors influencing full vaccination status of children aged 12- 23 months in a rural district of the Upper East Region, Ghana

BackgroundAchieving universal health coverage includes ensuring that children have access to vaccines that are of high quality, safe, efficacious, and affordable. The Immunisation Agenda 2030 aims to expand services to zero-dose and incompletely vaccinated children and reduce immunisation rate disparities as a contribution to vaccination equity. This study explored the factors influencing full vaccination status among children aged 12 – 23 months in a rural district of the Upper East Region of Ghana.MethodsA population-based cross-sectional study was conducted among carers of children aged 12 -23 months in the Kassena Nankana West district. A multistage sampling technique was used to select 360 carers. Information regarding the vaccination status of children was gathered through a combination of children’s health record books and carers’ recollections. Information on potential determinants was also systematically collected for analysis in Stata version 15.0.ResultsThe results showed that 76.9% (95% CI: 72.3 – 81.0) of children had full vaccinations per the national schedule. All children received at least one vaccination. A higher percentage of carers with incompletely vaccinated children reported that they had travelled with their children as the primary reason for missing certain vaccine doses. Full vaccination status was significantly associated with secondary (aOR = 2.60; 95% CI: 1.20—5.63) and tertiary (aOR = 3.98, 95% CI: 1.34—11.84) maternal educational level, being in a partnership relationship (aOR = 2.09, 95% CI: 1.03—4.25), and residing in close proximity to healthcare facilities (aOR = 0.41, 95% CI: 0.21—0.80).ConclusionsOur study found that nearly one-quarter of children aged 12—23 months in the study setting are underserved with vaccination services for a variety of reasons. Effectively reaching these children will require strengthening health systems, including eliminating vaccine shortages, addressing the unique challenges faced by unmarried women with children aged 12–23 months, and improving accessibility to vaccination services.