Reconstruction Of History Research Articles

Improved historical reconstruction of daily flows and annual maxima in gauged and ungauged basins

This study presents a method to improve the reconstruction of historical flows on gauged and ungauged basins. To do so, a multi-model weighted averaging of hydrological model simulations for a large spatial domain in the province of Quebec, Canada, is used. The distributed hydrological model HYDROTEL was implemented over the region and covered 95 gauged basins. An optimal interpolation (OI) assimilation method was first implemented as a baseline to improve the HYDROTEL flow simulations over the 95 basins. Then, a series of multi-model averaging techniques were applied to an ensemble of 144 HYDROTEL simulations that were generated by modifying parameter sets, driving weather datasets and evapotranspiration modules. The averaging methods were applied in a leave-one-out cross-validation scheme, where all 94 gauged basins were pooled together to compute the weights, and those weights were applied to the 95th basin. All basins were evaluated in such a manner and compared to the OI method. Implementing a year-by-year (or shorter period) weighting scheme instead of computing weights over all available data significantly improved the results. This allowed the weights to better reflect each year’s hydrological characteristics rather than compromising to improve the overall average. The Kling-Gupta Efficiency (KGE) and peak flow metrics showed that the Granger-Ramanathan variant “A” (GRA) was similar in performance to the OI method but did not have the drawbacks that OI can typically introduce. The multi-model application can also be further improved by adding more simulations from other hydrological models, whereas the OI method cannot make use of such additional information, thus hitting a performance plateau. This study shows that it is possible to improve regional hydrological model simulations, both for overall flows and peak flows, and on the historical period for both gauged and ungauged basins. This can then be used to better estimate risk in flood frequency analysis and other statistical analyses.

Research on the Application of CGAN in the Design of Historic Building Facades in Urban Renewal—Taking Fujian Putian Historic Districts as an Example

In recent years, artificial intelligence technology has widely influenced the design field, introducing new ideas to efficiently and systematically solve urban renewal design problems. The purpose of this study is to create a stylized generation technology for building facade decoration in historic districts, which will aid in the design and control of district style and form. The goal is to use the technical advantages of the conditional generative adversarial network (CGAN) in image generation and style transfer to create a method for independently designing a specific facade decoration style by interpreting image data of historical district facades. The research in this paper is based on the historical district of Putian in Fujian Province and facilitates an experiment of image data acquisition, image processing and screening, model training, image generation, and style matching of the target area. The research found the following: (1) CGAN technology can better identify and generate the decorative style of historical districts. It can realize the overall or partial scheme design of the facade. (2) In terms of adaptability, this method can provide a better scheme reference for historical district reconstruction, facade renovation, and renovation design projects. Especially for districts with obvious decorative styles, the visualization effect is better. In addition, it also has certain reference significance for the determination and design of the facade decoration style of a specific historical building. (3) Lastly, this method can better learn the internal laws of the complex district style and form to generate a new design with a clear decoration style attribute. It can be extended to other fields of historical heritage protection to enhance practitioners’ stylized control of the heritage environment and improve the efficiency and capability of professional design.

LINKS. A System for Historical Family Reconstruction in the Netherlands

LINKS stands for 'LINKing System for historical family reconstruction' and is a software system to link nominal data from the Dutch archives and ultimately reconstruct historical individuals and families. We present the background and philosophy of this matching system and explain its data structure and functioning. Currently the core data of the LINKS system consists of indexed civil certificates. These certificates are available from 1812 — the start of the Dutch Vital Registration — until the year they are confidential based on privacy laws. For more than 20 years, thousands of volunteers have been working to build this index, which contains not only the names of newborn, married and deceased persons, but also the names of their parents, places of birth, ages and sometimes their occupational titles. The software system LINKS includes the standardization of all input before linking, nominal record linkage procedures and identification of all unique persons involved in the system. All processes are repeatable and a strict distinction is maintained between source data, standardized, linked and enriched data and released data. Moreover, LINKS also informs archives about all kinds of errors and inconsistencies found during the cleaning and matching process. We will discuss two matching systems, the first is the original querying system that runs within a MySQL database environment and the second is a newly developed system, called burgerLinker, which is based on knowledge graphs and which is designed as a system that can be used independently from LINKS and is made available as open source software. Finally, we present the most important releases of LINKS data so far: two national releases that link birth and parental marriage certificates, creating families and pedigrees and an integrated dataset of persons, families and family trees in four provinces.

