Recombinant Human Tumor Necrosis Factor Research Articles

Human mesenchymal stromal cells ameliorate cisplatin induced acute and chronic kidney injury via TSG-6.

Cisplatin is widely employed in tumor chemotherapy, but nephrotoxicity is an unavoidable side effect of cisplatin. Several studies have demonstrated that mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) ameliorate cisplatin-induced kidney injury, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. In this study, the cisplatin-induced kidney injury mouse model was established by subjecting a single intraperitoneal injection with cisplatin. One hour before cisplatin injection, the mice received human bone marrow MSCs (hBM-MSCs) with or without siRNA-transfection, recombinant human tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-stimulated gene/protein 6 (rhTSG-6), or PBS through tail vein. In addition, cisplatin-stimulated HK-2 cells were treated with hBM-MSCs or rhTSG-6. hBM-MSCs treatment remarkably ameliorated cisplatin-induced acute and chronic kidney injury, as evidenced by significant reductions in serum creatinine (Scr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), tubular injury, collagen deposition, α-smooth muscle actin accumulation, as well as inflammatory responses, and by remarkable increased anti-inflammatory factor expression and Treg cells infiltration in renal tissues. Furthermore, we found that only a few hBM-MSCs engrafted into damaged kidney and that the level of human TSG-6 in serum of mice increased significantly following hBM-MSCs administration. Moreover, hBM-MSCs significantly increased the viability of damaged HK-2 cells and decreased the levels of inflammatory cytokines in the culture supernatant. However, knockdown of TSG-6 gene in hBM-MSCs significantly attenuated their beneficial effects in vivo and in vitro. On the contrary, treated with rhTSG-6 achieved similar beneficial effects of hBM-MSCs. Our results indicate that systemic administration of hBM-MSCs alleviate cisplatin-induced acute and chronic kidney injury in part by paracrine TSG-6 secretion.

Mononuclear cells from patients with rhupus are influenced by TNF in their production of gp130/sIL-6Rb and APRIL

ObjectiveRhupus is a rare disease that shares characteristics of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). While several studies have explored the clinical and immunological profiles of patients with...

Optimisation of recombinant TNFα production in Escherichia coli using GFP fusions and flow cytometry.

Escherichia coli is commonly used industrially to manufacture recombinant proteins for biopharmaceutical applications, as well as in academic and industrial settings for R&D purposes. Optimisation of recombinant protein production remains problematic as many proteins are difficult to make, and process conditions must be optimised for each individual protein. An approach to accelerate process development is the use of a green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusions, which can be used to rapidly and simply measure the quantity and folding state of the protein of interest. In this study, we used GFP fusions to optimise production of recombinant human protein tumour necrosis factor (rhTNFα) using a T7 expression system. Flow cytometry was used to measure fluorescence and cell viability on a single cell level to determine culture heterogeneity. Fluorescence measurements were found to be comparable to data generated by subcellular fractionation and SDS-PAGE, a far more time-intensive technique. We compared production of rhTNFα-GFP with that of GFP alone to determine the impact of rhTNFα on expression levels. Optimised shakeflask conditions were then transferred to fed-batch high cell density bioreactor cultures. Finally, the expression of GFP from a paraBAD expression vector was compared to the T7 system. We highlight the utility of GFP fusions and flow cytometry for rapid process development.

Variation in response rates to isolated limb perfusion in different soft-tissue tumour subtypes: an international multi-centre study

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate the response rates of different extremity soft-tissue sarcoma subtypes (eSTS) after isolated limb perfusion (ILP), based on an international multi-centre study. Materials and methodsThe retrospective cohort comprised eSTS patients from 17 specialised ILP centres that underwent melphalan-based ILP, with or without recombinant human tumour necrosis factor (rhTNFα) (TM-ILP and M-ILP, respectively). Response was measured on imaging (magnetic resonance imaging) and/or clinical response, for which M-ILPs were excluded. ResultsA total of 1109 eSTS patients were included. The three most common histological subtypes were undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (17%, n = 184), synovial sarcoma (16%, n = 175) and myxofibrosarcoma (8%, n = 87). rhTNFα was used in 93% (TM-ILP) and resulted in a significantly better overall response rate (ORR, p = 0.031) and complete responses (CR, p < 0.001) in comparison to M-ILP, without significant differences among histological subgroups. The ORR of TM-ILP was 68%, including 17% CR. Also, 80% showed progressive disease. Significantly higher response rates were shown for Kaposi sarcoma (KS) with 42% CR and 96% ORR (both p < 0.001), and significantly higher CR rates for angiosarcoma (AS, 45%, p < 0.001) and clear cell sarcoma (CCS, 31%, p = 0.049). ILP was followed by resection ≤ 6 months in 80% of the patients. The overall limb salvage rate was 88%, without significant differences among histological subgroups, but was significantly higher for ILP responders compared to non-responders (93% versus 76%, p < 0.001). ConclusionILP resulted in high response and LRS among all eSTS subtypes, however, with significant differences between subtypes with most promising results for KS, AS and CCS.

