Reconnaissance Units Research Articles

Physical readiness of scouts - as the main component of their professional activity

The existence of threats to national security, especially the territorial integrity of the country, requires the existence of such Armed Forces in Ukraine that could to ensure the complete security of our state in all situations. Analyzing the activities of reconnaissance specialists, the conditions of the present and the fighting on the territory of the state, we can say that recently a weak possession of personal small arms, hand-to-hand combat techniques, insufficient skills of servicemen to overcome existing engineering barriers, rubble, especially against the background of fatigue, have been revealed. At the same time, there is a lack of scientific, theoretical, theoretical and methodological justification of practical ways to achieve the physical readiness of military personnel, the presence of weak links in the system of their preparation for action in extreme conditions of combat activity. One of the reasons, in our opinion, is the imperfect and long-term solution of organizational issues regarding the introduction of a scientific approach to the physical training of servicemen of intelligence units in the conditions of warfare. Thus, the urgent issue remains the search for ways to increase the effectiveness of physical training of the reconnaissance units of the Armed Forces of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and their implementation in the guidance documents on physical training.

Dynamics of physical qualities and formation of motor skills of cadets majoring in artillery reconnaissance

The Ukraine-Russia war has shown that physical training is closely related to the nature and method of warfare, which. The combat missions of artillery reconnaissance units' personnel involve tasks that vary in terms of physical exertion, nervous tension and accuracy of solutions, which are performed in any weather, terrain and time conditions, as well as provide close interaction and continuous support with missile strikes and artillery fire to general military units and subunits. In the current training programs for cadets of military higher education institutions (HEIs) that train specialists in artillery reconnaissance units, physical training classes are planned by sections and do not have a special focus, which does not fully prepare servicemen to perform assigned tasks.
 To determine the real state of physical fitness of cadets studying in the specialty of artillery intelligence, we conducted a cross-section of physical exercise performance. The study involved 128 cadets of different years of study (first year - 31 cadets, second year - 29 cadets; third year - 34 cadets, fourth year - 34 cadets). The research was conducted in 2020 at the Hetman Petro Sahaidachnyi National Army Academy at the beginning of the academic year.
 It has been determined that the level of development of general physical qualities of cadets studying in the specialty of artillery intelligence during their studies in higher education institutions significantly improves (p<0.01), but does not meet the standards of physical education; the level of special physical fitness of cadets in the senior years of study in higher education institutions does not significantly change relative to the indicators at the beginning of the second year of study (p>0.05); the subjective opinion of the respondents determines that the level of development of their physical fitness largely depends on the initial level of development of physical qualities of servicemen (43.2-2.9%) and the availability of means of stimulation (46.1- 18.6%).

Application of Sentiment Analysis to Prevent Cyberattacks on Objects of Critical Information Infrastructure

The article addresses the pressing issue of ensuring cyber security for critical information infrastructure, which is associated with the development of modern information technologies and the increased potential for cyber attacks from criminal groups and potential adversary state entities. An analysis of the scientific literature indicates the necessity of preventive measures and scientific research, which involve monitoring the cyberspace. The application of sentiment analysis is proposed to detect the emotional sentiment towards critical information infrastructure objects. Following a defined algorithm, a sentiment analysis model is constructed based on an artificial neural network using open-source Python programming language libraries. The model's distinguishing feature is the consideration of emoticons to determine the intensification of emotional attitudes towards conducting cyber attacks on critical information infrastructure objects. A dataset related to cyber attacks from social media platforms such as Twitter and Instagram is collected to train the neural network. The results of training and testing the neural network provide grounds to assert that the network's accuracy of 0.7852 is relatively high, enabling its application by cyber reconnaissance units for early detection of cyber threats to critical infrastructure objects in combination with other tools.

