Recommendations For Reform Research Articles

The Intersection of Traumatic Brain Injury, Substance Abuse, and Mental Health Disorders in Incarcerated Women Addressing Intergenerational Trauma through Neuropsychological Rehabilitation

The intersection of traumatic brain injury (TBI), substance abuse, and mental health disorders presents a significant challenge within the incarcerated female population, where rates of these conditions are alarmingly high. This paper explores the multifaceted relationships among TBI, substance abuse, and mental health disorders, emphasizing the impact of intergenerational trauma on this vulnerable group. Women in correctional facilities often experience a history of trauma, exacerbating their mental health challenges and increasing the likelihood of substance use as a maladaptive coping mechanism. The cumulative effects of TBI can further complicate their psychological and emotional well-being, leading to a cycle of trauma that is perpetuated across generations. Through a review of current literature and case studies, this paper advocates for the implementation of neuropsychological rehabilitation programs that address the unique needs of incarcerated women. Such interventions are crucial not only for improving individual outcomes but also for breaking the cycle of trauma that affects families and communities. Recommendations for policy reforms and future research directions are provided to enhance the efficacy of rehabilitation efforts and support the reintegration of these women into society.

Police leaders’ support for civilian oversight and implicit bias training: assessing the influence of perceptions of systemic racism

ABSTRACT This study uses a sample of police leaders from across the United States to explore the extent to which their support for civilian oversight boards and implicit bias training, as two aspects of police reform intended to improve racial injustices, relate to their belief that systemic racism is an issue in criminal justice. Presented in the context of symbolic racism theory, we assess how respondents’ willingness to acknowledge systemic racism in criminal justice relates to more supportive perceptions of civilian oversight boards and implicit bias training. These relationships remain significant even when controlling for other individual and agency-level factors that are known to affect perceptions of systemic racism and support for public policies designed to improve racial justice. This study discusses the need for additional research and consideration of how police officers’ racialized attitudes relate to their support for common reform recommendations.

Enhancing University Students' Soft Skills: A Quantitative Study on Problem-Solving and Social Competence

This study investigates the development and interrelation of problem-solving skills and social competence among university students using the quantitative methodological approach. It addresses massive gaps in our knowledge regarding soft skill manifestation and evolution in higher education. Data was collected from 300 university students using validated survey instruments about problem-solving ability, social competence, academic performance, and other related variables through systematic sampling. There were a few significant positive correlations between problem-solving confidence, social competence, and academic performance. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that problem-solving confidence and problem-solving skills are the principal predictors of academic outcome accounting for 25% of soft skill variance. Furthermore, the investigation indicates large substantive correlations between stress-coping mechanisms and social competence. This predicts that emotional resilience is influential in academic environments. This research analyzes the socioeconomic aspect of skill acquisition. Therefore, it underlines the need for specific education interventions. This contribution of the research to the theoretical discourse on the development of soft skills in higher education is further augmented by providing evidence-based recommendations for curriculum upgrading and institution policy reforms. The results of the study hold enormous implications for pedagogy practices and the development of education policy within higher education institutions.

Pharmacists in global primary healthcare systems: A comprehensive model for community health empowerment

Pharmacists play an increasingly important role in global primary healthcare systems, evolving from traditional dispensers to active participants in patient-centered care. This paper advocates for the stronger integration of pharmacists into healthcare teams to improve patient outcomes, medication adherence, and overall healthcare delivery. Through a comprehensive review, we examine the evolving role of pharmacists, the key challenges to their full integration, and the substantial opportunities they present, particularly in managing chronic diseases, providing preventative care, and enhancing patient education. We propose a model for empowering pharmacists to contribute more effectively to community health, especially in underserved areas. The paper also highlights the potential global impact of pharmacists in reducing healthcare costs, improving disease management, and promoting public health initiatives. Lastly, recommendations for future policy reforms, education enhancements, and research directions are offered to support the continued expansion of pharmacists' roles in primary healthcare systems worldwide.

