Recommendations For Authorities Research Articles

Incentive mechanism for allocating wastewater discharge responsibility based on cooperative game theory

Clarifying responsibility for wastewater discharges and enhancing reasonable allocation of wastewater emission permits are critical for controlling wastewater discharge in the context global sustainable development plans. The traditional wastewater allocation approach has several drawbacks, such as sub-regional "free-riding," imbalanced regional development and demand, and unfair allocation mechanism. This study developed a model based on cooperative game theory to allocate responsibility for wastewater discharge in China's Tuojiang River Basin. In this model, the level of impact of a watershed sub-region on the water environment is determined, according to which the wastewater discharge responsibility is assigned. The stronger the impact of upstream sub-regions on downstream wastewater discharge, the greater the responsibility for wastewater discharge. Furthermore, by implementing the wastewater cooperation model, sub-regions can monitor and incentivize each other, through which wastewater discharges can be reduced by 16.38%, compared to the baseline mechanism and overall discharges can be reduced by 5007.99 tons. This study provides recommendations for appropriate management authorities to improve the allocation of wastewater discharge responsibility at the watershed scale.

Conditions of Decision-Making Related to Implementation of Hydrogen-Powered Vehicles in Urban Transport: Case Study of Poland

The changes in geopolitical and ecological conditions brought about the need to use environmentally friendly sources of vehicle power. This impacted the accelerated activities related to the use of hydrogen fuel in transport means. Based on the observations carried out in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, it was found that the process of implementing hydrogen-powered vehicles in public transport is connected with difficulties faced by transport companies with regard to the purchase of these transport means. This study aims to analyse the conditions for making decisions regarding the implementation of hydrogen-powered buses in urban transport. A case study was considered, and the factors influencing the decisions related to the application of hydrogen-powered buses in Poland were analysed. The survey method was used to carry out the research. A questionnaire was developed, and the survey was conducted among representatives of transport companies that provide public transport services in Polish cities. As a result of the research, it was found that city authorities play a key role in deciding on the implementation of hydrogen-powered buses. The highest ranks among the proposed criteria influencing the decision on the purchase of hydrogen-powered buses were the economic ones. The concerns and benefits resulting from the potential purchase of hydrogen-powered buses were also examined. It was revealed that the decision to buy buses is most influenced by factors such as ensuring access to hydrogen and its price. The recommendations for transport companies and city authorities were formulated.

Analyzing the European institutional response to ethical and regulatory challenges of artificial intelligence in addressing discriminatory bias.

The European Union and some of its institutions have taken significant steps to address the challenges posed by the development and use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in various contexts. The ubiquity of AI applications in everyday life, affecting both citizens and professionals, has made AI a common topic of discussion. However, as is evident from the documents analyzed here, concerns have been raised about the possible negative social consequences of AI, in particular discriminatory bias, making it a particularly relevant issue if people-centred, rights-based AI is to be implemented. This article aims to examine the challenges of defining, identifying and mitigating discriminatory bias in AI systems from two perspectives: (1) to conduct an ethical and normative review of European Commission documents from the last 8 years (from GDPR to AI Act regulation); and (2) to expose recommendations for key stakeholders, including designers, end-users and public authorities, to minimize/mitigate this risk. The document review was carried out on 21 EU regulatory and ethical guidelines in the field of AI, from which 152 measures were extracted, differentiated between design, governance and organizational measures. It has also been observed that there is no clear conceptual framework on the issue at the European level, showing a clear problem in providing definitions of algorithmic bias and discrimination, but not in assessing their potential negative impact on individuals. Secondly, these gaps may affect the concreteness and detail of the possible mitigation/minimization measures proposed and, subsequently, their application in different contexts. Finally, the last section of this paper presents a brief discussion and conclusions on possible issues related to the implementation of the measures extracted and certain limitations of the study.