Military Security in the Baltic Sea during Cold War: Analysis Based on the Materials of the Naval Reconnaissance Unit of the Polish People’s Republic

The purpose of the article was to present, in the proverbial nutshell, the issues related to the military situation in the 1950s and 1960s during the so-called Cold War in the Baltic Sea, based on the materials of the Naval Reconnaissance Unit of the Polish People’s Republic. These materials were very important for analytical teams preparing concepts for operations in the Northern European Theater of Operations, as well as ensuring the security of the maritime borders of the Warsaw Pact countries.
 The 1950s and 1960s were characterized by a wide range of reconnaissance activities as a consequence of the changing reality in the Baltic Sea. The naval potential of both NATO countries, especially Denmark and the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), was expanded, thus the other side began to create the People’s Navy of the German Democratic Republic (GDR), as well as to strengthen the combat potential of the naval forces of the People’s Republic of Poland. At the same time, the cooperation of allied fleets of the Warsaw Pact countries was improved, and for this purpose, staff exercises were conducted on maps and in the Baltic Sea.
 In retrospect, both NATO and the Warsaw Pact appreciated the military importance of the Danish Straits and the Baltic Sea. In the following years, efforts were made to improve the concepts of naval forces in these waters.

FEATURES OF THE USE OF UNMANNED AIRCRAFT FOR MONITORING THE COAST LINE OF THE SEA COAST

The materials of the article reveal the features of the use of unmanned aerial vehicles for controlling the coastline of the sea coast. In the article, it is determined that in order to preserve the lives of personnel and perform tasks related to operational control and reconnaissance of the coastline of the sea coast, unmanned aerial vehicles of various types began to be actively involved.
 The purpose of the article is to reveal the features of the use of unmanned aerial vehicles for monitoring the coastline of the sea coast. The article reveals the essence and content of the use of unmanned aerial vehicles for reconnaissance of the coastal strip of the sea coast, as well as the conditions and features of their effective use according to various options for tactics.
 The main principles of using unmanned aerial vehicles as part of air reconnaissance units during control of the coastline of the sea coast are: constant high level of readiness to perform tasks; concentrating efforts on the enemy's active areas of activity; clear interaction with units of the Maritime Guard of the State Border Service of Ukraine (border units, mobile groups); high activity, decisiveness and suddenness of actions.
 The article describes the main ways of using unmanned aerial vehicles, namely: route flight; air search; accompanying the enemy. It is determined that the method of using unmanned aerial vehicles is specified by the senior chief (commander) or determined by the unit commander when making a decision to fly and use an unmanned aerial vehicle. The method of application of flight performance can be changed based on the situation in the area of responsibility in a specific period of time. At the same time, the features of the use of unmanned aerial vehicles during the day, at night, at extremely low altitudes and above the water surface are revealed.
 The article emphasizes that all flights for the purpose of controlling the coastline of the sea coast should be carried out with the maximum use of the camouflage properties of the terrain and, if possible, in the morning hours of the day. It was determined that further scientific research in this field is seen in the procedure of combining control of the coastal strip of the sea coast with reconnaissance and search for mines and explosive objects on land and water surface.

CADer: A Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach for Designing the Communication Architecture of System of Systems

Modern war relies heavily on various combat units, such as command and control units, surveillance units, and reconnaissance units. These units are usually combined organically as a combat SoS (System of Systems) to conduct given missions. To ensure that the combat SoS executes correctly, the communication systems (e.g., communication vehicles, communication UAVs) must be planned carefully to connect all constituent systems or units. However, the <bold xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</b> ommunication <bold xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">a</b> rchitecture <bold xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">d</b> esign problem for combat SoS (SoS-CAD) is very challenging as the combat SoS usually resides in a dynamic and confrontational environment. In this paper, we formally formulate the SoS-CAD problem with integer programming and prove its NP-hardness. The SoS-CAD problem has high requirements for the solving speed as well as the solution quality, but traditional meta-heuristic algorithms cannot satisfy them. Thus, we propose a deep reinforcement learning-based method called CADer to solve it. Specifically, we introduce the attention mechanism and dynamic embedding mechanism into CADer with considering the characteristics of the SoS-CAD problem itself. The massive experiment results show that CADer performs well in the generalization ability and can achieve the best tradeoff between the solving speed and the solution quality against the meta-heuristic algorithm.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ ТА ВЕДЕННЯ ОСОБОВОЇ РОЗВІДКИ ОРГАНАМИ РОЗВІДКИ ФОРМУВАНЬ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ ГВАРДІЇ УКРАЇНИ ПІД ЧАС УЧАСТІ У ВІДСІЧІ ЗБРОЙНОЇ АГРЕСІЇ