Financial Sustainability Above All Else? Drivers and Types of Pension Reform Recommendations in EU Socio‐economic Governance

AbstractThe average age of the population and the ratio of workers to pensioners in the European Union (EU) are rising, putting increasing pressure on the long‐term sustainability of pension systems. To counteract this development, a large number of pension reform recommendations (PRRs) have been issued within EU socio‐economic governance. In this article, we analyse the extent to which PRRs are consistent with the three main objectives of the open method of coordination (OMC), which emphasise (i) financial sustainability, (ii) benefit adequacy and (iii) modernisation with respect to gender equality. Using an original dataset, we code 438 PRRs from 2011 to 2023 and analyse the extent to which these are consistent with the three main objectives of the OMC. Our results show that PRRs are primarily focused on financial sustainability, to the detriment of adequacy and modernisation, and that they are driven solely by sustainability concerns.

Job Opportunities in Various Field for Criminology Graduates: Indian Perspective

ABSTRACT The study explores the wide range of career options available to criminology graduates in India, focusing on both traditional fields and emerging ones that have developed due to technological, sociopolitical, and economic changes. Employers in areas such as public policy, corporate security, intelligence, and the criminal justice system are increasingly seeking criminology graduates. In this evolving job market, these graduates face both opportunities and challenges, as employers demand specific skills, practical experience, and real-world knowledge from new candidates. This research provides a thorough analysis of how criminology graduates can adapt to the Indian job market and offers targeted recommendations for curriculum reform, industry collaborations, and government initiatives to enhance employability. Drawing from both international and Indian studies, the paper highlights how technological advancements and contemporary security needs have shaped employment patterns in India’s private sector and its criminal justice system.

The Impact of Administrative Decisions on Commercial Freedom in Saudi Arabia: A Legal Study

This legal study examines the impact of administrative decisions on commercial freedom in Saudi Arabia, exploring the intricate relationship between regulatory frameworks and business operations. The research analyzes the historical context of commercial freedom in the kingdom, tracing its evolution from traditional practices to the current legal landscape. It delves into the constitutional provisions and relevant legislation that shape administrative decision-making processes affecting commercial activities. Through case studies, the study illustrates practical implications of administrative decisions on various aspects of business operations, including visa regulations, residence permits, zoning laws, and regulatory compliance. The research identifies key challenges to commercial freedom, such as regulatory barriers and administrative obstacles, while also highlighting opportunities for enhancement, including improved transparency and modernized regulations. The study emphasizes the crucial roles of key stakeholders - government, private enterprises, and civil society organizations - in shaping commercial freedom. It proposes recommendations for reform, focusing on legislative changes, institutional improvements, and fostering an entrepreneurial culture. While acknowledging Saudi Arabia's progress in developing its commercial legislation and regulatory system, the research identifies areas for improvement. It concludes that the kingdom's efforts to balance regulatory oversight with business needs, coupled with its economic diversification goals, suggest a positive trajectory for commercial freedom. However, success depends on continued reform, stakeholder engagement, and adaptation to global economic trends while respecting local cultural and religious values. This study provides valuable insights for policymakers, business leaders, and researchers interested in understanding and enhancing commercial freedom in Saudi Arabia.

Moroccan Secondary School English Teacher’s Perception: Science and Literary Stream Students’ Performance

The study investigates the perceptions of Moroccan secondary school teachers regarding the academic performance of science and literary stream students aged 16 to 18. Through a combination of mail surveys, unstructured interviews with English teachers, and discourse analysis, the research identifies that English as the second foreign language in Moroccan schools influences the perceived advantages of science stream students over their literary counterparts. The findings align with a previous study and suggest that science students often pursue literary studies at Moroccan universities post-baccalaureate. The research delves into the distinctive characteristics of science stream students and proposes recommendations for governmental and ministerial reforms in the Moroccan educational system. The study underscores the historical incorporation of English in the Moroccan educational system since 1956 and highlights recent developments, such as the expansion of English language teaching to middle schools. It emphasises the impact of English language learning on students’ future orientations and tendencies in higher education. Ultimately, the study aims to draw attention to English teachers’ perceptions to facilitate positive changes in the Moroccan educational system, urging the education ministry and relevant authorities to consider reforms.