HISTORICAL INTERPRETATION OF LEGAL NORMS IN THE MODERN PERIOD OF SYSTEMATIC AXIOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION

The aim of the article is a theoretical and legal analysis of the historical interpretation of law in the context of doctrinal views, its justification and comparison with other theories. Achieving this goal involves: establishing the methodological value of the historical interpretation of law; show the need to follow a historical approach to the interpretation of law. The novelty of the article is to substantiate the practical value of the historical interpretation of law in the modern period of systemic axiological transformation and development of digital technologies. It is proposed to use the historical method of interpretation of legal norms in connection with digitized access to historical sources of law, in particular to the catalog and content of legal principles that were developed in different periods and continue to be the foundation of modern legal systems. The interpretive process gives the judge broad discretion. Voltaire's fear would find expression in the judicial environment if the methods of interpretation of legal norms were weak, applied subjectively or simply exploited in order to achieve the desired goal. Then there would be a real possibility that in some cases the courts would usurp the functions of the legislature and call into question their own legitimacy. Only an accurate interpretation of the text of the law and its implementation in accordance with the intention and purpose of the legislator can regulate social relations and contribute to the development of society and the state. The analysis of the theory of historical interpretation of legal norms shows that the historical- critical analysis of law is interdisciplinary and relies on the growing amount of scientific literature as an approach to teaching and learning. It has been argued that historical approaches to the interpretation of legal norms are useful and effective for studying the relationship between internal and external contextuality in legal research. It is proved that due to the historical reconstruction of the genesis of the rule of law it is possible to explain the main factors, which probably explain the technical and legal features of legal interpretation. The formation of the rule of law in some way depends on socio-economic, political, cultural changes in society at a certain stage of its historical development. Which, in the end, affects our understanding of law and its epistemological consequences. Thus, for an adequate explication of the concept of legal technique of interpretation of legal norms, a relevant conceptual scheme that takes into account its characteristics is required.

Azusa Reimagined: A Radical Vision of Religious and Democratic Belonging. By Keri Day

In Keri Day’s Azusa Reimagined, the 1906 Azusa Street Revival is a fruitful source for articulating a critique of racial capitalism and democratic practices of community and care. Day is less interested in historical reconstruction (though historical research plays a significant role) than in uncovering how Azusa embodied this critique, challenging accounts of racial capitalism that ignore affect and desire and accounts of eschatological religion that paint such hopes as irredeemably quietist. Day contrasts Azusa with “white capitalist visions of Pentecost”: the Philadelphia World Fair of 1876 and the Chicago Columbian Exposition of 1893, both of which told captivating stories about uniting disparate peoples, bringing prosperity to primitive cultures, and providing moral order amid chaos. Day describes these visions as economic and theological: they effectively cohered white Christian moral and economic values with theological language justifying racial capitalism. In contrast, Azusa countered both the supposed theological purity of white churches by its integration of slave religious practices (oral traditions, handclapping and foot stomping, praying over material objects) and the economic purity of the racial capitalist order. Azusa Reimagined centers the founding contributions of black women domestic workers—their religious leadership, theological influence, and guardianship of religious practices.

West Semitic Lexicon in Sumerian

Sumer’s conquest by Semitic-speaking peoples from the west is symbolized by the history of Sargon of Akkad. Assyrian sources report that he was the son of an unknown father, associated with hilly regions, born in the west on the banks of the Euphrates, and defeated Lugalzagesi of Uruk (Liverani, 2013). This narrative has influenced both historical reconstructions and the perception of cultural and linguistic contact between the Semitic and Sumerian worlds. Indeed, while the absorption of syntactic, morphological, and lexical features from Sumerian into Akkadian and West Semitic languages has been studied extensively (Zólyomi, 2012), little has been said about Semitic influences in Sumerian, especially West Semitic. Certainly, until the early second millennium BC, Sumerian remained an evolving linguistic system rather than a frozen substrate, acquiring Semitic features (Streck, 1998). Yet before the Akkadian empire’s foundation, West Semitic lexicon seems to have penetrated Sumerian, already in its formative period.

