Reconstruction Of Europe Research Articles

The United States and the European Trade Union Movement, 1944-1951.

In this study of U.S. postwar policy toward the reconstruction of Europe's trade unions, Romero demonstrates the weaknesses of the American strategy to reshape European societies in the likeness of American social pluralism. Using Italy as a case study, he shows how the U.S. government cooperated with the American Federation of Labor to support friendly anti-Communist unions. Originally published in 1993. UNC Press Enduring Edition -- UNC Press Enduring Editions use the latest in digital technology to make available again books from our distinguished backlist that were previously out of print. These editions are published unaltered from the original, and are presented in affordable paperback formats, bringing readers both historical and cultural value. A superb integration of national and international history.--Journal of American History A fascinating and scholarly study in cold war history, equally expert in both American and Italian history.--International History Review Must reading for all who seek a more sophisticated understanding of how countries interact, each under the influence of its own political culture.--American Historical Review [Romero] has provided an excellent synthesis and successfully blended the international and internal, Italian and American facets of a complicated and important story, and done so in a readable and interesting text.--Sidney Tarrow, Cornell University

British Policy and European Reconstruction after the First World War. Anne OrdeThe Spoils of War: The Politics, Economics, and Diplomacy of Reparations, 1918-1932. Bruce Kent

British Policy and European Reconstruction after the First World War. Anne OrdeThe Spoils of War: The Politics, Economics, and Diplomacy of Reparations, 1918-1932. Bruce Kent

Growth, crises and strategic turnarounds

The import-substitution strategy was entirely justified in the 1930s and continued to make sense until the late 1950s, so long as export opportunities were being dampened by the Great Depression, the Second World War and the reconstruction of Europe. From the 1960s on, however, it afforded diminishing returns as international trade burgeoned. During the 1980s, the macroeconomic instability caused by the debt crisis compounded the problems associated with this development strategy, which had begun to become apparent in the 1970s.

Piero Sraffa's ‘Monetary inflation in Italy during and after the war’: an introduction

The dissertation was highly appreciated by Sraffa's thesis director, Luigi Einaudi. He did not share all the opinions expressed by Sraffa on the subject, but oral tradition has it that Sraffa succeeded in convincing him that bringing the lira back to pre-war gold parity was wrong. Einaudi recommended to the thesis committee that it be awarded the distinc tion of appearing as an official publication of the University of Turin. Thus, Sraffa's first economic essay appeared in a small, sleek volume, in November 1920, privately printed by the Premiata Scuola Tipografica Salesiana, presumably at the author's own expense, in accordance with contemporary Italian academic practice. On the choice of thesis topic Luigi Einaudi might have had some say. Sraffa showed, however, by his immediately subsequent articles and book reviews, that he was attracted to monetary and banking problems, domestic as well as international. His first and second articles in English published, respectively, in the Manchester Guardian Commercial Supplements on the Reconstruction of Europe and in the Economic Journal (both in 1922), were commissioned by J. M. Keynes, whom he had first met in Cambridge while he was at the London School of Economics. Both concerned the structure and problems of the Italian banking system after the war. They made a permanent mark on the interpretation of Italian banking history. Piero Sraffa thus came to economics via monetary problems, a route he shares with Ricardo and Keynes. Readers will note that Sraffa's dissertation bears a remarkable resemblance, as far as its main points are concerned, to the central argument which

Genoa, Rapallo, and European Reconstruction in 1922

Genoa, Rapallo, and European Reconstruction in 1922

British Policy and European Reconstruction After the First World War.

British Policy and European Reconstruction After the First World War.

British Policy and European Reconstruction after the First World War.

British Policy and European Reconstruction after the First World War.