Studying the Factors Contributing to the Sexual Harassment of Women in Jalalabad City, Afghanistan: A Social Perspective

This research looked at the social causes of sexual harassment of women in Jalalabad City, Afghanistan, and discovered workable solutions. The study included descriptive analyses, content analysis, field-based data collecting, and a qualitative methodology. Semi-structured interviews with married women who experienced sexual harassment, offenders, and community members were used to gather qualitative data. Two hundred semi-structured interviews with a representative sample of married women in Jalalabad City, Afghanistan, were conducted as part of the survey research approach. This research examined the ways in which patriarchal attitudes, societal norms, dominant expectations, sexual perception, non-mahrams, cohabitation, excessive freedom, honor culture contribute to sexual harassment. The study, based on feminist theory, identified 20 societal factors contributing to sexual harassment, including social stigma, lack of knowledge, and negligent legal enforcement, and suggested preventive measures like community education campaigns and legislative changes. In Jalalabad City, Afghanistan, sexual harassment of women is a serious issue with societal contributing elements. Effective prevention of sexual harassment requires a holistic strategy that addresses societal norms, empowers women, and strengthens legal frameworks, while also considering cultural norms, inadequate enforcement mechanisms, and a culture of silence. In order to advance gender equality, provide safer surroundings, and stop sexual harassment of women in Jalalabad City, Afghanistan, this paper makes specific recommendations for legislators, non-governmental organizations, and local authorities. Based on these findings, this study recommends evidence-based prevention methods. These could involve advertisements for sexual harassment awareness, legal changes for better protection, and training for law enforcement on handling complaints more effectively.

Labor resources distribution by type of economic activity as a factor of population consolidation in rural areas

Subject. This article discusses the issues of ensuring employment of the rural population of the Russian Federation. Objectives. The article aims to assess the impact of infrastructure provision indicators on the total value of the distribution part of the balance of labor resources in rural areas. Methods. For the study, we used the methods of case, comparative, and correlation and regression analyses. Results. The article determines the contribution of the main types of economic activity to the formation of the employment level of the rural population. It develops multiple regression models characterizing the relationship between the number of actually employed rural population and indicators of infrastructure provision in rural areas. The article formulates recommendations for public authorities to attract and consolidate the population in rural areas. The article finds that the largest percentage of labor resources in rural areas falls on the non-production sphere. Conclusions. To consolidate and further attract the population to rural areas, significant investment in infrastructure development is needed.

Managing cardiovascular risk factors in patients with chronic kidney disease: pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions in the Copenhagen CKD Cohort.

Although cardiovascular morbidity and mortality are substantial in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), guideline-directed treatment of cardiovascular risk factors remains a challenge. Observational, cross-sectional study including patients aged 30-75 years with CKD stage 1-5 without kidney replacement therapy from a tertiary hospital outpatient clinic. Data were obtained through patient interview, clinical examination, biochemical work-up, and evaluation of medical records and prescription redemptions. Guideline-directed treatment was evaluated as pharmacological interventions: antihypertensive and lipid-lowering therapy including adverse effects and adherence estimated as medication possession ratio (MPR); and non-pharmacological interventions: smoking status, alcohol consumption, body mass index (BMI), and physical activity. The cohort comprised 741 patients, mean age 58 years, 61.4% male, 50.6% CKD stage 3, 61.0% office blood pressure ≤140/90mmHg. Antihypertensives were prescribed to 87.0%, median number of medications 2 (IQR 1;3), 70.1% received renin-angiotensin system inhibition, 25.9% reported adverse effects. Non-adherence (MPR<80%) was present in 23.4% and associated with elevated blood pressure (OR 1.53 (95% CI 1.03;2.27)) and increased urinary albumin excretion, P<0.001. Lipid-lowering treatment was prescribed to 54.0% of eligible patients, 11.1% reported adverse effects, and 28.5% were non-adherent, which was associated with higher LDL cholesterol, P=0.036. Overall, 19.2% were current smokers, 16.7% overconsumed alcohol according to Danish health authority recommendations 69.3% had BMI≥25kg/m2, and 38.3% were physically active <4 hours/week. Among patients prescribed antihypertensives, 51.9% reported having received advice on non-pharmacological interventions. Improved management of cardiovascular risk in patients with CKD entails intensified medical treatment and increased focus on patient adherence and non-pharmacological interventions.

