Opportunity Recognition Research Articles

Refueling intellectual capital toward innovation performance of SMEs in Saudi Arabia: mediating the role of entrepreneurial opportunity recognition

PurposeThe objectives of this research were to inspect the relationship of intellectual capital (IC), along with its dimensions (human, structural and internal and external relational capital) with innovation performance (IP), to explore entrepreneurial opportunity recognition (EOR) as a mediator between the IC and IP of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Saudi Arabia.Design/methodology/approachThis research used data collected via a well-structured questionnaire. The sample size was comprised of 457 participants who were owners and/or managers of SMEs in Saudi Arabia. Further, the findings were extracted from data using partial least squares (PLS) techniques.FindingsThe results indicated that all dimensions of IC, including human capital (HC), structural capital (SC), internal relational capital (IRC) and external relational capital (ERC), had a significant relation with both IP and EOR. It was also shown that EOR positively influenced IP. Furthermore, the results showed that EOR played an important role as a mediator between IC (HC, SC, IRC and ERC) and IP.Practical implicationsThe present research offered a beneficial and novel managerial and theoretical strategy for improving a given firm’s IP with the support of IC and EOR. This finding offered a vision to the management teams of SMEs for full utilization of IC and IP. The present study also provided policymakers, administration and future studies with a path to improving the production and services of SMEs to secure market advantages.Originality/valueAccording to the author’s best knowledge, the present research represented the first attempt to expose the mediating role of the EOR relationship between IC and IP. Furthermore, the present study also developed the relationship between dynamic capabilities (DC) theory, intellectual capital-based view (ICV) theory and resource-based view (RBV) theory, with variables that reveal the theoretical foundation of the study. Finally, the results of this study were verified by the existing literature.

From challenges to competencies: informal female entrepreneurship in emerging economies

PurposeInformal female entrepreneurs in emerging economies operate in challenging business environments. This research examines the competencies of informal female entrepreneurs (IFEs) to explore how they persist because and despite the unique set of challenges they face.Design/methodology/approachWe undertake a qualitative study focusing on IFE in the Indian context. Using the abilities–motivation–opportunity (AMO) framework as a theoretical lens, we interviewed 14 IFEs to gain insights into their entrepreneurial challenges and understand how they address the challenges.FindingsThe results demonstrate that IFEs are prone to various challenges around the individual level, business challenges on an operating and functional level and other challenges rooted in their business environment. Further, the study sheds light on the competencies of IFEs on three fronts, namely, ability-enhancing competencies, including – technical skills, problem solving, communication and adaptability; motivation-enhancing competencies, including – self-motivation, resilience and optimism and lastly, opportunity-enhancing competencies, including – local-centric approach, networking and resourcefulness.Research limitations/implicationsThe study highlights the nuanced settings of informal female entrepreneurship in an emerging economy context. By highlighting the challenges and competency interplay, our study opens novel avenues for the interrelationships to be studied in further detail.Originality/valueOur study provides close insight into the everyday challenges of IFEs operating in informal economies. Their competencies and perseverance-related attributes contribute to the mainstream entrepreneurship literature, as these entrepreneurs exhibit unique competencies that allow them to thrive in challenging contextual settings. Their willingness to learn new skills, opportunity recognition, motivation and adaptability skills contribute to a better understanding of the phenomenon of informal female entrepreneurship.

Design, validation and psychometric properties of a questionnaire to assess intrapreneurial behaviours in sports organisations

Intrapreneurs in sports organisations can detect early signs of new opportunities and threats and introduce early changes to adapt to the constant changes in the sports sector. In addition, intrapreneurs are considered a fundamental pillar in the growth and development of innovation in sports organisations. Thus, the objective of this work is to design and validate an instrument to detect employees with intrapreneurial behaviours in sports organisations. Based on the dimensions of intrapreneurship identified in the scientific literature and related questionnaires, a tool—the COINDE—composed of 46 items distributed in five dimensions was constructed and subjected to expert judgment and a pilot study and subsequently reduced to 26 items and five statistically validated dimensions. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) yielded two valid and reliable models to detect employees with intrapreneurial behaviours in sports organisations, with 5 and 6 dimensions and 25 and 26 items, respectively. The 5-factor model is proposed and justified. The dimensions are: creativity/innovation, risk-taking, proactivity, recognition of opportunities and priority of the internal project. The COINDE is a valid and reliable instrument representing an important advance over the existing instruments by providing specificity of the measure in the sports context, the work profile of the employees of these organisations, and allowing direct evaluation of intrapreneurial behaviour.