Editors’ introduction to the Special Section: The ethics and politics of the Anthropocene

Editors’ introduction to the Special Section: The ethics and politics of the Anthropocene

Family Practices In The Construction Of Creative Professionals. A Biographical Perspective

The aim of this paper is to analyse the relationships between family configurations and creative occupations. For this purpose, a biographical perspective was taken through the reconstruction of the life histories of sixteen creative professionals in Spain. We have followed two lines of approach, namely Florida’s classification of occupations (2002), which distinguishes between a creative class and a super-creative core, and Lahire’s conception of family configuration (1995). The main results reveal the importance of practices that are carried out on a daily basis by the family network (both internally and externally): reading and writing, cultural consumption (theatre, music, exhibitions, etc.), types of leisure (travelling) and forms of authority that lead the way to self-control and domestic family order. We have shown with this study the importance of the transmission of family culture in the construction of people who have creative occupations and the relationship that exists between the family educational capital and the educational level attained by the offspring.

Characterizations of Middle–Lower Triassic Reservoir Quality and Gas Accumulations in the Northeastern Margin of the Ordos Basin, China

New Middle–Lower Triassic gas reservoirs were found in the eastern margin of the Ordos Basin, which provides new possibilities for gas exploration in the Ordos Basin. However, there are few relevant studies on these gas reservoirs. In this study, we use porosity–permeability measurements, optical light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, mercury intrusion capillary pressure experiments, core-scale low-field nuclear magnetic resonance experiments, fluid inclusion analysis, burial history reconstruction, organic geochemistry data, and wireline log data to systematically investigate the reservoir quality and accumulation pattern of Middle–Lower Triassic gas reservoirs. The Middle–Lower Triassic sandstones are mostly lithic arkose, with a small amount of feldspathic litharenite. In comparison to the upper Paleozoic tight sandstone, the Middle–Lower Triassic sandstones exhibit a superior pore structure and increased porosity and permeability. A significant portion of the Middle–Lower Triassic sandstones can be referred to as “conventional sandstones” (porosities >12% and permeabilities >1 mD). The source rocks of the Middle–Lower Triassic gas reservoirs are most likely the upper Paleozoic coal and organic-rich mudstone, and the accumulation of natural gas occurred in the Early Jurassic to Late Cretaceous. The gas accumulation in the sandstones of the Middle–Lower Triassic reservoirs was mainly driven by buoyancy. The initiation and extension of vertical faults with small displacement in the northeast margin of the Ordos Basin enabled gas to move through the faults from the deep upper Paleozoic source rocks to the Middle–Lower Triassic reservoirs. Since gas accumulation relies on buoyancy, conventional sandstone layers with good reservoir properties are more likely to reach high gas saturation and are the primary targets for exploration and development.

THE FIRST COMBINED RADIOCARBON AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATING OF THE GREAT MIGRATION PERIOD MATERIALS IN NORTHERN ALTAI: THE NECROPOLIS OF KARBAN-I

ABSTRACT The lack of systematic chronologies is a key problem for the archaeological sites of Altai and adjacent territories during the Great Migration Period. Here we present an attempt to establish the chronology of the Bulan-Koby culture objects of the Karban-I necropolis by correlation of accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon (AMS 14C) data from human remains with data from archaeological dating methods. This is the first application of such a combined targeted 14C and archaeological approach to the chronology of the Great Migration Period materials of northern Altai, and in particular the Bulan-Koby culture. Systematic analysis of the mutual occurrence of dated types of certain grave goods and 14C dating of a series of samples supports a predominant period of use for the site that spans the 2nd–3rd c. AD, which corresponds to the early Xianbei period. This study demonstrates strong agreement between the indicators obtained by archaeological and radiocarbon methods, suggesting chronological consistency of the necropolis which functioned at the beginning of the Great Migration Period. The very combination of the two techniques will allow more precise and detailed chronologies for other archaeological complexes of Altai and adjacent territories from the first centuries of the 1st mil. AD, which is the basis of historical reconstructions.