Electronic Commercial Contracts in Saudi Arabia: Legal and Regulatory Challenges

This study explores the legal and regulatory challenges associated with electronic commercial contracts in Saudi Arabia. As e-commerce grows globally, the Kingdom has witnessed rapid changes in commercial practices, necessitating a robust legal framework to regulate electronic contracts. The paper examines the historical development of e-commerce in Saudi Arabia, the regulatory framework governing electronic contracts, and the challenges that arise from their enforcement. Key issues include the compatibility of electronic transactions with traditional legal principles, the recognition of electronic signatures, and cybersecurity concerns that impact the validity and enforceability of these contracts. Additionally, the paper compares Saudi Arabia’s legal framework with international standards, highlighting gaps that hinder the effective regulation of electronic commerce in the Kingdom. Recommendations for reform include harmonizing local laws with global best practices and enhancing cybersecurity measures to foster trust in electronic transactions. The study emphasizes the need for legal clarity to support the growth of e-commerce while protecting both businesses and consumers in the digital age.

Breaking Water Laws in the Murray‐Darling Basin: Understanding Water Compliance Challenges and Stakeholder Perceptions

AbstractClimate change will put pressure on irrigated agriculture, increasing water scarcity and possible non‐compliance with water regulations. This is especially true in areas such as the Murray‐Darling Basin (MDB), Australia, an area where water resources have been overallocated. Understanding the expected penalties and probability of detection and prosecution of water theft faced by irrigators is important for understanding the incentives for water compliance. We analyze state‐level compliance action data and undertake a detailed case study of estimating the real penalty value of water theft in New South Wales (NSW), the largest MDB state. This analysis is supplemented with qualitative comment on compliance issues from 63 MDB stakeholder interviews. Although findings from random audits suggest that only a small percentage of irrigators commit water theft offenses, the average probabilities of audit detection and prosecution for water theft in NSW between 2018/19 and 2020/21 were low, leading to an average real expected penalty value of stealing water well below existing market prices. Stakeholder interviews confirmed that the majority did not believe there were serious water theft or water compliance challenges—whereas recent secondary survey data suggests that the general public perceives water theft and compliance as a serious and ongoing challenge in the MDB and more needs to be done to address it. Three recommendations for data and policy reform are proposed, namely: (a) improving compliance data and reporting; (b) increasing the probability of detection and prosecution; and (c) increasing penalties, regulator visibility, and reforming legislation. Results illustrate that even countries with highly advanced water governance require data improvements, along with sufficient levels of compliance activities and penalties for effective deterrence and stakeholder confidence.

Regional trade agreements and economic integration in Africa: assessing the impact of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AFCFTA)

This article examines the impact of Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) on economic integration in Africa, focusing on the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA). As the largest free trade area globally, AfCFTA aims to create a unified market for goods and services across 55 African Union member states, fostering economic growth, reducing trade barriers, and enhancing intra-African trade. This article assesses the potential economic benefits of AfCFTA, including increased market access, industrialization, and job creation. It also considers the challenges of implementation, such as infrastructure deficits, varying levels of economic development, and non-tariff barriers. Through case studies of key African economies, including South Africa, Nigeria, and Kenya, the article explores how AfCFTA is reshaping trade dynamics and regional cooperation. Furthermore, it evaluates the role of AfCFTA in addressing Africa’s dependence on external markets and enhancing global competitiveness. The article concludes by providing recommendations for policy reforms, capacity building, and regional cooperation needed to maximize the benefits of AfCFTA. By analyzing both opportunities and challenges, this article offers insights into how AfCFTA can drive deeper economic integration and sustainable development across the African continent.

Impact of Registration System Reform on the Quality of Public Companies in China

As the reform of the registration system continues to advance, it's been a year since China fully implemented its Registration System Reforms. Whether the registration system reform has promoted the high-quality development of China's public companies has become a hot concern. This article systematically analyzes the impact of the registration system reform on the quality of public companies. It is divided into two parts: the impact on the quality of corporate governance and the quality of company operations. Additionally, it examines the impact of the registration system reform on the quality of information disclosure and accounting information. It also considers the positive and negative impacts on company finances and their ability to innovate. The article starts from the impact of the registration system reform on the quality of public companies, and targets the relevant recommendations of the registration system reform, to promote the high-quality development of the capital market and deepen the registration system reform.