Efficacy of tumor necrosis factor inhibitor combined with intra-articular injection of triamcinolone acetonide in the treatment of refractory rheumatoid arthritis synovitis: a retrospective study.

To investigate whether there is a difference in the efficacy of intra-articular injection of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitor and triamcinolone acetonide (HA) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients with recurrent synovitis after the first intra-articular injection of HA. RA patients who relapsed 12weeks after the first HA treatment were enrolled in this study. After joint cavity extraction, recombinant human TNF receptor-antibody fusion protein (TNFR:FC) (25mg or 12.5mg) or HA (1ml or 0.5ml) was injected then. The changes in the visual analog scale (VAS), joint swelling index, and joint tenderness index before and 12weeks after reinjection were compared and analyzed. The changes in synovial thickness, synovial blood flow, and fluid dark zone depth before and after reinjection were observed by ultrasound. Forty-two RA patients were enrolled, including 11 males and 31 females, with an average age of 46.79 ± 12.61years and an average disease duration of 7.76 ± 5.44years. After 12weeks of intra-articular injection of HA or TNFR:FC, the VAS scores were significantly lower than those before treatment (P < 0.01). After 12weeks of injection, the scores of the joint swelling index and tenderness index in both groups were significantly decreased compared with those before treatment. There was no significant difference in synovial thickness under ultrasound in the HA group before and after injection, while the synovial thickness in the TNFR:FC group was significantly improved after 12weeks (P < 0.01). After 12weeks of injection, the grade of synovial blood flow signal in both groups decreased significantly compared with that before treatment, especially in the TNFR:FC group. After 12weeks of injection, the depth of the liquid dark area under ultrasound decreased significantly in the HA group and TNFR:FC group compared with that before treatment (P < 0.01). Intra-articular injection of a TNF inhibitor is an effective method for the treatment of recurrent synovitis after conventional hormone therapy. Compared with HA treatment, it can reduce synovial thickness. Key Points • Intra-articular injection of a TNF inhibitor is an effective method for the treatment of recurrent synovitis after conventional hormone therapy. • Compared with HA treatment, intra-articular injection of biological agents combined with glucocorticoids can not only relieve joint pain but also significantly inhibit joint swelling. • Compared with HA treatment, intra-articular injection of biological agents combined with glucocorticoids cannot only improve synovial inflammation but also inhibit synovial proliferation. • For the treatment of refractory RA synovitis, biological agents combined with glucocorticoid injection are an effective and safe option.

Diagnosis and treatment of 10 cases of idiopathic chondrolysis of the hip.

To analyze the clinical characteristics, X-ray and magnetic resonance imaging manifestations, and treatment efficacy of idiopathic chondrolysis of the hip. Ten patients with idiopathic chondrolysis of the hip treated at our hospital from September 2013 to April 2022 were collected, and their clinical features, X-ray and magnetic resonance imaging manifestations, and treatment outcomes were analyzed. Their main clinical features included single hip pain, claudication gait, and pelvic tilt, without specific clinical symptoms and signs. Laboratory tests such as blood analysis, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, rheumatoid factor, autoimmune test, coagulation function, interferon release test for tuberculosis infection, and tuberculosis antibody test were normal. In the late stage, the imaging shows degeneration or ankylosis of the joint. The disease progresses rapidly, and joint degeneration can occur in adolescence without effective treatment. Herein, seven patients were treated with recombinant human tumor necrosis factor receptor-antibody type II fusion protein. Among them, four (according to Camarnat magnetic resonance imaging classification, three were Stage I and one was Stage II) showed improved symptoms and function, while two (Stage III) had progressed. One patient (Stage I) who received recombinant human tumor necrosis factor receptor had no significant relief of symptoms, for whom anterior capsular release surgery significantly improved the hip joint motion. Of the four patients who underwent hip release surgery, three showed progression. Idiopathic chondrolysis of the hip has no specific clinical and laboratory tests and a high misdiagnosis rate. Thus, early magnetic resonance imaging is a critical reference for diagnosis. We recommend that patients with magnetic resonance imaging Stage II or earlier be actively treated with recombinant human tumor necrosis factor receptor and start treatment as early as possible. In the third stage, the treatment effect is mediocre, and the narrowed hip space is difficult to change.