Flying with clipped wings: dynamic capabilities of publicly owned health care providers

ABSTRACT In highly regulated public organizations, dynamic capabilities might be of a completely different nature since opportunity recognition (sensing) and strategic decision-making (seizing) are taken over by the regulator. The spirit of a dynamic capability is retained at the level of operational-level entrepreneurship. We elaborate on the only part of the dynamic capability left to highly regulated public organizations: the reconfiguration of the resource base addressing the expectations of the regulator. Using longitudinal panel data from a sample of general practitioners from public hospitals in Ukraine, we legitimize the construct of reconfiguration-centred dynamic capability and test its impact on hospitals’ performance.

Gender equality in family relations: legal aspects of protecting the rights of women and men in marriage

Gender equality in family legal relations is one of the main foundations of modern legal and social development. The article is devoted to the systematic analysis of the principle of gender equality in family relations as one of the fundamental tasks of the state and society. This study acquires special importance in the context of global political processes, international obligations of Ukraine and its European choice. The theoretical and practical importance of this issue is decisive for legal principles and the development of national society. Implementation of the principles of gender equality in family relations is important not only from the point of view of justice, but also for ensuring the harmonious development of society in general. The article examines the concept of gender equality in detail and determines its impact on the realization of property rights of participants in family relationships. On the basis of an in-depth analysis of scientific provisions, the legal nature of economic relations of spouses and their importance in the science of family law have been clarified. It is emphasized that family legislation reflects the concept of gender, taking into account all aspects of gender issues. Its purpose is to strengthen the principles of egalitarian democracy in the family, to ensure equal opportunities for the realization of constitutional rights, freedoms and duties of both an individual and a citizen. Legal awareness is defined as the basis of the mechanism for ensuring gender equality in Ukraine. The importance of gender equality for achieving stability and harmony in the family and society in general is emphasized. It has been established that there are problems of low legal awareness of citizens in general and specific problems of gender inequality in the country. It has been studied that gender equality in family relations is becoming more and more relevant and necessary in modern society. The meaning of gender equality as equal recognition of rights and opportunities for men and women in all aspects of family life is considered. Through the analysis of the legal aspects of the protection of the rights of women and men in marriage, highlighting the practical aspects of the realization of these rights and the analysis of socio-cultural influences, the formation and application of gender equality in modern family relations has been studied. It was noted that achieving gender equality in family relationships is a complex process that includes both legal and socio-cultural aspects. In particular, this issue is closely related to the fight against gender stereotypes, which can still affect attitudes towards the roles of men and women in the family. Therefore, the effective provision of gender equality in family legal relations requires not only the improvement of legislation, but also a change in public consciousness.

Assessing Entrepreneurial Readiness in Teacher Education Graduates for Future Success

Entrepreneurship education is increasingly recognized as essential for cultivating an entrepreneurial mindset among students. The College of Teacher Education (CTE) at Mariano Marcos State University (MMSU) has integrated the "Entrepreneurial Mind" subject into its curriculum to equip future educators with vital entrepreneurial skills. This study assesses the entrepreneurial competencies, attitudes, and intentions of MMSU-CTE graduates who completed this subject. This study evaluates key competencies such as opportunity recognition, innovation, risk management, and leadership, alongside graduates' perceptions of the subject's effectiveness. Data were collected from 150 graduates via a structured questionnaire online and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results indicate high proficiency in opportunity recognition, resource management, and innovation, but moderate levels in risk management and financial planning, suggesting areas for curricular enhancement. While 65% of graduates exhibit positive entrepreneurial attitudes, only 50% have strong intentions to start a business, highlighting the need for additional support mechanisms like mentorship and funding. Graduates reported significant improvements in entrepreneurial skills and confidence, validating the subject's integration. The study underscores the importance of entrepreneurship education in non-business disciplines and recommends curriculum enhancements, support mechanisms, broader implementation, and longitudinal research to optimize entrepreneurial readiness and drive innovation.

Sustainable Entrepreneurial Process in the Deep-Tech Industry

To date, deep-tech entrepreneurship and sustainable entrepreneurship are both attracting the interest of researchers. Indeed, deep-tech is being employed to address future sustainable challenges in the present. Nevertheless, the process of deep-tech startups is filled with distinct obstacles. These types of startups may necessitate a more targeted sustainable entrepreneurial process and specialised knowledge compared to conventional technological startups or general sustainable entrepreneurial processes. Currently, most publications discuss either a sustainable entrepreneurial process or conventional technical startups. Therefore, this article aims to investigate the process of sustainable entrepreneurs as they transition from startup ventures to scaleup enterprises within the context of the deep-tech industry. Based on previous sustainable entrepreneurial processes, a multiple case study was conducted within six deep-tech startups, using a narrative progress research strategy, to find the sustainable process pattern. A conceptual model of a sustainable entrepreneurial process in deep-tech industry is established, including five phases with six activities: (i) Sustainable idea definition; (ii) Sustainable opportunity recognition and evaluation; (iii) Venture launch; (iv.i) Sustainable products/services development; (iv.ii) New sustainable enterprise financing; and (v) Sustainable enterprise scaleup. This process enables sustainable deep-tech entrepreneurs, policymakers, and financial investors to necessarily have an overview of the key entrepreneurial stages to navigate from the startup to the scaleup process.