Expert consensus report on lipid mediators: Role in resolution of inflammation and muscle preservation.

This meeting report presents a consensus on the biological aspects of lipid emulsions in parenteral nutrition, emphasizing the unanimous support for the integration of lipid emulsions, particularly those containing fish oil, owing to their many potential benefits beyond caloric provision. Lipid emulsions have evolved from simple energy sources to complex formulations designed to improve safety profiles and offer therapeutic benefits. The consensus highlights the critical role of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), notably eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), found in fish oil and other marine oils, for their anti-inflammatory properties, muscle mass preservation, and as precursors to the specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs). SPMs play a significant role in immune modulation, tissue repair, and the active resolution of inflammation without impairing host defense mechanisms. The panel's agreement underscores the importance of incorporating fish oil within clinical practices to facilitate recovery in conditions like surgery, critical illness, or immobility, while cautioning against therapies that might disrupt natural inflammation resolution processes. This consensus not only reaffirms the role of specific lipid components in enhancing patient outcomes, but also suggests a shift towards nutrition-based therapeutic strategies in clinical settings, advocating for the proactive evidence-based use of lipid emulsions enriched with omega-3 PUFAs. Furthermore, we should seek to apply our knowledge concerning DHA, EPA, and their SPM derivatives, to produce more informative randomized controlled trial protocols, thus allowing more authoritative clinical recommendations.

Anonymous Gamete Donation: a Case for Balancing Under Article 8 ECHR.

Anonymous gamete donation creates a specific conflict between human rights and public interests under Article 8 of the ECHR. This was first assessed in the ECtHR's landmark decision in Gauvin-Fournis and Silliau v. France of 7 September 2023. This article critically analyses this judgment, taking into account the European legal framework for anonymous gamete donation, the recommendations of the competent authorities and the previous case law of the ECtHR on the right to know one's biological origin as an integral part of one's identity that is protected under the right to private and family life.

Protection and Enforcement of Law Against Insider Trading Crimes in The Indonesian Capital Market

Criminal practices in the capital market are commonly known by the terminology insider trading, a long-standing crime that is not well-known to the public. Insider trading constitutes a legal violation as well as an ethical breach that can pose serious risks to market integrity and harm investors who do not have specific information access. This journal will explore the legal protection and enforcement framework that explains the Indonesian legal framework governing transactions in the capital market in an effort to protect the public from insider trading. Legal protection includes the enforcement of provisions found in laws, regulations, and supervisory mechanisms applied by financial authorities, which is essential to create a fair and efficient market. Therefore, understanding the effectiveness of existing laws and enforcement of rules is crucial to protecting the public from insider trading crimes. This journal is expected to provide knowledge to enhance and develop legal science, particularly related to the analysis of insider trading law enforcement in the capital market in Indonesia. This journal is hoped to provide input and recommendations for authorities and stakeholders involved in providing legal protection to the public for the enforcement of laws in accordance with the provisions of the Indonesian Capital Market Law.

Challenges and benefits of using the HeartDiet food frequency questionnaire in cardiac rehabilitation practice