Review of population history reconstruction methods in conservation biology

Demographic history reconstruction is based on the estimation of effective population size (Ne), which is inferred and interpreted in various fields of evolutionary and conservation biology. Interest in Ne estimation is growing, as the key evolutionary forces and their are linked to Ne, and genetic data become increasingly accessible. However, what is effective population size, and how can we obtain an estimate of effective population size? In this review, we describe the history of the term Ne and explore existing methods for obtaining historical and contemporary estimates of changes in effective population size. We provide a detailed overview of methods based on sequential Markovian coalescence (SMC), generalized phylogenetic coalescence (G-PhoCS), identity by descent (IBD) and identity by state (IBS) similarity, as well as methods using allele frequency spectrum (AFS). For each method, we briefly summarize the underlying theory and note its advantages and disadvantages. In the final section of the review, we present examples of the use of these methods for various non-model species with conservation status.

Military historical reconstruction as a tool of patriotic physical education

Patriotic education is one of the most important components of the process of youth personality formation. This allows for the creation of a national identity and contributes to the formation of national consciousness among young people. In times of war, its importance increases significantly. One of the most important goals of patriotic education of young people during the war is the formation of spiritual strength and courage in them. War can become a test for every nation, which carries not only danger to life and health, but can also deprive the nation of its freedom and independence. Patriotic education helps young people to understand the meaning of fighting for their country and its values, helps to develop faith in themselves and their abilities, and increases motivation for actions aimed at protecting the native land. Patriotic physical education can take different forms and should be aimed at raising healthy, comprehensively developed people who are aware of their national identity and the importance of physical activity. The goal is to establish the advantages of military-historical reconstruction as a means of patriotic physical education of youth. Military historical reconstruction has a number of advantages as a means of physical education: development of a healthy lifestyle, development of motor skills, development of cooperation and leadership skills, social interaction, development of historical knowledge. As a means of patriotic physical education, military-historical reconstruction can have the following advantages: development of national consciousness, strengthening of national pride, development of public activity. Conclusion: military-historical reconstruction can be an important means of patriotic physical education, as it can contribute to the development of national consciousness.

Deep Learning Approaches for Numerical Modeling and Historical Reconstruction of Water Quality Parameters in Lower Seine

Water quality monitoring is essential for managing water resources and ensuring human and environmental health. However, obtaining reliable data can be challenging and costly, especially in complex systems such as estuaries. To address this problem, we propose a novel deep learning-based approach that uses limited available data to accurately estimate and reconstruct critical water quality variables, such as electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and turbidity. Our approach included two tasks, numerical modeling and historical reconstruction, and was applied to the Seine River in the Normandy region of France at four quality stations. In the first task, we evaluated four deep learning approaches (GRU, BiLSTM, BiLSTM-Attention, and CNN-BiLSTM-Attention) to numerically simulate each variable for each station under different input data selection scenarios. We found that incorporating the quality data with the water level data collected at the various stations into the input data improved the accuracy of the water quality data simulation. Combining water levels from multiple stations reliably reproduced electrical conductivity, especially at stations near the sea where tidal fluctuations control saltwater intrusion in the area. While each model had its strengths, the CNN-BiLSTM-Attention model performed best in complex tasks with dissimilar input trends, and the GRU model outperformed other models in simple monitoring tasks with similar input-target trends. The second task involved automatically searching the optimal configurations for completing the missing historical data in sequential order using the modeling task results. The electrical conductivity data were filled before the dissolved oxygen data, which were in turn more reliable than the turbidity simulation. The deep learning models accurately reconstructed 15 years of water quality data using only six and a half years of modeling data. Overall, this research demonstrates the potential of deep learning approaches with their limitations and discusses the best configurations to improve water quality monitoring and reconstruction.

The Staff Question in German Plantations in the British Cameroons during World War II: The Employment of Staff from Jamaica and Malaya

Unlike the British and French territories in West Africa, the German territories of Cameroons and Togoland witnessed massive investment in plantations. These properties were taken over by the British and French during the First World War, 1914-1918. In the interwar years, 1919-1939, a good number of them were purchased and repossessed by the Germans who returned to West Africa after the war. Thus, the internment of German subjects in the Cameroons under the British mandate during the Second World War, 1939-1945, had implications for these German plantations. Earlier studies on the history of Cameroons and on the impact of World War II on West Africa have omitted this phenomenon. This paper is, therefore, designed to examine the staff question in the management of the German plantations in the British sphere of the Cameroons during the Second World War. Primary archival sources provided data for this historical reconstruction. It is a contribution to knowledge in the areas of impact of the global conflict on the periphery economy.