2024 Election Reflections: Political Ambition and Legal Defeat

The 2024 election in Indonesia faces significant challenges related to political ambitions and legal defeats, which have impacted the integrity and implementation of the election process. Political ambitions from candidates and political parties often lead to violations of election rules, including the spread of misleading information and manipulation of voting results. Legal defeats, such as violations of campaign rules and the inability of law enforcement to handle these cases, undermine public trust in the democratic system and law enforcement institutions. This article examines the impact of these legal defeats and provides recommendations for reforms in election regulations, increased law enforcement, transparency, and political education. Comprehensive reform efforts are needed to ensure fair elections and increase public trust in the democratic process in the future

Applying the LightGBM model and SHAP interpretation to understand the urban land price index and its influencing factors in China

ABSTRACT Investigating the key factors affecting land prices is conducive to establishing targeted market-oriented reforms of the land market and promoting its healthy development. Traditional linear analysis cannot comprehensively compare the importance of feature variables and is unable to analyse the nonlinear influence process of feature variables. Therefore, based on the land transaction dataset from 2011 to 2020 in China, we used machine learning and the Shapley Additive exPlanations method to analyse the importance ranking of factors affecting land prices and analyse the nonlinear influence processes. The government fiscal, industrial development, and financial system indices are determined as the most important factors affecting residential, commercial, and industrial land price indices, respectively, and each exhibits different characteristics. The financial system index exerts the strongest impact on land price indices in large cities, whereas transportation and communication indices are the most dominant in small cities. Moreover, industrial development index is the most important influencing factor in industrial cities, whereas regional economic index exerts the greatest impact in small cities. By employing machine learning methods, we determined nonlinear effects that traditional linear models fail to obtain. Based on the results, we propose policy recommendations for market-oriented reforms on the land market, real-estate policies, and a stable monetary system.

Research on Legal Issues of Protection of Rights and Interests of Internet Consumers in China

This paper explores the current status and issues of China's laws regarding the protection of consumer rights in online transactions, aiming to analyze challenges in their implementation and propose reform recommendations. Firstly, it reviews China's existing legal framework, including major legislative provisions and judicial interpretations. Subsequently, through an analysis of ambiguities in legal application, challenges in regulatory enforcement, and barriers to consumer rights protection, it exposes the primary issues in current legal implementation. Finally, based on these findings, specific reform suggestions are proposed to clarify legal applicability, enhance regulatory efficiency, and improve mechanisms for consumer rights protection, aiming to enhance the effectiveness and fairness of consumer protection in China's online environment.

RESEARCH INTO A STABLE DIFFUSION-BASED HUMAN-MACHINE-HUMAN TEACHING MODEL FOR ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN COURSES

ABSTRACT Conventional methods of teaching architectural design have flaws like fuzzy information exchange, limitations of thought dispersion, and disconnection of theory and practice because of the different cognitive levels of teachers and students. This paper explores the interactive and collaborative “human-machine-human” mode of utilizing Stable Diffusion image generation technology to teach architectural design and achieve artificial intelligence. To enhance the quality and effectiveness of instruction, the model uses artificial intelligence for image generation, optimization, and presentation in accordance with the three stages of architectural design teaching that are developed in this paper. Mainly using the Northeastern University youth hostel design course as an example, this paper compares the new “human-machine-human” mode with the traditional “human-human” mode, assesses the necessity and viability of the AI intervention, and offers examples for future architectural course teaching reform and the comprehensive integration of AI and architecture. In the interim, it offers resources and recommendations for the deep integration of AI and architecture, as well as recommendations for future teaching reform of architecture courses.

Ex-post evaluation of fishery management policies on wild fisheries production in northern Cabo Verde: An example of mackerel scad (Decapterus macarellus, Carangidae).

