Reconfiguration Technique Research Articles

Reconfigurable Frequency Response Masking Multi-MAC Filters for Software Defined Radio Channelization

Mobile technology is currently trending toward supporting multiple communication standards on a single device. This means that some reconfigurable techniques must be the foundation of their design. The two essential requirements of channel filters are minimized complexity and reconfigurability. In this research, a novel extension of Frequency Response Masking (FRM) was investigated by employing Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)-based single Multiply and Accumulate (MAC) architecture using the principle of resource sharing to realize multiple sharp filter responses from a single prototype constant group delay low pass filter. This paper uses a single multiply and add units regardless of the quantity of channels and taps. The suggested reconfigurable filter was synthesized on technology based on 0.18-µm CMOS and put into practice. Further trials were carried out on Virtex-II 2v3000ff1152-4 FPGA device. The outcomes revealed that the suggested channel filter, which was synthesized using FPGA, provides 21.36% of the area curtail and 14.88% of power scaling down on average and put into practice using ASIC provides 5.18% of the area reduction and 9.08% of power scaling down on average.

Static reconfiguration method of photovoltaic array based on improved competence square

Partial shading can reduce the power output of a photovoltaic (PV) array due to mismatch losses. Therefore, various static and dynamic reconfiguration techniques have been proposed to address this problem. Although dynamic reconfiguration methods are fast and flexible, they face challenges such as complex hardware circuits and high costs. In contrast, static reconfiguration methods simplify control complexity, improve system stability, and significantly reduce costs. Among the existing static reconfiguration techniques, the competence square (CS) method, which changes the physical positions of PV panels without modifying the total cross tied (TCT) based electrical connections, has been introduced to enhance power generation. However, this arrangement faces drawbacks due to the lack of effective chromatic dispersion and insufficient power enhancement under shading conditions. This paper proposes an improved competence square (ICS) reconfiguration method to further improve the power output. The ICS method first reconfigures the PV array using the CS method, then applies the lo shu (LS) method for secondary reconfiguration to determine the optimal connections. This method is compared with TCT, CS and improved northern goshawk optimization (INGO) methods. Additionally, the performance of the proposed method is evaluated against various existing photovoltaic array configurations by comparing the global maximum power point (GMPP), fill factor (FF), mismatch loss (ML), and power enhancement (PE). The experiment shows that under shading conditions of square shading, rectangle shading, trapezoid shading, triangle shading, L-shaped shading, cross shading, discontinuous shading, and irregular shading, reconfiguring PV arrays using ICS consistently achieves the highest power improvement. Compared to TCT, the power output increases significantly by 16.6%, 2.1%, 18.0%, 16.0%, 19.1%, 5.0%, 4.0%, and 3.0%, respectively. Comparison results validate the proposed ICS method in enhancing the global maximum power under shaded conditions.

A new solution for tackling mismatching losses in solar PV array via image encryption

Solar photovoltaic systems may undergo changes in power generation due to environmental factors such as partial shadowing, resulting in losses due to mismatch. This can ultimately lead to a decrease in the efficiency of the system's power conversion. While current solutions are both cost-effective and efficient, there is potential for novel approaches to further enhance system performance by improving consistency, power production, and minimizing mismatch losses. To address these limitations, this paper proposes the utilization of a highly efficient generalized Arnold's cat Map technique, commonly used in the image encryption process, to reconfigure the PV array. The effectiveness of these proposed approaches is evaluated in a MATLAB Simulink environment, specifically for a symmetrical (8x8) PV array, under various benchmark conditions such as Long wide; Short wide, Long Narrow, and Short Narrow shading conditions. The results obtained from these evaluations are then compared to prominent strategies such as Total-cross-tied and the recently reported Chaotic Baker's Map reconfiguration techniques. Furthermore, extensive analysis is conducted using different performance indices to gain a comprehensive understanding of the proposed approaches.