The article examines the peculiarities of organization and conduct of personal intelligence by the defense forces of Ukraine based on the analysis of experience in performing reconnaissance tasks during the repulsion of full-scale armed aggression by the russian federation. It clarifies the list of main tasks of personal intelligence in modern conditions and discusses the problematic issues related to the collection of intelligence information from the local population. It describes general approaches to obtaining information through the analysis of social media and monitoring services used for this purpose. Furthermore, it outlines the ways to further develop the capabilities of personal intelligence within the National Guard of Ukraine. Personal intelligence, in this article, refers to a complex of measures and actions carried out by designated units using methods of acquiring information from human resources (sources) in order to provide intelligence information to military command (staff) for the purpose of preparing and conducting combat (special) operations by military units (subunits) of the defense forces of Ukraine. It provides detailed information that helps confirm or refute intelligence information, enables obtaining answers to specific questions, and increases the reliability of information used by defense management authorities for decision-making. Conducting personal intelligence through obtaining information from the local population is one of the effective methods of collecting intelligence information in dynamic combat situations. This approach involves interacting with individuals residing in territories occupied by the enemy or having access to valuable information concerning enemy actions, population attitudes, significant events, and other intelligence-relevant aspects. In addition to obtaining information from the local population, gathering intelligence from open sources is a particular tool that helps collect valuable data for the effective execution of reconnaissance tasks by intelligence units within the National Guard of Ukraine formations. The acquisition of intelligence information from the local population and open sources is an integral component of reconnaissance activities. These processes assist reconnaissance units in having a comprehensive understanding of the situation, ensuring the timeliness and accuracy of intelligence information, thereby contributing to the successful accomplishment of tasks and ensuring national security by the National Guard of Ukraine formations. The experience of organizing and conducting personal intelligence activities to provide reconnaissance support for operations of the defense forces in countering the aggression of the russian federation allows drawing conclusions that intelligence from open sources, including the actions of the population regarding documenting and disseminating information about enemy activities, significantly contributes to enhancing the capabilities of reconnaissance support for defense operations in repelling armed aggression.

Character Strengths of Czech Army Excellent Officers as Perceived by Cadets and Soldiers Serving in Reconnaissance Units.

A deeper understanding of personality specifics in military personnel may increase the efficacy of health care professionals in this field. Changes in modern warfare require army officers to make decisions in complicated situations with increasing levels of autonomy. Character is traditionally regarded as a key quality in these dynamics. However, it remains unclear which character strengths are conducive to effective leadership in the military. The present study aims at mapping Czech Army cadets' and professional soldiers' perceptions of the character strengths of those officers, who they consider the best they served under. The study also examined how these perceptions vary across soldiers at different stages of their careers and how much they overlap with the same soldiers' ratings of their own strengths. In addition, a regression analysis, to outline combinations of strengths for various aspects of character-based leadership, was performed. Respondents (N = 199) were recruited from three different subpopulations of the Czech Army-serving members of two reconnaissance units (N = 38), and 1st (N = 81) and 5th (N = 80) year cadets at the University of Defense. They rated the character strengths of chosen officers and themselves on the Character Strengths Leadership Inventory and the Values in Action Inventory of Strengths Revised. This study was approved by the units' commanding officer and the representatives of the University of Defense. Subordinates rated honesty, leadership, perspective, teamwork, fairness, creativity, love of learning, and zest highest in their chosen officers. These officers' mean profiles strongly correlated in all the three groups (rs = .82-.86). The mean correlation between officers' and respondents' self-reported strengths was not strong (rs = .18). Multiple regression models of the perception of an officer's success, success of their team, them as a leadership example, and them as having a good character, most frequently, involved fairness, honesty, kindness, and social intelligence, while forgiveness was negatively associated with these parameters. The present study achieved its aims. First, it suggests the officers' character strengths that tend to be most valued by their subordinates among Czech Army cadets and soldiers serving in reconnaissance units. Second, the strong overlap of best officers' character profiles in all groups suggests that this perception may remain stable throughout a soldier's career. Third, the relationship between chosen officers' and respondents' self-reported strengths was negligible, suggesting that the perception of officer's strengths may not be an individual's projection. Fourth, regression models of character-based leadership proposed a combination of character strengths that may contribute to the officer's perceived efficacy. Compared to other studies, the sample included both cadets and military professionals with a proportional number of females being included. These results imply that health care practitioners working with military clients may benefit from the acknowledgment of their specific character strengths, most notably honesty and fairness, while providing care to this population.