Review Article : More Pieces for the Jigsaw Puzzle: Studies on the Occupation and Reconstruction of Europe, 1940-9

Review Article : More Pieces for the Jigsaw Puzzle: Studies on the Occupation and Reconstruction of Europe, 1940-9

Reviews and Short Notices: Late Modern

HistoryVolume 76, Issue 246 p. 138-182 Reviews and Short Notices: Late Modern First published: February 1991 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-229X.1991.tb01538.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Abstract Voters, Patrons, and Parties: The Unreformed Electoral System of Hanoverian England, 1734–1832. By Frank O'Gorman. The French Revolution and the Creation of Modern Political Culture, Volume 1: The Political Culture of the Old Regime. Edited by Keith M. Baker. Volume 2: The Political Culture of the French Revolution. Edited by Colin Lucas. The Charitable Imperative: Hospitals and Nursing in Ancien Régime and Revolutionary France. By Colin Jones. The Spirit of the Revolution of 1789. By Pierre Louis Roederer. The French Revolution. By George Rudé. Swords Around A Throne: Napoleonapos;s Grande Armée. By John R. Elting. Dreams of Empire: Napoleon and the First World War, 1792–1815. By Paul Fregosi. Military Thought in the French Army, 1815–1851. By Paddy Griffith. The Court of France, 1789–1830. By Philip Mansel. The July Monarchy: A Political History of France, 1830–1848. By H. A. C. Collingham (with R. S. Alexander). Ireland Since 1800: Conflict and Conformity. By K. Theodore Hoppen. The Ulster Party: The Irish Unionists in the House of Commons, 1884–1911. By Alvin Jackson. Street Violence in the Nineteenth Century. By Rob Sindall Literacy and Popular Culture: England 1750–1914. By David Vincent. Popular Music in England, 1840–1914: A Social History. By Dave Russell. The Underdrawing of Farmland in England During the Nineteenth Century. By A. D. M. Phillips. The Triumph of Liberalism: Zurich in the Golden Age, 1830–1869. By Gordon A. Craig. Intellectuals and the Future in the Habsburg Monarchy, 1890–1914. Edited by L. Péter and R. B. Pynsent. ‘Pursued by a Bear’: The Making of Eastern Europe. By Z. A. B. Zeman. Women, Work, and the French State: Labour Protection and Social Patriarchy, 1879–1919. By Mary Lynn Stewart. Child Labor Reform in Nineteenth-Century France. By Lee Shai Weissbach. L7apois;Organisation de l'enseignement des sciences: la voie ouverte par le Second Empire. By Nicole Hulin-Jung. Elixir of Empire: The English Public Schools, Ritualism, Freemasonry and Imperialism. By P. J. Rich. Thomas Arnold, Headmaster: A Reassessment. By Michael McCrum. The Pitmen of the Northern Coalfield: Work, Culture and Protest, 1790–1850. By Robert Colls. The Working Class in Britain, 1850–1939. By John Benson. Pay Up and Play the Game: Professional Sport in Britain, 1875–1914. By Wray Vamplew. English Football and Society 1910–1950. By Nicholas Fishwick. Finance and Empire: Sir Charles Addis, 1861–1945. By Roberta A. Dayer. Military Planning for the Defence of the United Kingdom, 1814–1870. By Michael Stephen Partridge. British Foreign Policy in the Twentieth Century. By C. J. Bartlert. Britain and the Great War, 1914–1918. By J. M. Bourne. France, 1914–1918: Public Opinion and the War Effort. By P. J. Flood. The Experience of World War I. By J. M. Winter. Esme Howard: A Diplomatic Biography. By B. J. C. McKercher. British Policy and European Reconstruction after the First World War. By Anne Orde. The Long Road to Greenham: Feminism and Anti-Militarism in Britain since 1820. By Jill Liddington. Feminism and the Family in England, 1880–1939. By Carol Dyhouse. Women, Work and Fertility, 1900–1986. By Susan Householder Van Horn. Cultural Disenchantments: Worker Peasantries in Northeast Italy. By Douglas R. Holmes. The Fascist Revolution in Tuscany, 1919–1922. By Frank M. Snowden. The Weimar Republic and the Younger Proletariat: An Economic and Social Analysis. By Peter D. Stachura. Labour and Business in Modern Britain. Edited by Charles Harvey and John Turner. Metropolis, London: Histories and Representations since 1800. Edited by David Feldman and Gareth Stedman Jones. London Before the Blitz. By Richard Trench. European Unity in Context: The Inter-War Period. Edited by P. M. R. Stirk. The Road to War. By Richard Overy with Andrew Wheatcroft. German National Socialism and the Quest for Nuclear Power, 1939–1949. By Mark Walker. Rethinking France: Plans for Renewal, 1940–1946. By Andrew Shennan. Crime and Criminal Justice since 1945. By Terence Morris. George VI. By Sarah Bradford. Consensus Politics from Attlee to Thatcher. By Dennis Kavanagh and Peter Morris. British General Elections since 1945. By David Butler. Selwyn Lloyd. By D. R. Thorpe. In Search of Détente: The Politics of East-West Relations since 1945. By S. R. Ashton. Shropshire County Council: A Centenary History. By D. C. Cox. Socialist Parties and European Integration: A Comparative History. By Kevin Featherstone. Ideology and Rationality in the Soviet Model: A Legacy for Gorbachev. By Kristian Gerner and Stefan Hedlund. Volume76, Issue246February 1991Pages 138-182 RelatedInformation