Performance enhancement of PV array using successive ring adder algorithm based reconfiguration techniques

The photovoltaic array’s output is decreased due to increase of mismatch losses (ML) under partial shading condition. Different row currents begin to flow from the PV modules as a result. Therefore, the panels must be reconfigured to minimize the row current differential in order to get the most power possible from the PV panel. This paper suggests Successive Ring Adder Algorithms (SRAA) to minimize the difference of row current. Under various shading patterns, the proposed scheme’s superiority is evaluated and contrasted with series-parallel (SP) and Total-Cross-Tied (TCT) configurations. The numerical outcomes demonstrate the superiority of the suggested algorithm. Additionally, unlike the recently reported reconfiguration techniques, it may be used with both square (9 × 9) and non-square (9 × 6) PV arrays. In comparison to SP and TCT configuration system, the maximum power generation has improved by 4.04% and 9.25%, respectively. In comparison to TCT (30.96%) and SP (37.52%), the ML was obtained with the lowest value i.e. 25.87%. The efficiency for a 9 × 9 PV array is measured at 13.18%, the highest among TCT (12.67%) and SP (12.07%) configurations. For non-squared (9 × 6) PV array arrangement, similar types of enhanced outcomes are produced.

An adaptive two-step staircase static reconfiguration method for improving the power generation of PV array

Partial shading of solar photovoltaic (PV) panels can significantly affect the performance of solar PV arrays. Various reconfiguration techniques have been explored in recent years. Still, their applicability to actual PV power generation is controversial due to the number of electrical switches, physical locations, interconnections and complexity. This study proposes an adaptive two-step staircase (A2SS) static reconfiguration method. The technique is experimentally validated in several conditions and compared with the conventional TCT connection, single-step staircase (1SS) static reconfiguration method, Arrow soduku, modified odd–even–prime (MOEP) and two-step staircase(2SS) static reconfiguration method. For the eight shading cases of LN, LW, LD, Ran, Cen, Cor, CD, and Plus at SET#1, after reconfiguring the PV array using A2SS, the power has a significant improvement of 17.6%, 17.0%, 13.4%, 13.4%, 20.6%, 20.2%, 3.1%, and 0.82% than TCT. In the four shading cases of Lr. C, Lr. O, Lr. T, and Lr. U at SET#2, the power showed a significant improvement of 11.8%, 9.2%, 10.7%, and 15.8% compared to TCT. It also has the best performance in various reconfiguration techniques, which are mentioned. In addition, the A2SS reconfiguration method can be better applied to various sizes of PV arrays. By optimizing the shading distribution and adjusting the row irradiance deviation, the power stability of PV power generation is improved while maximizing energy efficiency.

A fault reconfiguration strategy based on logical structure and improved reinforcement learning for ship DC regional grid

Ship DC Regional Grid (SDRG) is an advanced power system that divides the power system into different regions, which can improve energy efficiency and stability. However, little research has been done on its fault reconfiguration. In the event of a fault, the switch is controlled by the fault reconfiguration technique to reconfigure the direction of the flow, which effectively improves the reliability of the power supply to the loads. A two-stage fault reconfiguration method based on Logical Structure (LS) and Improved Reinforcement Learning (IRL) is proposed, aiming to maximize the power load and minimize the number of switches. First, LS is utilized to design the load connectivity matrix based on the grid characteristics, and the grid topology is adjusted to achieve fast reconfiguration based on load prioritization. Further, IRL is employed to improve the reconfiguration speed and quality by establishing the optimal solution experience pool and improving the reward and punishment mechanism. The proposed method enables the selection of an appropriate reconfiguration strategy based on fault size, consequently improving convergence time and flexibility. Comparative experimental results in a four-region SDRG show that the proposed method can effectively solve the SDRG fault reconfiguration problem.