Production of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor receptor- IgG1 Fc domain fusion protein expressed by genetically CHO- DG44 cells

BACKGROUND: TNF-α (Tumor necrosis factor-alpha) plays a vital role in the human immune system. However, abnormal activity and overexpression of TNF-α are some of the causes of allergic and autoimmune diseases. Inhibiting the activity of this molecule is one of the novel pathologies for these diseases. The development of this recombinant protein is expected to reduce the financial burden of treating inflammatory rheumatic diseases. OBJECTIVE: The study’s objective was to generate and evaluate the biological activity of TNFR-Fc, construct of fusions an extracellular part TNF-α receptor (p75) and an Fc fragment of human immunoglobulin G1, expressed from the CHO-DG44 cell system. METHODS: The recombinant TNFR- Fc plasmid was constructed and identified by PCR, restriction enzyme digestion, and sequencing. A stable cell line for expression of TNFR-Fc was selected by limiting dilution cloning. Structural characterization, the binding affinity of TNFR-Fc to TNF-α, the neutralizing the cytotoxic activity- induced TNF-α, and the TNF-α-induced apoptosis suppression of TNFR- Fc were analyzed by SDS/PAGE Western blotting, ELISA, WST assay, Immunofluorescence, and flow cytometry. RESULTS: Preliminary analysis of the structural characteristics showed that TNFR-Fc is a low- glycosylated protein and perhaps in dimeric form. Furthermore, the recombinant TNFR-Fc can interact with its ligand TNF-α with a dissociation constant Kd 0.25±0.03μM equivalent to that of the original drug, Etanercept. We also demonstrated that TNFR-Fc expressed from CHO-DG44 was able to neutralize TNF-α- induced cytotoxic activity and inhibited p53-related apoptosis in vitro, similar to Etanercept. CONCLUSIONS: These data collectively suggested that TNFR-Fc potently blocks TNF-α, which could be a novel therapeutic strategy for cytokine-driven diseases.

Effect on ankylosing spondylitis at early-middle stage and bone marrow edema of sacroiliac joint treated with acupuncture and governor vessel moxibustion

To observe the efficacy of the combined treatment with acupuncture and governor vessel moxibustion on ankylosing spondylitis (AS) at early-middle stage and investigate the effect on bone marrow edema of sacroiliac joint. Seventy patients of AS at early-middle stage were randomized into an observation group (35 cases) and a control group (35 cases, 1 case dropped off ). In the control group, the recombinant human tumor necrosis factor receptor-antibody of type Ⅱ fusion protein for injection was injected subcutaneously, 25 mg each time, once on every Monday and Friday, consecutively for 3 weeks. In the observation group, on the base of the intervention as the control group, acupuncture combined with governor vessel moxibustion were provided. Acupuncture was applied to Dazhui (GV 14), Changqiang (GV 1), Zhibian (BL 54), Baihui (GV 20), etc.; the thermal needling technique was adopted at Dazhui (GV 4) and Changqiang (GV 1) for promoting the circulation of the governor vessel, and the ginger-isolated moxibustion on the governor vessel was combined. Such intervention measure was provided once daily. One treatment session contained 7 treatments and 3 sessions were required. Before and after treatment, the scores of Spondyloarthritis Research Consortium of Canada (SPARCC), Bath ankylosing spondylitis disease activity index (BASDAI) and Bath ankylosing spondylitis functional index (BASFI) and Bath ankylosing spondylitis patient global score (BAS-G) were observed in the two groups separately. The efficacy and adverse effects were assessed in the two groups after treatment. The scores of SPARCC, BASDAI, BASFI and BAS-G were all reduced after treatment compared with those before treatment in the two groups (P<0.05), and those in the observation group were lower than the control group (P<0.05). The total effective rate was 97.1% (34/35) in the observation group, higher than 82.4% (28/34) in the control group (P<0.05). There were 4 cases of gastrointestinal reactions and 1 case of skin rashes in the control group; and 3 cases of local skin redness and pruritus after governor vessel moxibustion, no any drug adverse effect was found in the observation group. Based on the western medicine treatment, the combined therapy of acupuncture and governor vessel moxibustion may relieve bone marrow edema of sacroiliac joint in patients with AS at early-middle stage, control the progression of disease and improve the daily life activity. This therapy is relatively safe and effective.