Psychological features of specialists` professional activity of reconnaissance units

The paper theoretically analyzes the modern research by Ukrainian and foreign scientists, which provide analyzes of the main requirements for the personality of a military reconnaissance specialist and his professional activities. The main stress factors affecting scouts in high-risk conditions and their significant psychological qualities which are factors of high efficiency and effectiveness in performing combat tasks are identified. The main psychological requirements for the level of development of the cognitive, emotional-volitional and behavioral fields of a scout are determined, taking into account the specifics of the professional activity. It is specified what professional qualities a scout should have and their psychological profile is outlined. The predominant functional states that may occur during combat missions assignment at different stages of training are identified. It is stated that the stress resistance of a scout is a attainment of a specialist, which ensures his optimal functioning in emotionally difficult conditions with minimal consequences for his psychophysiological health, taking into account the influence of occupational stress factors in combat. The necessity and possible stages of preventive formation of a high level of stress resistance of scouts in order toincrease their resistance to traumatic factors are substantiated. Perspective ways of formation of high-level of stress-resistance in reconnaissance units personnel, maintenance of maximum combat effectiveness of each scout and motivation for professional activity are revealed. The proposed view on the specifics of the professional activities of a scout allows to prepare a highly qualified specialist with a sufficient level of resistance to stress and a high ability to self-improvement, self-control and self-regulation.

TECHNICAL MEANS OF AIRINTELLIGENCE TO ENSURE THE PHYSICAL SECURITY OF INFORMATION ACTIVITIES

This article is devoted to highlighting the real practical capabilities of UAV thermal imaging cameras, which allow you to effectively and safely identify potentially dangerous objects that may threaten the object of information activities, or the safety of citizens or critical infrastructure of Ukraine. Based on many years of flight experience and training of specialists for private and public institutions, it was decided to compare the quality characteristics and capabilities of detection, recognition and identification of objects using modern unmanned vehicles. To ensure public safety and control of the territory, there are models with multiple optical zoom, which from a distance of 500 m allow to recognize the license plate of the car, or versions with thermal imager, which in night can help see the car, the temperature difference against other cars, and the fact that a person comes out of it. Test flights were performed at altitudes from 15 to 100 m, in the open, without the presence of bushes, trees or obstacles. Depending on the camera model and weather conditions, the figures obtained may differ significantly. The main advantages and differences in the quality of thermal imaging cameras for UAVs are described. The quality of the obtained image is demonstrated on real examples and under the same conditions. A number of requirements have been developed for shooting a quadcopter with thermal imagers of objects such as a car and a person from different heights, according to Johnson's criteria, and a work plan has been developed for further research to prepare and provide effective recommendations for pilots using this technique territories of objects of information activity and during performance of service in air reconnaissance units of law enforcement agencies of Ukraine.

Developing training program for remotely piloted aircraft operators in the sphere of border protection: european context

The study reveals the theoretical and practical approaches of developing training programs for Remotely Piloted Aircraft operators in the sphere of border surveillance of the state border protection agencies of the European Union and Ukraine using multicriteria optimization to find required rational parameters. The results of the study within the educational grant of Frontex Agency conducted by the team of experts from the Border Guard Services of Ukraine and EU countries were used to enhance the training program of air reconnaissance units of border protection bodies at the Main Training Centre of the Border Guard Service of Ukraine based on the best EU practices, in order to ensure obtaining of knowledge and practical skills by personnel of the border guard Remotely Piloted Aircraft external crews, which will increase the level of interoperability and professional competence of border guards while conducting border surveillance tasks.