Reconfigurable and polarization-dependent optical filtering for transflective full-color generation utilizing low-loss phase-change materials

All-dielectric metasurface, which features low optical absorptance and high resolution, is becoming a promising candidate for full-color generation. However, the optical response of current metamaterials is fixed and lacks active tuning. In this work, we demonstrate a reconfigurable and polarization-dependent active color generation technique by incorporating low-loss phase change materials (PCMs) and CaF2 all-dielectric substrate. Based on the strong Mie resonance effect and low optical absorption structure, a transflective, full-color with high color purity and gamut value is achieved. The spectrum can be dynamically manipulated by changing either the polarization of incident light or the PCM state. High transmittance and reflectance can be simultaneously achieved by using low-loss PCMs and substrate. The novel active metasurfaces can bring new inspiration in the areas of optical encryption, anti-counterfeiting, and display technologies.

RECONFIGURATION OF SOLAR PANELS TO PRODUCE MAXIMUM POWER USING NOVEL METHOD (TOUR PUZZLE)

This paper introduces a new reconfiguration technique called tour puzzle for better shadow dispersion and obtaining maximum output power under partial shade conditions. In the presented method, partial shadows are spread in all rows and maximum power can be achieved. The puzzle tour can be applied to all kinds of PV arrays of different dimensions and sizes. Accordingly, the puzzle tour procedure is applied in several cases in the form of squares and rectangles with different dimensions and various shading conditions in each case. To directly compare and present the efficiency of the proposed method, the total cross-connection model and conventional methods such as magic Square puzzle, competence Square puzzle, Skyscraper and improved Sudoku are also implemented in the introduced cases. Finally, the evaluations emphasize the capability and efficiency of the Tour puzzle solution compared to other methods by achieving GMPP values such as 63.9 VmIm, 69.3 VmIm, 69.3 VmIm and 68.4 VmIm for cases 1 to 4, respectively. The results show that the proposed method can provide acceptable performance for solving the problem of achieving maximum power under PSC in PV.

Cost-effective one-time configuration for bridge-linked thermoelectric generator array using INFO optimizer

One of the key mechanisms of enhancing the power output of Thermoelectric Generators (TEG) under nonuniform temperature distribution (NUTD) is to restructure their arrays to disperse the NUTD profiles. Existing research works in this area primarily propose dynamic reconfiguration techniques of TEG arrays as a potential solution to maximize their output powers while taking no notice of the highly associated costs of their implementation, i.e., sensors, switches, and maintenance, in addition to the complexity of operation and limited service lifetime of switches. To alleviate these drawbacks, this paper introduces an optimization model for a one-time configuration (OTC) of TEG arrays to maximize their output powers while accommodating multiple NUTD profiles simultaneously. Using the INFO optimizer, the introduced optimization model yields the OTC layout for both symmetrical and asymmetrical TEG arrays across various NUTD scenarios. Given its superior performance, the optimization model is applied to the bridge-linked (BL) TEG array and compared to other configurations such as series (S), series-parallel (SP), and standard BL. The results of the proposed OTC model are compared with (1) standard, non-optimized SP and BL configurations and (2) different dynamic-based reconfiguration techniques. Further, the performance of the proposed model is tested and validated experimentally in the laboratory for the available symmetrical hardware setup, 5 × 5, TEG array under varying NUTD profiles. Compared to dynamic reconfigurations, the results show that the proposed OTC technique provides a partially optimal and cost-effective solution to enhance the output power of TEG arrays under different NUTD. Specifically, for 9×9 and 10×15 TEG arrays, the OTC saves approximately 1,498.5 ($) and 2750 ($) compared to dynamic reconfigurations, respectively. Moreover, BL-based OTC enhances the TEG array harvested power by maximum values of 1.7532%, 2.43%, and 3.156% compared with the standard S, SP, and BL configurations, respectively, based on the hardware setup. Throughout the detailed comparison between the proposed OTC and dynamic reconfiguration techniques, this paper contributes to a deeper understanding of the trade-offs between these configuration techniques and addresses a critical gap in the current research landscape of enhancing the output powers of TEG arrays.