Historical reconstruction and future projection of mass balance and ice volume of Qiyi Glacier, Northeast Tibetan Plateau

Study regionQiyi Glacier in the Qilian Mountains, northeast Tibetan Plateau. Study focusFuture glacier changes are critical to the sustainable use of regional water resources and the survival and development of the densely populated Tibetan Plateau and surrounding regions. A distributed energy-mass balance model is applied to simulate the historical and future mass balance and ice volume of Qiyi Glacier from 1980 to 2100. The aims of this study are to illuminate the spatial and temporal patterns of mass balance and energy balance, to forecast future changes of this glacier under different scenarios of CMIP6, and to identify the timing of peak ice loss. New hydrological insights for the regionCompared to the historical reconstruction, future projections show that ablation will increase, and accumulation will decrease due to less snowfall and increased net shortwave radiation that is induced by lower albedos. The average mass balance increases by a factor of 1.08, 1.67 and 2.68 under the SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios during 2021–2100, respectively. By the end of the 21st century, Qiyi Glacier ice volume will reduce by 107.61 × 106 m3 (95.3 %) for the SSP1-2.6 scenario, and 112.12 × 106 m3 (99.3 %) for the SSP2-4.5 scenario, and will disappear entirely by 2082 for the SSP5-8.5 scenario. In all scenarios, the glacier mass loss rate will peak around 2030–2045, then decrease in parallel with the decreasing ice volume.

Immersive practices in the modern cultural space(world and domestic experience)

The subject of this research is the immersive artistic environments that exist in the modern cultural space. Immersive technologies are used today in educational processes, historical reconstruction, various forms of socialization, in visual arts; immersion is implemented as a special scientific approach in anthropological, ethnographic, art history studies. Interactivity and immersiveness are considered here as complex predictable processes whose algorithms are embedded in the very basis of an artistic work or cultural environment. They make it possible to intensify the entire spectrum of sensory-emotional perception, creating not only a new type of artwork, but also a new type of recipient immersed in the process of unfolding an artistic plot. The classification of functions of immersive spaces is proposed in the study. On the example of Russian and foreign art projects, the essential signs and features of immersive art are analyzed and identified. Immersive projects implemented in recent years are considered on the example of the cultural field of the north-west of Russia, as well as a comparative analysis of foreign and domestic events is carried out. The study concluded that immersive environments have both positive and negative potential: a complex effect on human feelings using special technological techniques that affect perception can lead to both the effect of complete immersion and catharsis, and to destructive hyperstimulation of the psyche. And the artistic immersions themselves are more a form of media communication than finished works.

Viktoriia Lukianets: Ascending Opera Olympus

The purpose of the research is to highlight the creative achievements of Ukrainian opera singer Viktoriia Lukianets in collaboration with three prominent contemporary tenors: Luciano Pavarotti, Jose Carreras, and Placido Domingo (the latter both as a singer and conductor). Research methodology. In the course of searching and analyzing the relevant literature, historical, textual, and source research methods were used. The work continued with not only printed articles, but also with the singer’s personal archive (posters, programs, booklets, diaries, letters, autographs), and many interviews were conducted, the transcripts of which are stored in the author’s archive. All of this helped to reconstruct historical events (dates of premieres, number and type of rehearsals, time of auditions, etc.) Scientific novelty. The article is the first to describe the collaboration between the Ukrainian opera singer Viktoriia Lukianets and three of the most prominent tenors of our time in detail. The context is also thoroughly described and studied: the theatres where the singers performed, their stage colleagues, conductors, historical parallels, and perspectives. Conclusions. The historical reconstruction of outstanding events in the opera world makes it possible to realize the significance of the Ukrainian vocal school ( Viktoriia Lukianets’ teachers Ivan Palyvoda and Yelyzaveta Chavdar) in the world context, as well as the outstanding role of the Ukrainian singer who was able to conquer the best opera stages and perform with the most prominent singers of our time.