Britain in the new Europe

George Robertson writes that the traditional basis of British foreign policy is no longer relevant in a less security-oriented world in which the East—West confrontation is disappearing. He argues that Britain should rethink its national objectives in the new environment and should seize the period of fluidity and reconstruction in Europe to take the initiative in the EC and contribute to the economic construction of Eastern Europe.

British policy and European reconstruction after the First World War

Preface List of abbreviations Introduction 1. Wartime planning 2. Armistice and peace conference 3. Western Europe from Paris to Brussels, 1919-20 4. East central Europe: relief and reconstruction, 1919-22 5. From Brussels to Cannes, 1920-2 6. From Genoa to the Ruhr, 1922-3 7. The first debt settlement and revision of reparations, 1923-4 8. The spread of stability, 1923-8 9. Reconstructed Europe Bibliography Index.

Civitas Humana: Wilhelm Roepke's Reform Proposals for a Humane Society

Wilhelm Roepke wrote his book Civitas Humana in the early 1940s in order to elaborate economic and social policy guidelines for postwar reconstruction in Europe. Rejecting both central economic planning (collectivism) and laissez‐faire, he looks for a third alternative. He finds it in a socially‐oriented market economy based on decentralisation, designed to provide citizens with roots in their communities and families. Roepke calls for a genuine competitive order with the government setting the general framework and also interfering in the market process itself to prevent monopolies and facilitate economic adjustments. He advocates a policy of encouraging the private ownership of homes and small plots. With such an “anchor of property”, people would be able to withstand the inevitable hardships resulting from economic change.

Finance and Empire: Sir Charles Addis, 1861-1945.

Part 1 The development of a man and his career: the young Charles Addis, 1861-95 widening horizons from eastern banker to financial diplomat, 1904-14 - playing the game in China becoming a central banker, 1914-19. Part 2 Attempts at Anglo-American co-operation: overview - British postwar strategy competition vs co-operation, 1919-22 monetary policy and European reconstruction, 1920-8 an end to reparations and the Gold Standard, 1929-31. Part 3 A return to sterling: overview - a sterling strategy towards a sterling bloc, 1931-4 Addis and British China Policy, 1923-9 - the resumption of Anglo-American competition Japan vs China 1929-34 a new British initiative in China, 1935-41 conclusion - final years and an assessment. Appendix: the speeches and writings of Sir Charles Addis.

Urban Reconstruction in Europe After World War II

Urban Reconstruction in Europe After World War II

Sectoral conflict and foreign economic policy, 1914–1940

The period from 1914 to 1940 is one of the most crucial and enigmatic in modern world history, and in the history of modern U.S. foreign policy. World War I catapulted the United States into international economic and political leadership, yet in the aftermath of the war, despite grandiose Wilsonian plans, the United States quickly lapsed into relative disregard for events abroad: it did not join the League of Nations, disavowed responsibility for European reconstruction, would not participate openly in many international economic conferences, and restored high levels of tariff protection for the domestic market. Only in the late 1930s and 1940s, after twenty years of bitter battles over foreign policy, did the United States move to center stage of world politics and economics: it built the United Nations and a string of regional alliances, underwrote the rebuilding of Western Europe, almost single-handedly constructed a global monetary and financial system, and led the world in commercial liberalization.