Recent development in reconfigurable dielectric resonator antenna and microwave filter: design and application

SummaryDeveloping wireless communication systems depends on reconfigurable microwave filters (MF) and dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) because the functionality of the various filters and antennas available for a wireless communication system is limited, and reconfigurable DRA and MF are utilized to overcome these limitations. The throughput of a multiantenna system can be achieved with reconfigurable DRA and filter. Various switching strategies and classifications of reconfigurable DRA and MF are presented. The electrical reconfiguration technique is most suitable for developing a reconfigurable DRA and filter among all the switching techniques. In this approach, reconfigurability may be accomplished by utilizing a PIN diode, a varactor diode, and a radio‐frequency microelectromechanical switch (RF‐MEMS). These switches are more reliable, highly efficient, and easily integrated with the microwave circuit. Reconfigurable DRA with machine learning is demonstrated. The application of reconfigurable DRA and filters in cognitive radio (CR) is also demonstrated. Also, the review article focused on the performance parameters, design, and challenges of reconfigurable antenna and MF.

A reliable GTR-PLC approach for power enhancement and online monitoring of solar PV arrays during partial shading

The PV system encounters severe power loss due to the existence of unavoidable partial shading that is mainly overcome by reconfiguration techniques. Besides the advantage of power enhancement, reconfiguration techniques deal with drawbacks such as limited to symmetrical arrays, higher switches and sensors requirements, lower convergence to optimal solution, and improper monitoring. In this paper, a gorilla troop reconfiguration-power line communication (GTR-PLC) approach is proposed for performance enhancement and monitoring of PV arrays during partial shading. The proposed approach uses a considerably lower switch count along with a low-cost simple architecture for loss reduction and smooth operation of the PV array during partial shading. The proposed approach is validated for 5 × 5 and 9 × 9 arrays under time-domain dynamic shading scenarios in simulation whereas real-time hardware setup-based analysis is conducted for 2 × 3 and 12 × 4 arrays using numerous artificial shading cases. The performance of the proposed system is compared with twelve existing static and dynamic techniques and found to have zero misleading power loss with an average power increment of 38.37 %. Also, a power extraction efficiency of 98.99 % and an average calculation time of 0.09 s in the proposed system during partial shading is recorded.

A Probabilistic Optimization Technique for Network Reconfiguration in Distribution System with PVs and Phasor Measurement Units

A Probabilistic Optimization Technique for Network Reconfiguration in Distribution System with PVs and Phasor Measurement Units

Development of novel fish-inspired robot with variable stiffness

In nature, real fish can adjust stiffness to improve their swimming speed and efficiency, which prompted us to apply the variable stiffness mode to a fish-inspired robot. In this paper, we adopt a mechanically adjustable compliance and controllable equilibrium position actuator (MACCEPA) to achieve a wide range of rotational stiffness change of the robotic fish body. Fish-inspired robots with offline/online variable stiffness mechanisms are developed. Then, swimming experiments are carried out to study the effect of the rotational stiffness of robot body on the swimming performance. Experimental data are processed using the undulatory reconfiguration technique. The offline variable stiffness fish-inspired robot achieved a maximum stride length of 0.7 BL/cycle (body length per cycle), which is basically equal to that of real fish. Experimental results revealed that in addition to the rotational stiffness of caudal fin, the rotational stiffness of fish body is also important and should increase with the driving frequency to achieve a better swimming performance. The rotational stiffness of fish body is the key factor for keeping the stride length stable, which offers a new insight for performance improvement of the high-frequency fish-inspired robot. The findings of this study are beneficial to the design of variable-stiffness fish-inspired robots.