Government policies for marine fisheries have been implemented in Cabo Verde since its independence in 1975, with the aim to prevent overexploitation of wild fish species and promote sustainable fishing practices. Nonetheless, only minor amendments have been made to the legal harvesting size, considering biological sciences. This study, therefore, adopted a transdisciplinary approach to assess the political, ecological, and social dimensions of current fishery policy interventions applicable to the commercially valuable pelagic species Decapterus macarellus (mackerel scad). An ex-post analysis of relevant fishery management policies targeting D. macarellus was conducted. This was supplemented by strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis conducted by key fisheries stakeholders. Stocks assessment was conducted on catch data before (2003-2007) and after (2017-2021) the policy interventions. This was followed by a survey of 175 fishery sector actors to understand their perception of the policies, compliance challenges, and recommendations for reforms. Results showed that although the mackerel scad landing size comparably increased, landing catches were on the decline. Most fisheries stakeholders are aware of the policies implemented and acknowledge their favorable developmental outcomes. However, certain gaps exist in the national marine fisheries policies. For example, there is an absence of follow-up research on implemented fishing policies and a lack of monitoring data on the ecology and distribution of the mackerel scad, which hinders our understanding of the exact causes of the reported continual decrease in catches. There is, therefore, a need for regular monitoring of the environmental health of coastal and marine habitats to inform prioritization and/or reformulation of policy intervention measures to achieve intended conservation outcomes.

Ethical committee frameworks and processes used to evaluate humanities research require reform: Findings from a UK-wide network consultation

ABSTRACT Background Qualitative Humanities research is perturbed by ethical review processes that routinely invoke epistemological assumptions skewed towards positivistic or deductive research, giving rise to several concerns, including increased risk aversion by University Research Ethics Committees (URECs) and the evaluation of qualitative research designs according to STEM standards. Methods/Materials This paper presents findings from an AHRC-funded research network built to better understand how research ethics frameworks and processes might be reformed to more appropriately fit ethically challenging qualitative methodologies. Results There remains dissatisfaction with the current processes for awarding ethical approval and the subsequent management of ethical dimensions of projects. In spite of recent developments, UREC frameworks remain seriously flawed, with a wide divergence in the quality of expertise, procedures, and practices, leading to inconsistency in ethical approval awards. Conclusions These factors downgrade UK Higher Education research power in the Humanities and undermine our commitments to the researched. We propose a series of recommendations for reform.

Dari Toleransi ke Koeksistensi: Eksplorasi Konseptual Pendidikan Islam dan Multikulturalisme dalam Menghadapi Radikalisme

This research aims to conceptually explore the integration of multicultural values ​​in Islamic education and its potential to overcome radicalism and promote a more inclusive and peaceful society. The researcher used a library research approach. This research examined various scientific books, journals, research results, and academic discussions relevant to Islamic education and multiculturalism. Hermeneutic analysis techniques deepen understanding of how Islamic education can be enriched with a multicultural approach. Findings show that the current Islamic education curriculum often lacks comprehensive integration of multicultural aspects that can encourage active coexistence. Therefore, this research proposes curriculum reform that educates about tolerance and actively promotes coexistence through a more inclusive and transformative approach. It includes developing teaching materials to encourage a deep understanding of other religions and active social engagement among students from diverse cultural and religious backgrounds. Islamic education integrated with multicultural values ​​has significant potential to reduce radicalism and strengthen the foundations of a tolerant and harmonious society. Implementation requires collaboration between policymakers, educators, and community stakeholders to develop and implement curricula supporting coexistence and diversity. This research provides new insights into the strategic role of Islamic education in the current global context and offers practical recommendations for educational reform oriented towards coexistence and inclusivity.

ETHICAL AND LEGAL FRONTIERS IN MILD TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY: NAVIGATING PATIENT CARE, CONSENT AND LIABILITY

This paper examines the complex ethical dilemmas and legal challenges in the management of mild Traumatic Brain Injuries (mTBIs), focusing on issues of autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, justice, liability, compensation, and insurance. Through a comprehensive literature review and analysis, we explore the current medical understanding of mTBIs, including diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis, alongside the ethical considerations critical to patient care. Furthermore, we analyze medicolegal implications, highlighting the gaps and inconsistencies in existing legal frameworks that affect the management and protection of individuals with mTBIs. The paper proposes an integrated approach to address these challenges, emphasizing the need for enhanced clinical guidelines, legal reforms, interdisciplinary collaboration, and increased research funding. Our findings underscore the importance of developing standardized protocols that incorporate ethical principles and legal safeguards, ensuring equitable and effective management of mTBIs. Recommendations for policy and practice reforms are offered to improve patient outcomes and navigate the ethical and legal complexities associated with mTBIs.