Background and aimsA heart-healthy diet is an important component of secondary prevention in ischemic heart disease. The Danish Health Authority recommends using the validated 19-item food frequency questionnaire HeartDiet in cardiac rehabilitation practice to assess patients' need for dietary interventions, and HeartDiet has been included in national electronic patient-reported outcome instruments for cardiac rehabilitation. This study aims to evaluate challenges and benefits of its use. The objectives are to: 1) describe HeartDiet responses of patients with ischemic heart disease and discuss HeartDiet's suitability as a screening tool, 2) discuss whether an abridged version should replace HeartDiet. Methods and resultsA cross-sectional study using data from a national feasibility test. HeartDiet was sent electronically to 223 patients with ischemic heart disease prior to cardiac rehabilitation. Data were summarised with descriptive statistics, and Spearman's rank correlations, explorative factor analysis, and Cohen's kappa coefficient were used to derive and evaluate abridged versions.The response rate was 68 % (n = 151). Evaluated with HeartDiet, no respondents had a heart-healthy diet. There was substantial agreement between HeartDiet and an abridged 9-item version (kappa = 0.6926 for Fat Score, 0.6625 for FishFruitVegetable Score), but the abridged version omits information on milk products, wholegrain, nuts, and sugary snacks. ConclusionWith the predefined cut-offs, HeartDiet's suitability as a screening tool to assess needs for dietary interventions was limited, since no respondents were categorised as having a heart-healthy diet. An abridged version can replace HeartDiet, but the tool's educational potential will be compromised, since important items will be omitted.

Danish Women Make Decisions about Participation in Breast Cancer Screening prior to Invitation Information: An Online Survey Using Experimental Methods.

At mammography screening invitation, the Danish Health Authority recommends women aged 50 to 69 y make an informed decision about whether to be screened. Previous studies have shown that women have very positive attitudes about screening participation. Therefore, we hypothesized that Danish women may already have decided to participate in breast cancer screening prior to receiving their screening invitation at age 50 y. We invited a random sample of 2,952 Danish women aged 44 to 49 y (prescreening age) to complete an online questionnaire about barriers to informed screening decision making using the official digital mailbox system in Denmark. We asked participants about their screening intentions using 3 different questions to which women were randomized: screening presented 1) as an opportunity, 2) as a choice, and 3) as an opportunity plus a question about women's stage of decision making. All women completed questions about background characteristics, intended participation in the screening program, use and impact of screening information, and preferences for the decision-making process. Data were linked to sociodemographic register data. A total of 790 (26.8%) women participated in the study. Herein, 97% (95% confidence interval: 96%-98%) reported that they wanted to participate in breast cancer screening when invited at age 50 y. When presented with the choice compared with the opportunity framing, more women rejected screening. When asked about their stage of decision making, most (87%) had already made a decision about screening participation and were unlikely to change their mind. In our study, almost all women of prescreening age wanted to participate in breast cancer screening, suggesting that providing information at the time of screening invitation may be too late to support informed decision making. Almost all women of prescreening age (44-49 y) in our study wanted to participate in the Danish national mammography screening program starting at age 50 y.Early decision making represents a barrier for informed decision making as women in this study had intentions to participate in breast cancer screening prior to receiving an official screening invitation, and therefore, providing information at the time of screening invitation may be too late to support informed decision making.Very few women rejected screening participation; however, more women rejected screening when the information was framed as an active choice between having or declining breast cancer screening (continue with usual care) compared with presenting only the option of screening with no description of the alternative.Two-thirds of women reading the screening information in this study had unchanged attitudes toward screening after reading the presented information.

Identifying rejuvenation strategies in micro tourism destinations: the case of Kaş

PurposeThis research paper aims to identify and provide insights into rejuvenation strategies in Kaş as a microtourism destination based on the views of stakeholders.Design/methodology/approachThe research utilizes a single-case design, applying an inductive approach to analyze data collected from semi-structured interviews. Thematic analysis was employed to analyze the data.FindingsThe inductive thematic analysis yields nine different main themes: product transformation, integrated sustainable development strategies, cooperation, promotion through the right channels, stable tourism policy, selective tourism strategy, tourism awareness, access to tourist movements and management and tools for monitoring the quality and sustainability of tourism.Practical implicationsThis research offers practical recommendations for regional authorities, residents and business stakeholders to foster sustainable tourism development by addressing resource utilization and existing challenges in the rejuvenation of Kaş.Originality/valueThis research contributes to theory by addressing the lack of applied research on the rejuvenation process in micro-tourism destinations, using Kaş (Turkey) as a case study. It identifies and emphasizes the unique challenges in microdestinations, enhancing our understanding and filling a critical knowledge gap. The identified rejuvenation strategies in Kaş are positioned to serve as a model for similar destinations, emphasizing their distinctive characteristics and challenges.