Reduced partial shading effect and enhancement of performance metrics using a Fibonacci based algorithm

AbstractPartial shading within arrays diminishes power output, induces hotspots, and compromises module integrity, thereby impacting system performance. The presence of bypass diodes further exacerbates these issues by introducing non‐convexities in power curves, leading to additional power losses. To solve this problem, a new reconfiguration technique named Fibonacci Random Number Generator is proposed in this work which minimizes the effects of shading on the panels. The proposed methodology swiftly reduces current discrepancies between PV array rows by reshuffles the panels in an array to disperse the shade better using a mathematical formula resulting in increased power output and smoother power curves during partial shading events. The effectiveness of the proposed method is measured in terms of GMPP, row current calculations, power loss (PL), mismatch losses (ML), execution ratio (ER), fill factor (FF), and capacity factor (CF) for four distinctive shading conditions. Validation of results in software and hardware platforms showcase the applicability of proposed approach in real‐time environments. Results indicate significant average power improvements of 25.49%, 15.47%, and 9.29% compared to existing popular reconfigurations like Skyscraper, Ken‐Ken, and Chaotic baker map. The proposed method stands out as a potent tool for optimizing PV arrays within real‐world systems grappling with partial shading issues.

The "V-I penoscrotal reconfiguration": A simple technique for the surgical treatment of congenital webbed penis.

To describe a new penoscrotal reconfiguration technique, named "V-I penoscrotal reconfiguration" for the surgical reconstruction of a congenital webbed penis (CWP). Twenty-one patients who underwent the "V-I penoscrotal reconfiguration technique" were included in this retrospective study. The CWP severity was assessed according to El-Koutby's classification. Demographic and clinical data, surgical data, and postoperative outcomes were scheduled and analyzed. Specifically, the postoperative follow-up included both physical and psychological assessments at 2 weeks, 1, 6, and 12 months after surgery. Parents' satisfaction degree was quantified by the Likert scale. CWP was grade 3 in 11 (52%) patients, 2 in five (24%), and 1 (24%) in five. Five (24%) CWP were isolated malformations, 11 (52%) were associated with phimosis, three (14%) with hypospadias, and two (10%) with hypospadias and phimosis. There were no postoperative complications and no cases of redo surgery. The cosmetic outcomes were excellent in all cases: the parents' satisfaction score was 4 in 17 (81%) cases and 3 (9%) in the other four cases. CWP may cause psychological distress and functional problems, especially during sexual intercourse. Its correction in childhood is advocated to prevent psychological and sexual issues. The "V-I reconfiguration technique" is simple, and easy with excellent cosmetic and functional outcomes.

Design of new tuning circuit based reconfigurable microstrip antenna for S, C, X, and Ku bands applications

ABSTRACT A new reconfigurable microstrip has been designed, and manufactured via tuning and switching components. The antenna can swipe among various frequencies. Several operational modes have been tested, and measured via Vector Network Analyzer (VNA). A circular patch is considered complicated in design calculations. Therefore, the proposed antenna intended a reduction in scheming via an uncomplex structure. Tow-tuning capacitors have been added to function in multi-bands. Also, hybrid connections between capacitors and switching diodes have been used for the reconfiguration technique. A compressed size of 31 × 27 (mm), low-priced, straightforward structured antenna operates in various modes at the following frequency bands: S-band at 2, 2.09, 2.18, 2.27, and 2.4 GHz, C band at 4.9, 7.7, and 7.9 GHz, X band at 10.5, and 10.7 GHz, and Ku band at 13.3, 13.4, 14.9, 15.2, 15.5,15.6, 17.4, 17.5, and 17.6 GHz. The reconfigurable antenna offered a peak radiation efficiency of 79% and peak gain of 7.3 dB under all tested scenarios. The proposed reconfigurable microstrip antenna is appropriate to function in recent wireless communication technologies such as industrial scientific medical (ISM) bands (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, ZigBee, WiMAX, IoT, etc.), 5G applications, fixed wireless systems (FWS), 4G (LTE), and satellite communications.