The 1949 sterling crisis and British policy towards European integration

Most commentators on the 1949 sterling crisis have viewed it as an episode with implications merely for the management of the British economy. This paper, based on the public records now available, discusses the impact of the crisis on British economic foreign policy. In particular it suggests that the crisis revealed deep Anglo-American differences, centring on the nature of the Marshall Plan, on the international value of the sterling area, and on the proper relationship between the United Kingdom and Western Europe, Ultimately the British succeeded in resolving these disagreements: but this triumph ironically implied both the defeat of British aims in post-war European reconstruction and a long term delusion that great power status could be maintained on the basis of a special relationship-with the United States.

West Germany and the U.S.: What's Wrong With the Alliance?

Some of NATO's faults are birth defects and others are accidents of history or the usual sort of problems that beset any human institution during a third of a century. Yet despite internal strains and external challenges, NATO watched over the political and economic reconstruction of Europe and has kept the peace. Today, new and multiple tensions strain the Alliance still further. Will the NATO that survives—and few actually contemplate its demise— be as successful?The original deal was this: We would protect Western Europe from the Soviet Union and in return the nations of Western Europe would remain friendly to us and to Western ideas of government and international relations. West Germany also would be protected and, eventually, allowed to contribute to its own defense. We would not even ask the Germans to abandon hope for reunification or concern for their brethren to the east.

The Two Postwar Eras and the Conditions for Stability in Twentieth-Century Western Europe

This chapter was originally drafted during tenure of a fellowship from the National Endowment for the Humanities to pursue research on the United States and European reconstruction after World War II. Earlier versions benefited from conversation with Duke University colleagues as well as from discussion at seminars at the University of Wisconsin in Madison, Princeton University, Harvard University, and the European Studies Center at the University of Chicago, and at Werner Conze's seminar for social and economic history at Heidelberg. A semi-final draft was presented as a paper at the Ninety-Third Annual Meeting of the American Historical Association, held in San Francisco, December 1978.1 am grateful to Leonard Krieger, Richard Kuisel, and Carl Schorske for their comments at that session. The version reprinted here is especially indebted to the suggestions of Professor Kuisel, the subsequent critiques by the anonymous referees for the American Historical Review , and the comments of Patrick Fridenson of the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris. I have not reproduced here the comments by Charles P. Kindleberger and Stephen Schuker that were published along with the original article, nor my rebuttal. Broadcasting over the BBC in November 1945, A. J. P. Taylor assured his listeners, “Nobody in Europe believes in the American way of life – that is, in private enterprise; or rather those who believe in it are a defeated party and a party which seems to have no more future than the Jacobites in England after 1688.” Taylor proved to be wrong, or at least premature, about the end of private enterprise. The question here is why, at least in Western Europe, there was less transformation than he envisaged.

The expansion of West German capital and the founding of Euratom

In the mid 1950s, West German industry changed from being oriented primarily towards internal and West European reconstruction needs and the supply of coal and steel, to being more oriented towards the international market of finished goods. Whereas prewar and war-time technology had dominated production processes and products up until then, U.S. competition started to force advanced technologies like computers and atomic energy upon industry.Along with increased instability in the general political and economic situation of West Germany these changes contributed greatly to progressive differentiation within what had been a more homogenous industry structure and within the West German state apparatus.One important result of these new trends was the genesis of a foreign atomic policy, resulting in the founding of Euratom. Global versus European orientation, traditional versus “modern” industries, traditional liberal versus new interventionalist policies were joined in the issue and produced a highly ambivalent result. In the attempt to explain and interpret the case of Euratom in this context, theories of integration and of state are tested. The greatest explanatory power is conceded to modern Marxist theories which combine the concept of international dependency with a differentiated concept of relations between state and industry.

The United States and the Problem of International Economic Control: American Attitudes toward European Reconstruction, 1918-1920

A GROWING BODY of literature now exists on the economic foreign policy of the United States after the First World War. Stressing the Wilsonian program for restructuring the international order in line with American ideals and interests, this literature points out the reliance of policy-makers upon private initiative, their emphasis upon equal commercial opportunity, and their hopes for a cooperative economic order among the great powers. Yet it has failed to illuminate completely how American officials sought to control the international economy so as to avoid the pitfalls of either ruinous competition or preferential and state-sponsored commercial policies. Specifically, it has slighted the efforts by important officials in the Woodrow Wilson administration to institutionalize eco-