Impacts of the National Nutrition Plan 2017–2030 on Listed Agrifood Enterprises: A Financial Statement Perspective

The Chinese government promulgated the National Nutrition Plan 2017–2030 to provide scientific guidance for agrifood consumption and enhance nutrition intake. We categorized the sample into pre-2018 and post-2018 periods. By evaluating the effects of the National Nutrition Plan 2017–2030 through economic theory and a translog revenue function model based on financial statement data from 2015 to 2022, our findings indicate that the National Nutrition Plan 2017–2030 has increased the overall agrifood sales of listed agrifood enterprises, but the increase in agrifood sales produced by large listed agrifood enterprises has been slight. Finally, we offer policy recommendations for regulatory authorities and develop strategies for agrifood firms to encourage local food procurement. This study also contributes to our understanding of China’s agrifood industry dynamics and underscores the significance of the National Nutrition Plan 2017–2030 in enhancing nutritional intake and fostering sustainable growth in China’s agriculture industry.

Rural Tourism and Socio-Economic Development in Kalapatta Sub County Kabong District of Uganda

This research explores the interplay between rural tourism and socio-economic development in Kalapatta Sub County, located within the Kabong District. As rural areas globally seek sustainable pathways for growth, the study focuses on the specific impacts of tourism on the socio-economic fabric of the community. The research employs a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative data analysis and qualitative insights gathered through interviews and surveys conducted among local residents, business owners, and tourists. Key indicators such as income generation, employment opportunities, infrastructure development, and cultural preservation are examined to assess the multifaceted impact of rural tourism on the local community. Preliminary findings indicate that the influx of tourists has led to increased economic activities, including the growth of local businesses and the creation of employment opportunities. However, challenges such as environmental degradation, cultural commodification, and unequal distribution of benefits are also identified. The research sheds light on the complex dynamics between the tourism industry and the socio-economic development of the rural community, emphasizing the need for sustainable and inclusive strategies. The study contributes to the existing body of knowledge on rural tourism by providing context-specific insights from Kalapatta Sub County, Kabong District. Recommendations for policymakers, local authorities, and community stakeholders are offered to guide the development of strategies that maximize the positive impacts of tourism while mitigating its potential negative consequences. Ultimately, this research aims to inform the creation of a framework for sustainable rural tourism that fosters socio-economic development in a manner that respects and enhances the local culture and environment

ANALYSIS OF DATA ORGANIZATION SYSTEM ARCHITECTURES OF THE SMART EUROPEAN REGION "CENTER OF EUROPE" BASED ON THE DATA LAKE TECHNOLOGICAL SOLUTION

In the contemporary landscape of digital transformation, the concept of a "smart region" emerges as a key strategy for regional development, utilizing data integration technologies to enhance the quality of life, optimize service delivery, and promote sustainable growth. The designation of the "Centre of Europe" as a smart region is justified by its strategic geographical location, encompassing Transcarpathia and adjacent areas of neighboring countries, coupled with a relatively low population density. This unique context creates compelling premises for rethinking traditional urban frameworks of smart cities on a broader scale, transforming them into a comprehensive smart region model tailored to the specific needs and opportunities of Central Europe. The rationale for implementing the "Centre of Europe" as a smart region stems from its advantageous position at the heart of the continent, which generates unprecedented opportunities for cross-border collaboration, innovation, and connectivity. The low population density of the region further highlights the potential for the adoption of advanced technological solutions capable of addressing a wide array of challenges and needs. By achieving the status of a smart region, the "Centre of Europe" aspires to become a leading example of how digital and technological innovations can be utilized to create an inclusive, efficient, and progressive regional ecosystem. Objective: The primary objective of this research is to conduct a comparative analysis of advanced data organization system architectures and their role in facilitating the transformation of the "Centre of Europe" into an intelligent European region. It also aims to explore the capabilities of utilizing data lakes for the effective management of large data sets and regional development, taking into account the unique geographical and demographic characteristics of the region. The subject of the study encompasses the architectures of big data organization systems in the smart region of the "Centre of Europe". The object of the study involves the processes of storing and processing large data within the smart region. Main characteristics: This article illuminates the main aspects of implementing big data processing technologies in the smart region of the "Centre of Europe", necessitating scalable and flexible solutions for large data storage, the use of efficient data management practices, and the integration of advanced technologies such as cloud computing, the Internet of Things (IoT), and artificial intelligence (AI) to enhance data processing and analytical capabilities. Furthermore, recommendations for regional authorities on adopting these technologies have been formulated, highlighting the importance of collaboration, support for investments in the region's digital infrastructure as key components for achieving the smart region vision. The construction of modern, high-tech data storage facilities using the Data Lake architecture enables the simultaneous use and processing of large volumes of data from various fields and sources. The authors have proposed conceptual models for forming data complexes from different functional areas of the smart region.