Application of unmanned aircraft for detection of chemical situation

Hybrid conduct, efficiency and rapidity of hostilities depend on many factors, including the ability to constantly receive information from the battlefield, time to make decisions and clear implementation of tasks. This can be achieved by increasing the efficiency of all types of reconnaissance, including chemical. The article substantiates the prospects of using unmanned aerial vehicles to detect chemical contamination during chemical reconnaissance by radiation, chemical and biological reconnaissance units. It is established that the probability of detecting a chemical situation depends on the degree of training, physical endurance, psychological stability and fatigue of reconnaissance patrol personnel, technical characteristics of devices installed on reconnaissance vehicles, speed of reconnaissance vehicle or pedestrian patrol in hard-to-reach places. The capabilities of radiation, chemical and biological reconnaissance units to quickly detect chemical conditions are significantly enhanced by conducting air reconnaissance by unmanned aerial vehicles and equipping ground and air reconnaissance devices with devices that identify both combat poisons and hazardous chemicals. It is shown that the use of UAVs with a set of passive infrared spectrometry and automated real-time data transmission system is currently the best option, as the probability of detecting war poisons (hazardous chemicals) in a given area increases, and time for chemical reconnaissance - decreases, which, accordingly, increases the response time of units to a chemical threat. To install modern chemical reconnaissance equipment, in particular passive Fourier-ICS devices, helicopter-type UAVs must meet the following requirements: length - up to 5 m, weight of useful equipment - up to 50 kg, cruising speed - 150 km / h. In addition, it decreases moral exhaustion and the risk of personnel damage. The probable order of application of unmanned aerial vehicles of helicopter type equipped with modern devices is given.

Interview with Military Chaplain Yuriy Kazmirenko, Conducted in Kyiv, Ukraine, 9 August 2018 (UKR)

Yuriy Kazmirenko was born in 1972 in Stavyshche, a village in the Zhytomyr region and was educated at the paratroopers’ academy, Kyiv National Economic University, and the Faculty of Law. Kazmirenko served in army airborne and reconnaissance units before going on to receive his religious education at Kyiv Orthodox Theological Academy, after which he served as a priest at the Svyatoduhovsky Temple in Kyiv prior to the start of the war. Kazmirenko has served as a military chaplain attached to the 20th Dnipropetrovsk Territorial Defense Battalion since 2016 and previously served between 2014 and 2015 as a priest and ambulance driver in the Aidar Battalion.

Actions of nbc reconnaissance units during search for small sites of radioactive contamination

The optimal ways of searching for small sites of radioactive contamination, so-called "dead" zones, which are formed in case of destruction of dangerous objects that use, process, store and transport radioactive agents during conducting reconnaissance by the NBC units, are analyzed. The following research methods have been applied: bibliographic, analytical, systematic and informational approach. The following ways of searching (reconnaissance) of contaminated sites of the area are considered: the zigzag locate technique, the boustrophedon technique, the classical and rectangular spiral technique and the star survey technique. The length of the route was determined and the optimal parameters for their carrying out under certain conditions were established. The zigzag method (29-52%) is found to be the most effective, while the star survey technique is fast but ineffective. The probability of finding contaminated sites based on the height of the location of the detection unit and the energy of γ-quanta of radioisotopes, which are formed during the destruction of a nuclear reactor, disruption of nuclear and thermonuclear ammunition, is calculated. Increasing the probability of finding depends on the distance between the routes, their length, as well as the specifications of the radiation reconnaissance devices. Removal of the detection unit outside the reconnaissance vehicle increases the search efficiency, which depends on the specifications of the detection units of radiation reconnaissance devices. It is shown that the use of aerial reconnaissance equipment significantly increases the survey area and the efficiency of detecting a radiation situation by productivity, since the detection unit is located at a significantly higher altitude than 3 m. Requirements for technical specifications of unmanned aerial vehicles of radiation reconnaissance are formulated. It is determined that in order to fully accomplish the task of radiation reconnaissance, it is necessary to use the means of aerial and ground radiation reconnaissance in a complex way, complementing one tool with another.

НОРМАТИВНО-ПРАВОВЕ РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ РОЗВІДУВАЛЬНОГО ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ ГВАРДІЇ УКРАЇНИ

In the article the main functions of the National Guard of Ukraine, which require intelligence support were analyzed, the meaning of the “intelligence and information support” concept for the National Guard of Ukraine was determined, also, proposals for problem issues regulatory settlement for the National Guard of Ukraine intelligence support were made.Nowadays, there is an urgent need to settle the following issues for the National Guard of Ukraine:1. Due to the Armed Forces of Ukraine reformation and redistribution of the functions between the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine and the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, the issue of the National Guard of Ukraine subordination during the introduction of legal regime of martial law requires a clear definition and making appropriate amendments to the regulatory documents.2. The issue of the existence of reconnaissance and intelligence units in the military authorities and military units of the National Guard of Ukraine which perform tasks within the limits of the authorities defined by the law is indisputable, but requires regulatory issues settlement.This issue can be settled by making the amendments in the Law of Ukraine “On the National Guard of Ukraine” in terms of granting the rights and authorities to perform the intelligence and reconnaissance tasks by the National Guard intelligence and reconnaissance units.3. Сurrently, the top priority tasks for regulatory settlement of the National Guard of Ukraine intelligence and reconnaissance units functioning are:National Guard intelligence and information support doctrine development;National Guard intelligence and information support and reconnaissance operations field manuals and guidelines development; textbooks and manuals on the intelligence and reconnaissance operations development.