Abstract 5796: Targeting poorly differentiated and anaplastic thyroid cancer microenvironment via TNF-α/TGF-β/LOX signaling to improve drug delivery and treatment efficacy

Abstract A major limitation of current systemic solid cancer therapies is the failure to effectively deliver drugs to cancer cells. Solid tumors have high cell density and poor lymphatic drainage, leading to higher interstitial fluid pressure (IFP). We previously showed that the tumor microenvironment of poorly-differentiated (PDTC) and anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) can be selectively and effectively treated with nanomedicine carrying recombinant human Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNFα)(CYT6091), resulting in vascular leakage, decreased IFP, and increased intratumoral concentration of paclitaxel in vivo. The purpose of this study is to investigate the mechanisms involved in a TNFα-induced reduction of IFP. We investigated the effects of TNF-α on cytokines and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in tumor microenvironment. Our data showed that TNFα treatment downregulated transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and Lysyl oxidase (LOX) and upregulated several ECM proteins. However, we observed LOX upregulation when we treated thyroid cancer with siTNF-α-receptor 1 or 2 followed by TNF-α, suggesting the involvement of TNF-α-receptors in treatment resistance. In addition to the role of LOX in stiffening the ECM, causing a barrier to drug delivery, we showed overexpression of LOX in aggressive thyroid cancer. We observed increased vascular leakage in siLOX-treated thyroid cancer xenografts, mimicking the effect of CYT-6091. Furthermore, we confirmed that the LOX expression in thyroid cancer is positively associated with transforming growth factor receptor 1 (TGFBR1). In TCGA thyroid cancer database the mRNA expression of TGFBR1 was positively correlated with those of ECM regulatory genes (ITGB2, ITGA2 and COL1A1) which were downregulated with TNF-α treated thyroid cancer cells. To assess the role of TGF-β on vascular permeability, we found that the TGF-β inhibitor (SB-431542) induced in vitro vascular leakage, while the recombinant TGF-β reversed TNF-α-induced in vitro vascular leakage in HUVEC cells. SB-431542 and TGF-β neutralizing antibodies independently and markedly improved treatment efficacy of paclitaxel in in vitro thyroid cancer 3D tumor spheroids. Moreover, TGF-β1 inhibition downregulates the protein levels of Smad3 molecules in thyroid cancer cells. TCGA database studies of thyroid cancer patient samples showed that SMAD3 positively correlated with TGFBR1 and LOX, suggesting the involvement of SMAD3 in TGF-β/LOX signaling in the TME. Citation Format: DIPRANJAN LAHA. Targeting poorly differentiated and anaplastic thyroid cancer microenvironment via TNF-α/TGF-β/LOX signaling to improve drug delivery and treatment efficacy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 5796.

CoVaccine HT™ adjuvant is superior to Freund's in eliciting ovine polyclonal antibodies against human tumor necrosis factor-alpha.