Reconstruction of archaeological contexts through the integrated use of airborne LiDAR and geophysical survey: The case study of San Pietro Infine (Caserta, southern Italy)

San Pietro Infine (Caserta, southern Italy) is an archaeological area of significant historical interest as it is in the vicinity of the Roman site of Ad Flexum. Based on historical sources, the site would correspond to the junction of a road axis that, during the Roman colonization (3rd century BCE), was crossed by the Via Latina. At the intersection of these two roads, which coexisted for a time, a post station was built, most likely later replaced by an early medieval village near the religious building of S. Pietro, of which only the apse portion is preserved. However, the archaeological evidence is too scarce to allow a reliable historical reconstruction of the site and to direct any excavation work. In this paper, we present the integration of LiDAR and geophysical surveys with the aim of advancing the archaeological interpretation of the San Pietro Infine site over the-state-of-the-art while providing a cutting-edge example in archaeological investigation. In particular, LiDAR data analysis was addressed to recognize and characterize topographic micro-reliefs presumably correlated to buried archaeological structures, while subsurface geophysical prospecting, consisting of magnetic and electromagnetic surveys, was aimed at defining their possible location and extent in depth, due to the expected contrasts in the magnetic and electric properties between the targets (e.g., limestone materials, paving roads) and the host geological setting (mainly marshy deposits). The integrated study allowed us to identify a structure whose characteristics (i.e., location, shape and nature) could well match the hypothesized Ad Flexum junction. In addition, LiDAR micro-reliefs and geophysical anomalies individuate structures that, by location and extent, suggest the presence of a village developed around the religious building of San Pietro.

Reconstructing the Tectonic History of the Arabian–Nubian Shield in Sinai: Low-Temperature Thermochronology Implications on Wadi Agar Area

The Arabian–Nubian Shield envelops the entire regional tectonic history from its formation during the Ediacaran to the Red Sea/Gulf of Suez rifting in the Oligocene–Miocene. The occurrence and extent of the expected successive tectonic events on Sinai basement rocks remain uncertain. Integration of thermochronological techniques with time–temperature modelling has proven to be a powerful tool for thermal-tectonic history reconstruction. Therefore, we collected representative samples from the Arabian–Nubian Shield basement rocks of the Wadi Agar area at the eastern flank of the Suez rift. Zircon fission-track data show two cooling age possibilities of Ediacaran and Devonian ages. Meanwhile, apatite fission-track data represent three cooling age spans of Carboniferous, Triassic, and Cretaceous. The integration of these data with the modelled time–temperature histories reveals four different cooling events synchronous with the regional events; (1) the Neoproterozoic post-accretion erosional event that causes near-surface rock uplift, (2) the Devonian–Carboniferous Hercynian tectonic event which affected the region with rocks exhumation of ca. 4.2 ± 1.4 km, (3) the Triassic Gondwana breakup initiation, and (4) the Oligocene–Miocene Gulf of Suez rifting which caused flanks uplift in the studied region of ca. 1.2 ± 0.4 km. The Gulf of Suez is a passive rift with a dominant mechanical component that is divided into two differently exhumed northern and southern segments, where an additional far-field thermal overprint was restricted to the southern segment.

Chinese Word Order in the Comparative Sino-Tibetan and Sociotypological Contexts

The present study discusses typology and variation of word order patterns in nominal and verb structures across 20 Chinese languages and compares them with another 43 languages from the Sino-Tibetan family. The methods employed are internal and external historical reconstruction and correlation studies from linguistic typology and sociolinguistics. The results show that the head-final tendency is a baseline across the family, but individual languages differ by the degree of head-initial structures allowed in a language, leading to a hybrid word order profile. On the one hand, Chinese languages consistently manifest the head-final noun phrase structures, whereas head-initial deviants can be explained either internally through reanalysis or externally through contact. On the other hand, Chinese verb phrases have varied toward head-initial structures due to contact with verb-medial languages of Mainland Southeast Asia, before reinstalling the head-final structures as a consequence of contact with verb-final languages in North Asia. When extralinguistic factors are considered, the typological north-south divide of Chinese appears to be geographically consistent and gradable by the latitude of individual Chinese language communities, confirming the validity of a broader typological cline from north to south in Eastern Eurasia.