Opportunity recognition in the tension field of knowledge and learning: The case of converging industries

Knowledge-based and learning perspectives alone explain opportunity recognition insufficiently. While knowledge forms the base, learning may help entrepreneurs in novel contexts. Interactions between them add complexity to the analysis of opportunity recognition. Even though many contexts require combinations of knowledge and learning, research on opportunity recognition in these contexts remains scarce. We address this gap with fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) using data from 107 corporate entrepreneurs from converging industries. Converging industries offer a unique context to explore these complexities, requiring entrepreneurs to merge knowledge and learn from new fields. We identify three types with high levels of opportunity recognition: the “broad experienced adapter”, the “specific experienced adapter”, and the “experimenter”. Unlike a simple knowledge-based view suggests, we argue that knowledge is not always necessary. Entrepreneurs compensate for knowledge deficits by combining several learning capabilities. Configurational analysis enriches the theory of how multi-domain knowledge and learning contribute to opportunity recognition.

Buried filet of limb flaps for the reconstruction of forequarter and hindquarter amputations.

Forequarter and hindquarter amputations have traditionally been closed with local tissues, but the technique is plagued by a high rate of complication such as marginal necrosis, seroma, infection, and dehiscence. Filet of limb flaps have been used when local tissues are insufficient for closure, and despite their use in more extensive and complex wounds, outcomes seem to be better in these cases. Recognizing that filet of limb flaps not only serve to cover the wound, but also eliminate dead space, supplement at-risk and/or radiated tissue, pad underlying hard structures, and facilitate neuroma prevention with target muscle reinnervation, we have change our practice to utilize buried filet of limb flaps even when local tissues are technically "sufficient" to close the wound. The purpose of this article to organize and describe the ways in which buried filet-of-limb flaps can be used to achieve important and discrete surgical objectives in forequarter and hindquarter amputation, and to facilitate increased recognition of collaborative interdisciplinary opportunities for spare-part reconstruction. Retrospective data from the medical records of seven patients, collected between 2010 to 2023 at our single tertiary referral center, were reviewed. This included all patients for whom a buried (or partially buried) filet of limb flap was attempted for forequarter or hindquarter amputation reconstruction. Five males and two females ranging 55 to 75 years of age, met the inclusion criteria. Three cases of forequarter amputation and four cases of hindquarter amputation were included. Six flaps were successfully transferred without major flap-related complications. The mean follow-up period was eight and a half months. Even when local tissues are technically "sufficient" to close forequarter and hindquarter amputation wounds, we have found buried filet of limb flaps to be useful in several ways. These include occupying dead space, providing double-layer coverage, padding hard structures, preventing neuromas, and reconstructing sacro- and spino-pelvic continuity. Our approach emphasizes interdisciplinary collaboration and highlights the potential advantages of buried filet of limb flaps in optimizing patient outcomes for complex limb amputations.

중국 4대 직할시 온라인 플랫폼 창업자의 창업동기, 개인역량, 창업환경요인이 창업행동에 미치는 영향 : 사업기회포착의 매개효과를 중심으로

With the technological advancements of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, traditional manufacturing industries are transitioning to platform entrepreneurship utilizing AI and robotics technology. This shift contributes to national economic growth and job creation, aligning with the “Mass Entrepreneurship and Innovation” initiative advocated by Chinese Premier Li Keqiang in 2015, which drives the development of the platform economy. This study empirically analyzes the impact of entrepreneurial motivation, individual competencies, and entrepreneurial environmental factors on entrepreneurial behavior, with a mediating effect of business opportunity recognition, based on data collected from 515 online platform entrepreneurs in China’s four major municipalities. Using SPSS V. 24.0 and Process Macro 4.0 for analysis, the results indicate that economic and non-economic motivations, interpersonal competencies, digital utilization competencies, entrepreneurial education, financial status evaluation, and entrepreneurial support programs positively influence entrepreneurial behavior, with business opportunity recognition playing a crucial mediating role. Among these factors, financial status evaluation emerged as the most significant variable affecting entrepreneurial behavior. This finding demonstrates that an entrepreneur's ability to identify and evaluate business opportunities significantly impacts their entrepreneurial preparation and execution. Conversely, problem-solving competencies showed no direct effect on entrepreneurial behavior nor a mediating effect through business opportunity recognition. The traditional Chinese culture emphasizing guanxi (relationships) highlights the greater importance of interpersonal competencies over problem-solving or digital utilization competencies in business success. Therefore, to promote online platform entrepreneurship, it is essential to provide systematic financial education and continuous entrepreneurial support, enable networking and interpersonal skill‘s development programs, and offer practical support measures considering the impact of entrepreneurial environmental factors such as financial status evaluation on entrepreneurial behavior.