Passive immunotherapy using polyclonal antibodies plays an important role in preventing and treating antigenic and pathogenic diseases. Polyclonal antibodies are used for therapeutic, diagnostic and investigational purposes, with adjuvants employed to enhance the immune response against proteins that are poorly antigenic or self-antigens. This study aimed to optimize current immunization methods by evaluating the novel adjuvant CoVaccine HT™ against the established Freund's at producing ovine polyclonal antibodies against pro-inflammatory cytokine human recombinant tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Castrated male Aberfield cross sheep were immunized with TNF-α in CoVaccine HT™ or Freund's adjuvant. The binding titer of antibodies for TNF-α and neutralization titer were determined in vitro, as well as the strength of antibody binding by a simple small scale affinity chromatography elution experiment. Animal welfare was monitored through inspection of immunization site reactions at regular time points and graded according to reaction size. The second part of the study looked at re-immunization using Freund's adjuvant alone every 4- or 8-weeks. Freund's generated significantly higher antibody binding titers than CoVaccine HT™ but were less effective at neutralizing TNF-alpha which is a better indicator of functional potency. CoVaccine HT™ also caused fewer immunization site reactions, while no statistical difference was observed in the binding strength of antibodies. Re-immunization every 4- and 8-weeks showed no statistical difference. This study provides evidence that CoVaccine HT™ is superior to Freund's adjuvant for the production of antibodies to TNF-α, and supports the use of this alternative adjuvant for clinical and experimental use. The outcomes gained through this study are applicable to passive and active immunotherapy for the generation of polyclonal antibodies in human and veterinary medicine.

Preparation and characterization of a fully human monoclonal antibody specific for human tumor necrosis factor alpha

ABSTRACT Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) is an important inflammatory factor. It plays a cardinal role in inflammatory synovitis and articular matrix degradation, and is, therefore, a prime target for directed immunotherapy in autoimmune diseases. In this study, we screened and isolated the B cells secreting anti-TNFα antibody from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The heavy-chain and light-chain sequences of the antibody were cloned and used to generate a stable Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line producing the antibody, which was named Haidalimumab. Haidalimumab showed a TNFα binding affinity comparable to that of the antibody Humira, which is the best TNF inhibitor on the market. Furthermore, Haidalimumab could effectively neutralize recombinant human tumor necrosis factor alpha (rhTNFα) toxicity in a C57BL/6 mouse model and showed significant therapeutic effect in a tumor necrosis factor transgenic (TNF-Tg) mouse arthritis model. In conclusion, we developed a high-affinity, fully human anti-TNFα antibody with low immunogenicity that could potentially have significant therapeutic applications in rheumatoid arthritis or other autoimmune diseases. Abbreviations: ELISAenzyme linked immunosorbent assayRArheumatoid arthritisSDS-PAGEsodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresisrhTNFαrecombinant human tumor necrosis factor-alphaEC50concentration for 50% of maximal effectTNF-Tg micetumor necrosis factor transgenic miceAMDactinomycin DMTTmethylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromidePBSphosphate‐buffered saline

738 Intratumoral administration of alum-tethered engineered inflammatory cytokines safely elicits potent local and systemic immunity

738 Intratumoral administration of alum-tethered engineered inflammatory cytokines safely elicits potent local and systemic immunity

CRISPR-Based Activation of Endogenous Expression of TPM1 Inhibits Inflammatory Response of Primary Human Coronary Artery Endothelial and Smooth Muscle Cells Induced by Recombinant Human Tumor Necrosis Factor α.

Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) is one of the most important proinflammatory cytokines, which affects many processes associated with the growth and characteristics of endothelial, smooth muscle, and immune system cells. However, there is no correlation between most in vivo and in vitro studies on its role in endothelial cell proliferation and migration. In this study, we examined the effect of recombinant human (rh) TNFα produced in HEK293 cells on primary human coronary artery endothelial cells (pHCAECs) in the context of F-actin organization and such processes as migration and adhesion. Furthermore, we evaluated the possibility of the inhibition of the endothelial inflammatory response by the CRISPR-based regulation of TPM1 gene expression. We showed that TNFα-induced activation of pHCAECs was related to the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton into parallel-arranged stress fibers running along the longer axis of pHCAECs. It allowed for the directed and parallel motion of the cells during coordinated migration. This change in F-actin organization promoted strong but discontinuous cell–cell contacts involved in signalization between migrating cells. Moreover, this form of intercellular connections together with locally increased adhesion was related to the formation of migrasomes and further migracytosis. Stabilization of the actin cytoskeleton through the CRISPR-based activation of endogenous expression of TPM1 resulted in the inhibition of the inflammatory response of pHCAECs following treatment with rh TNFα and stabilization of cell–cell junctions through reduced cleavage of vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin) and maintenance of the stable levels of α- and β-catenins. We also showed that CRISPR-based activation of TPM1 reduced inflammatory activation, proliferation, and migration of primary human coronary artery smooth muscle cells. Therefore, products of the TPM1 gene may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of proinflammatory vascular disorders.