Justification of the using of the method of air reconnaissance of area of intensive application of mine weapons

The article is devoted to the analysis of the current state of mine protection that concerns troops, it is a set of measures carried out by all types and branches of troops, and it is aimed at protecting personnel and military equipment from mine weapons. One of the ways to increase mine protection of troops is to enlarge the efficiency of informing the troops about the mine situation directly in the area of combat operations. Therefore, the timeliness of carrying out activities for the search, identification, fixation of explosive objects in the ground, as well as the timely collection and communication to relevant officials and departments of this information is the main goal of engineering intelligence in areas of intensive mine warfare. One of the ways to improve the effectiveness of engineering intelligence is to introduce the practice of identifying mine-explosive barriers and countering the enemy sabotage, reconnaissance forces and illegal armed groups that install them in order to establish new ways of conducting intelligence. The methods are based on the using of modern means of obtaining, processing and promptly bringing intelligence data about the mine situation. So a significant increasing of the intelligence capabilities of engineering units is possible through the using of unmanned aerial vehicles. When units are equipped with such devices, it becomes possible to move from an object-based method of conducting reconnaissance to a more efficient one — a zonal one, the essence of which lies in certain subunits of intelligence in areas of responsibility. This will allow the intelligence units to introduce continuous monitoring of the terrain with its full coverage, carrying out maneuvers, if necessary, largely by means, not forces. It will lead to increase effectiveness of the using of engineering reconnaissance units, their full coverage of the operation band, a reduction in the time management cycle of exploration and the achievement of a high degree of efficiency in providing information to the commanders on the mine situation.

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Planning of any military activities, including reconnaissance and retrieval activities of the National Guard of Ukraine (NGU) formations, involves knowledge of the capabilities of actors. In the case of reconnaissance, we are talking about intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance groups (ISRGs) which may include regular reconnaissance units or temporary ones designed to perform specific tasks. The process of forming such temporary groups requires knowledge of certain capabilities of the personnel. This is especially important the planning of search activities in the direction by the relay mode. When planning a search this way it is convenient to use the empirical models of ISRGs. They can be developed on the basis of the data on the capabilities of the individual servicemen of the corresponding units, for example, intelligence teams of Special Forces operational detachments, as well as individual detachments of the Special Forces of the NGU, to perform searching tasks. The development of the mentioned empirical model involves knowledge of the capabilities of servicemen to search one or another mode of search a certain combat order specific conditions. Such information can be obtained during the implementation of real military-combat tasks or field studies and exercises. The compilation of empirical models based on such knowledge is today a definite problem. For the first time, the attention was drawn to the need to create an empirical ISRG model for conducting the relay search during the field studies that were conducted October 2006. During this field event, the relay search was conducted by two search (relay) teams. The teams were formed from regular reconnaissance battalions of the special purpose of the designated unit. Studies have identified the disadvantages of this approach. In regular reconnaissance groups, the ability of an individual intelligence officer to perform search tasks differed significantly. The search rate was determined by a weaker one. This disadvantage was taken into account during a tactical training that was held mountainous areas May 2008. A part of this study, devoted to the development of research issues of relay search, revealed the benefits of completing search teams not on the basis of regular reconnaissance groups, but on the principle of creating temporary teams of soldiers of equal opportunity. The latest field trials, conducted 2017-2019 identified the need for teams to be formed on the basis of special empirical data of individual servicemen. It is expedient to describe such temporary search teams the form of empirical models of ISRGs of various search capabilities. This greatly simplifies the process of designing a relay search, first of all, the distribution of the route for the search stages and the definition of the search must a mental analogue of the ISRG is considered, which is formed from the personnel of a specific intelligence unit or a special-purpose unit of the NGU capable of solving search tasks given regimes and combat orders. This model should reflect the search capabilities of the formed ISRG through verbal, logical, graphical, graph-analytic or mathematical description. In excess of the time during which the personnel is able to withstand the given power of physical activity, the capabilities of personnel is significantly reduced. As a rule, this significant decrease is accompanied by a sharp drop the indicators of special capabilities of the personnel, first of all, the rational decision-making ability, as well as other, such as visual and operational memory, sometimes physiological response to extreme situations. The ability to make a rational decision is evaluated by the degree of implementation of a systematic approach to solving one or another test tactical task associated with the legend of the search. The evaluation is carried out by using reference responses, which are developed as unambiguous answers to each tactical task. The given characteristics must form the basis of passports-forms, which are expedient to create for temporary ISRGs, suitable for performing search tasks with the given level of loading and acceptable ability to solve certain tactical tasks.