Generalized myasthenia gravis with acetylcholine receptor antibodies: A guidance for treatment.

Generalized myasthenia gravis (MG) with antibodies against the acetylcholine receptor is a chronic disease causing muscle weakness. Access to novel treatments warrants authoritative treatment recommendations. The Nordic countries have similar, comprehensive health systems, mandatory health registers, and extensive MG research. MG experts and patient representatives from the five Nordic countries formed a working group to prepare treatment guidance for MG based on a systematic literature search and consensus meetings. Pyridostigmine represents the first-line symptomatic treatment, while ambenonium and beta adrenergic agonists are second-line options. Early thymectomy should be undertaken if a thymoma, and in non-thymoma patients up to the age of 50-65 years if not obtaining remission on symptomatic treatment. Most patients need immunosuppressive drug treatment. Combining corticosteroids at the lowest possible dose with azathioprine is recommended, rituximab being an alternative first-line option. Mycophenolate, methotrexate, and tacrolimus represent second-line immunosuppression. Plasma exchange and intravenous immunoglobulin are used for myasthenic crises and acute exacerbations. Novel complement inhibitors and FcRn blockers are effective and fast-acting treatments with promising safety profiles. Their use depends on local availability, refunding policies, and cost-benefit analyses. Adapted physical training is recommended. Planning of pregnancies with optimal treatment, information, and awareness of neonatal MG is necessary. Social support and adaptation of work and daily life activities are recommended. Successful treatment of MG rests on timely combination of different interventions. Due to spontaneous disease fluctuations, comorbidities, and changes in life conditions, regular long-term specialized follow-up is needed. Most patients do reasonably well but there is room for further improvement. Novel treatments are promising, though subject to restricted access due to costs.

EVOLVING TAX COMPLIANCE IN THE DIGITAL ERA: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF AI-DRIVEN MODELS AND BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY IN U.S. TAX ADMINISTRATION

This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and blockchain technology in U.S. tax administration. It explores how these technologies are revolutionizing tax compliance and fraud detection, offering a comparative analysis with traditional methods. The paper highlights the potential benefits of these technologies in enhancing efficiency, accuracy, and transparency in tax administration, aligning with the U.S. government's objectives of ensuring fiscal integrity and public trust. The review also examines international best practices and proposes how the U.S. can leverage these technologies to maintain its global leadership in financial governance and innovation. The study is structured around four key objectives: assessing the current integration of AI and blockchain in tax administration, evaluating their effectiveness in enhancing tax compliance, identifying implementation challenges, and developing strategic recommendations. Employing a comprehensive literature review approach, the study synthesizes findings from various sources to provide an in-depth understanding of the role and impact of these technologies in modern tax systems. The results reveal that AI and blockchain significantly improve tax compliance and administration efficiency but also introduce challenges such as data privacy concerns and the need for robust regulatory frameworks. In conclusion, the study underscores the transformative potential of AI and blockchain in tax administration, recommending continuous research and development, coupled with stakeholder education and engagement. These efforts are crucial for overcoming operational challenges and fully harnessing the benefits of these technologies in modernizing tax systems. The paper concludes with strategic recommendations for policymakers, tax authorities, and researchers, emphasizing the importance of a balanced approach that fosters technological innovation while maintaining legal compliance and adherence to fundamental principles.&#x0D; Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Blockchain, Tax Administration, Tax Compliance, Digital Transformation, Financial Governance.