1553TiP A phase III study comparing the efficacy of the combination of doxorubicin and the tumor-targeting human antibody-cytokine fusion protein L19TNF to doxorubicin alone as first-line therapy in patients with advanced or metastatic soft tissue sarcoma

Recombinant human tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a potent proinflammatory and cytotoxic cytokine that is approved in the EU for the therapy of soft tissue sarcoma (STS) of the limbs, used in combination with melphalan in an isolated-limb perfusion procedure. Although TNF is one of the most potent antitumor cytokines, the considerable therapeutic potential of natural TNF cannot be fully exploited due to severe side effects, which preclude achievement of therapeutically active concentrations in the tumor.

1554TiP A randomized phase II study to investigate the efficacy and safety of the tumor-targeting human antibody-cytokine fusion protein L19TNF in previously treated patients with advanced or metastatic soft tissue sarcoma

Although tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is one of the most potent antitumor cytokines, its unacceptable toxicities do not allow for systemic administration of therapeutically active doses. L19TNF is a fully human antibody-cytokine fusion protein, composed of the neovascular targeting antibody fragment scFv(L19) fused to human recombinant TNF, that selectively delivers therapeutically relevant doses of TNF to the tumor tissue while sparing normal tissues. L19TNF has demonstrated substantial therapeutic activity in preclinical models of sarcoma when administered alone or in combination with chemotherapy, leading to hemorrhagic tumor necrosis and immune-mediated tumor rejection.

重组人Ⅱ型肿瘤坏死因子受体-抗体融合蛋白联合糖皮质激素治疗急性泛发性发疹性脓疱病一例

重组人Ⅱ型肿瘤坏死因子受体-抗体融合蛋白联合糖皮质激素治疗急性泛发性发疹性脓疱病一例

Effect of a Recombinant Dimeric Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor on Inflammatory Responses to Intravenous Endotoxin in Normal Humans

AbstractTo determine the role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF ) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation, 12 healthy subjects received an intravenous injection with LPS (2 ng/kg) preceded by infusion of either a recombinant human dimeric TNF receptor type II-IgG fusion protein (TNFR:Fc; 6 mg/m2; n = 6) or vehicle (n = 6) from −30 minutes to directly before LPS injection. LPS elicited a transient increase in plasma TNF activity, peaking after 1.5 hours (219 ± 42 pg/mL; P < .05). Infusion of TNFR:Fc completely neutralized endogenous TNF activity. LPS administration was associated with an early activation of fibrinolysis (plasma concentrations of tissue-type plasminogen activator, plasminogen activator activity, and plasmin-α2 -antiplasmin complexes), followed by inhibition (plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor type I), changes that were completely prevented by TNFR:Fc. By contrast, TNFR:Fc did not influence LPS-induced activation of coagulation (plasma levels of prothrombin fragment F1 + 2 and thrombin-antithrombin III complexes). TNFR:Fc strongly inhibited endothelial cell activation (plasma levels of soluble E-selectin), modestly reduced neutrophil responses (neutrophilia and plasma concentrations of elastase-α1 -antitrypsin complexes and lactoferrin), but did not affect the release of secretory phospholipase A2 or lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (P < .05). Infusion of TNFR:Fc only (without LPS) in another 6 normal subjects did not induce any inflammatory response. These data indicate that TNF is involved in only some inflammatory responses to intravenous LPS in humans.

Metabolism Balance Regulation via Antagonist‐Functionalized Injectable Microsphere for Nucleus Pulposus Regeneration