РАЗРАБОТКА СТРУКТУРНОЙ СХЕМЫ ПАССИВНОГО ПРИБОРА НОЧНОГО ВИДЕНИЯ ДЛЯ ПОДВИЖНОГО РАЗВЕДЫВАТЕЛЬНОГО ПУНКТА

The article discusses this engineering of a structural scheme on the basis of a modern optical-electronic base of the passive night vision device for a mobile reconnaissance unit. The characteristics of functional blocks and structural scheme of the device are considered. The сonjectured structural scheme of the device instead of the product type 1PN29 is given.

Математична модель функціонування органів радіолокаційної розвідки РВіА

The experience of modern wars and military exercises testifies that 70-75% of the total volume of enemy fire destruction tasks in the operation is assigned to missile forces and artillery (MFA), and in the conditions of conducting an antiterrorist operation in the territories of Donetsk and Lugansk regions (ATO) this the indicator reached 90-95%. The fulfillment of such a large volume of fire missions depends on the effectiveness of combat support for the combat operations of the MFA.Intelligence information is obtained by performing reconnaissance missions, for which reconnaissance units are created from the artillery reconnaissance (AR) units and additional forces and assets.The experience of the use of reconnaissance units in the ATO testifies that the greatest losses were incurred by the means of radar reconnaissance (RR), which were detected by radio electronic radiation with the means of electronic reconnaissance of the enemy. This led to constant bombardment of the positions of the radar with enemy artillery and to the cases of their defeat.One way to increase the survivability of the means of RR is to reduce the time of radio electronic radiation while conducting reconnaissance and maneuvering between positions.Thus, in the practice of using the means of RR, a contradiction arose between the requirement to improve the quality of reconnaissance information about enemy facilities in the interests of their fire damage to the MFA and the requirement to ensure the required level of survivability of the means of RR. Time of electronic radiation, on the one hand, should be increased to ensure the quality of information, and, on the other hand, it should be reduced to ensure survivability.The purpose of the article is to improve the model of the operation of RR tools, which will enable to determine the values of their operation indicators for further substantiation of recommendations on the order of conducting reconnaissance with ensuring the required survivability index.The existing model has been further developed by including in the graph of functional states of the means of RR: the most probable conditions for the stay of the means of RR in obtaining reconnaissance information about enemy targets; transition from the state “under the fire influence of the enemy” to the “change position” state. This transition describes the process of implementing the release of the means of RR from under the enemy's fire to ensure vitality and create more favorable conditions for further reconnaissance.The model of the operation of the RR facilities makes it possible to determine the indices of the process of their functioning in the conditions of combat operations and in the future to justify recommendations on the order of conducting reconnaissance in order to increase their survivability.

Professionalizing clandestine military intelligence in Northern Ireland: creating the Special Reconnaissance Unit

This article explains the origins of the British Army’s covert counter-insurgency intelligence efforts in Northern Ireland, and shows how the army professionalized its approach to clandestine intelligence collection there. It traces the pre-1969 precedents for covert collection. It also shows that the early ad hoc efforts proved insufficient and problematic; some collection operations were exposed and compromised. Thus, the army decided to ‘professionalize’ the clandestine collection of intelligence, and created a special body–the Special Reconnaissance Unit–to handle the task. This laid the foundations for later intelligence successes and for current army intelligence doctrine.