Post-fire assessment of composite steel-concrete box-girder bridges: Lessons from a recent incident

The structural fire analysis of bridges is crucial for ensuring transportation infrastructure safety since bridges, due to their unique characteristics and exposure to environmental hazards, are particularly susceptible to fire-induced damage. Despite this vulnerability, there is a lack of both experimental research and design guidelines for ensuring fire safety in bridges. This underscores the importance of studying actual bridge fire incidents.This article presents a comprehensive examination of the numerical and experimental investigations carried out to evaluate the structural condition of a composite box-girder bridge located in Valencia, Spain, following a significant fire incident. In addition, the paper details the repair works carried out to fully restore the operational capacity of the bridge, along with the key lessons learnt from the incident. Therefore, the article highlights the vital synergy between advanced numerical models and experimental investigations to strengthen rehabilitation action plans and gain valuable insights for making informed decisions regarding post-fire structural integrity. By doing so, the study enhances understanding of bridge safety under fire and provides actionable recommendations for researchers, practitioners, and transportation authorities.

Migrant workers with COVID-19: a major challenge for Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries to curb the spread of infection.

The six Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries (Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman and Qatar) host the majority of the estimated 23 million international migrants working in the Arab states. As the COVID-19 pandemic continues to evolve across the GCC states, the health authorities have reported a considerable number of non-national confirmed COVID-19 cases in the region. In Gulf countries, where more than half of the population are foreigners, migrant workers are more likely to contract and spread the disease due to numerous contributing factors. In this regard, unhygienic and overcrowded living conditions, barriers in accessing national or private health services, challenges in accessing accurate health information related to COVID-19, and lack of facemasks and hand hygiene facilities in their housing camps are the major factors that we identified and discuss in this paper. Moreover, we formulated specific recommendations for relevant authorities to overcome the challenges related to migrant workers during this pandemic situation. Because the migrant workers with COVID-19 infection could subsequently lead to more widespread community transmission, protecting this vulnerable group means reducing the risk of transmission for the entire population. It is essential to include migrant workers in all aspects of the response to COVID-19, such as prevention, detection, access to treatment, and containment measures.

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF LATERITE AND PULVERIZED RECLAIMED ASPHALT PAVEMENT STABILIZED WITH BASE SEAL AND CEMENT

This research delves into the effectiveness of incorporating pulverized Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP), Base Seal, and cement to enhance the stability of lateritic base materials in Nigeria. Addressing a crucial gap in pavement engineering literature, particularly the underexplored use of base seals as liquid stabilizers, the study adopts a comprehensive methodology involving literature review, field evaluation, and laboratory tests. Analyzing various material mixes, from pure Laterite to combinations with RAP, Base Seal, and varying cement contents, the research reveals substantial improvements in crucial engineering properties. Enhanced particle size distribution, reduced clay content, and optimal compaction characteristics at 0% cement content for laterite materials with pulverized RAP signify the positive impact of these additives. California Bearing Ratio analysis establishes a consistent correlation between higher cement content and improved load-bearing capacity. Notably, the synergistic effects of RAP and base seal, particularly at 5% cement content, showcase the highest CBR value (91), indicating optimal conditions for strength and stability. The study concludes with practical recommendations for road maintenance authorities, advocating for innovative approaches like full-depth reclamation techniques and stabilized full-depth reclamation, exploring different RAP to base material ratios, examining curing periods' impact, assessing long-term performance, considering environmental implications, and conducting field trials for validation. Overall, these findings contribute valuable insights to pavement design practices, fostering the development of resilient infrastructure in construction projects.