Optical encryption by dynamically modulating the spatial frequency of light fields

Optical encryption has received increasing attention recently as information security is playing a crucial role in the modern information society. Particularly, the intensive investigation and rapid development of metasurfaces have significantly facilitated the research of optical encryption with enhanced security and increased capacity for information. Nevertheless, most metasurface encryption schemes still suffer from the challenge of dynamic modulation. Here, we demonstrate a novel dynamic optical encryption scheme in which information can be encrypted in light fields in a reconfigurable manner. Specifically, the spatial frequencies of optical images are utilized as information carriers and dynamically modulated for encrypting information. With the developed reconfigurable Fourier optics technique, various kinds of messages can be directly embedded in the spatial frequency domain of the ciphertext images and maintained with high fidelity. Importantly, information security and capacity can benefit from high-speed dynamic modulation with advanced coding techniques, an example of which has been demonstrated via exploiting the position, profile, and time degrees of freedom of spatial frequency. The proposed novel optical encryption scheme may pave the way for realizing high-performance information encryption systems.

PERFORMANCE OF SCREW HORIZONTAL AND BRIDGE LINKAGE PHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAY CONFIGURATIONS

Due to partial shading effects on the productivity of solar panels which in turn negatively impacts the performance characteristics of photovoltaic systems, researchers work on different studies to overcome this phenomenon and improve solar system productivity. Therefore, this study aims to investigate different techniques to enhance the output power, fill factor, and efficiency of the PV system by reducing the number of local maximum power peaks, power losses, and mismatch losses. The configurations include a novel static reconfiguration technique, called a Screw Horizontal photovoltaic array, and a recently developed technique known as a Bridge Linkage array. Both of these are modeled using MATLAB/Simulink software and examined during six shading patterns. The novelty of this study is that we combined the above static reconfiguration technique with another modern technique called blocking and bypass diode technology to prevent the effect of reverse current and hotspot phenomena respectively. According to the results, the Bridge Linkage configuration performs the most efficiently under partial shading conditions compared to the Screw horizontal PV array configuration.

Evaluation of Voltage Fluctuations Effect on Reconfiguration of Distribution Systems

Distribution system operators seriously restrict bus voltage deviations within a small range from the nominal voltage to ensure security aspects. The distribution network reconfiguration technique is often performed to improve these voltage levels, if not to reduce power losses. However, distribution systems feed various kinds of consumers, and their power demand dependency on bus voltages is different based on their load type. Modifying the network configuration changes the system's nodal voltage levels, and then the load power is also impacted after the reconfiguration. Only a few research works in the field of distribution system reconfiguration have included load power dependency to nodal voltages in their proposed models. However, these studies have not discussed whether adding voltage-depend loads to the reconfiguration problem is beneficial or only increases the computational efforts without substantial gains on the optimal solution. With the intention to fill this gap, this article develops a comprehensive analysis of how the change of load according to the voltage affects reconfiguration solutions. This investigation aims to help distribution system researchers and readers understand this phenomenon and highlight the benefits and drawbacks of taking it into account. Also, a robust reconfiguration model for considering load types and nodal voltage is proposed. The model is validated in different network models and sizes, where the obtained results are compared with other models presented in the literature. The results analysis indicates that voltage fluctuations impact the distribution network configuration through voltage effect on power losses and the system nodal loads. Also, load voltage-dependent models are more flexible than constant demand based-formulations in finding feasible solutions in more restricted voltage tolerances.

A multi-objective artificial hummingbird algorithm for dynamic optimal volt-var controls for high electric vehicle load penetration in a photovoltaic distribution network

Renewable energy systems (RESs) and electric vehicles (EVs) have become global necessities to meet the sustainable development goals (SDGs). Because they are intermittent and stochastic, these two technologies have caused power grid operation and regulation challenges despite their environmental benefits. A new combined dynamic optimal network reconfiguration (DONR) and capacitor bank switching (CBS) optimization technique reduces solar and multi-type load effects on the distribution network performance. Considering substantial EV load penetrations, ONR and CBS should coordinate to reduce energy loss, improve the voltage profile, and save money during 24 h operation. The artificial hummingbird algorithm (AHA) solves this difficult optimization problem for the first time. An enhanced IEEE 33-bus benchmark test system was used to simulate various instances to evaluate the computational characteristics of the AHA and compare it with other similar algorithms. The obtained results demonstrate the superiority of the combined DONR and CBS for real-time scenarios over any individual approach.