AbstractAntagonist therapy represents a potential treatment for extracellular matrix (ECM) metabolic imbalance via the specific binding of inflammatory factors resulting from inflammation. However, the short half‐life of antagonist bioactivity creates challenges for their clinical application. Herein, bovine serum albumin nanoparticles (BNP) encapsulating recombinant human soluble tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor type II (rhsTNFRII) are grafted onto microfluidic poly(l‐lactic acid) (PLLA) porous microspheres through chemical bonds, constructing antagonist‐functionalized injectable porous microspheres (MS‐BNP) for in situ injection into the nucleus pulposus (NP), aimed at regulating the metabolic balance of ECM, thus inhibiting intervertebral disc degeneration. Several binding sites within the BNPs improve encapsulation efficiency, promote the sustained release of rhsTNFRII, and regulate ECM metabolism in the NP. Moreover, PLLA porous microspheres display excellent injectability and porosity and demonstrate efficient and uniform loading of nanoparticles through chemical grafting. By delivering MS‐BNP into the NP, a suitable environment is created in situ. Immunohistochemical analysis at 4 and 8 weeks shows that compared with other experimental groups, the expression of TNF‐α is significantly inhibited for 6.11–15.65 folds and 4.59–22.14 folds, respectively, and a significant regeneration in NP occurred. This work proposes a novel porous microsphere therapy functionalized by antagonist molecules for the treatment of ECM metabolic disorders, caused by chronic inflammatory responses.

Cost-Effectiveness of Tofacitinib for Patients with Moderate-to-Severe Rheumatoid Arthritis in China.

Patients with moderate-to-severe rheumatoid arthritis have a heavy financial burden. The cost-effectiveness of introducing tofacitinib to the current treatment sequence for patients with moderate-to-severe rheumatoid arthritis who have inadequate response or intolerance to conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (csDMARDs-IR) in China remains unknown. The objective of this study was to assess the cost-effectiveness of introducing tofacitinib into the current treatment sequence in China for patients with moderate-to-severe rheumatoid arthritis who have csDMARDs-IR. A Markov model was constructed from the perspective of the Chinese healthcare system to compare treatment sequences with and without first-line tofacitinib for patients with rheumatoid arthritis with csDMARDs-IR. The treatment sequence without tofacitinib included adalimumab, etanercept, recombinant human tumor necrosis factor receptor-Fc fusion protein, infliximab, and tocilizumab. Costs were derived from publicly available sources. Clinical trials, network meta-analysis, and real-world data were used to generate quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), transition probabilities, and the incidence of adverse events. Mortality probabilities were estimated from rheumatoid arthritis-based, Chinese all-cause mortality data. One-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were conducted to verify the robustness of the model. In addition, the cost-effectiveness of adding tofacitinib as second- and third-line treatment options was evaluated in our analyses.Costs and effects were discounted at 5% per anum. Compared to the current treatment sequence, adding tofacitinib as first-line treatment led to a cost-saving of $US880.11 (2018 values)and incremental QALYs of 1.34. Sensitivity analyses showed the results to be robust. Adding tofacitinib at second-line therapy was also a cost-saving option with a cost saving of $US653.65 and incremental QALYs of 1.34, while the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of adding tofacitinib at third-line therapy was $US5588.14 per QALY gained. Using the WHO-recommended ICER acceptability threshold of ≤ 1-time per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP), our analysis suggests that the introduction of tofacitinib into the current treatment sequence for moderate-to-severe RA patients with csDMARDs-IR in China was a cost saving option as first- and second-line treatment, and cost-effective as a third-line treatment option. Of note, use of tofacitinib as first- and second-line treatment post-csDMARDs-IR appeared to be cost saving.

Thoracic perfusion of recombinant mutant human tumor necrosis factor (rmhTNF) can be considered as a good adjunct in the treatment of malignant pleural effusion caused by lung cancer

BackgroundTumor necrosis factor (TNF) has been investigated to be correlated with the occurrence and progression of lung cancer. This investigation was to assess the efficacy and safety of recombinant mutant human tumor necrosis factor (rmhTNF) for controlling malignant pleural effusion (MPE) through thoracic perfusion.MethodsThrough searching from MEDLINE, Web of Science, EMBASE, Cochrance Library, OVID and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), a total of 12 studies with 694 patients were included in this study. A series of meta-analysis methods were used to analyze the extracted data.ResultsThoracic perfusion of rmhTNF combined with cisplatin promoted the objective response rate (ORR) (P < 0.001; odds ratio = 4.49) and the quality of life (QOL) of patients with MPE (P < 0.001; odds ratio = 10.33), as compared with cisplatin alone. Although the participation of rmhTNF increased the incidence of fever (P < 0.001), it seemed to relieve the adverse reactions in the digestive tract (P = 0.017).ConclusionsThoracic perfusion of rmhTNF contributes to the treatment of MPE and improves the QOL of MPE patients.