Probing Entrepreneurial Behavior and Performance of Women Entrepreneurs in Relation to the Kudumbashree Mission: An Analytical Study

The Kerala model exemplifies the transformative power of women's empowerment in fostering progressive development. Central to this model is Kudumbashree, the State Poverty Eradication Mission, acclaimed for its initiatives in poverty alleviation and women's empowerment. Despite Kudumbashree's promotion of women's entrepreneurship, challenges among micro - enterprises persist, necessitating an exploration of factors influencing their performance. This study examines the entrepreneurial dynamics within Kudumbashree, focusing on how entrepreneurial behaviour and competency impact micro - enterprise performance. Findings indicate that innovativeness, opportunity recognition, and business skills significantly drive revenue growth, while the roles of initiative, risk - taking, and management skills need further study. Recommendations include fostering innovation, encouraging initiative, offering risk management training, and enhancing management and business skills. The study highlights the need for targeted interventions to empower women entrepreneurs, promoting economic empowerment, gender equality, sustainable development, and community empowerment in Kerala.

Harnessing the innovative potential of start‐ups for corporate entrepreneurship in incumbent firms: a study of asymmetric buyer–supplier relationships

Corporate entrepreneurship is critical for incumbent firms to ensure continuous organizational renewal. Asymmetric buyer–supplier relationships with start‐ups, known as “venture clienting,” serve as an entrepreneurial process wherein incumbent firms integrate innovative technologies acquired from start‐ups into their processes and products to drive organizational renewal. Prior research, however, lacks insights into how incumbent firms manage these asymmetric buyer–supplier relationships and overcome the challenges that differences in culture, governance structure, and negotiating power pose. We address this gap by drawing on data from 52 semi‐structured interviews with key decision makers in a multi‐case study of six incumbent firms engaging in venture clienting. Based on the results of our cross‐case analysis, we inductively distill three maturity stages of venture clienting within incumbent firms (i.e., initiation, complexification, and pruning) and the triggers for each stage. We also shed light on the dynamic capabilities that firms develop in each maturity stage and outline the enablers that foster their development. Furthermore, we reveal how these dynamic capabilities affect corporate entrepreneurship in the incumbent firm, in terms of opportunity recognition and technology integration success.

Transitioning from entrepreneurial education to entrepreneurial behavior: The role of opportunity recognition, entrepreneurial social networks, and risk-taking propensity

This study aimed to explore the impact of entrepreneurial education on entrepreneurial intention, with a focus on the mediating roles of opportunity recognition and entrepreneurial social networks among university students in China. Additionally, the study examines the relationship between entrepreneurial intention and behavior, considering the moderating effect of risk-taking propensity. A quantitative research method was employed, and data were collected through a structured questionnaire administered in two rounds. A sample of 469 undergraduate and postgraduate students from Guangzhou University was selected using a non-probability convenience sampling method. The data were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) with Smart-PLS software version 4. The results indicate that entrepreneurial education is a positive and significant determinant of entrepreneurial intention. Furthermore, the findings reveal that entrepreneurial education mediates the relationship between opportunity recognition, entrepreneurial social networks, and entrepreneurial intention. The study also shows that risk-taking propensity positively moderates the relationship between entrepreneurial intention and behavior. Finally, the study concludes with theoretical and practical implications for universities, researchers, and policymakers in China.

Structural model and characteristics of entrepreneurial opportunity recognition abilities among university students in China: a grounded theory approach

The rapid development of mass entrepreneurship and innovation in China has substantially influenced the entrepreneurial environment, particularly among university students who are emerging as a vital entrepreneurial force. This study aimed to explore and identify the key characteristics and structural framework of entrepreneurial talents among university student entrepreneurs in China, specifically concerning their capacity to discover entrepreneurial opportunities. To achieve this, we conducted interviews with 21 exceptional university student entrepreneurs. A structural model was subsequently developed based on grounded theory, with data coded at three levels and tested for theoretical saturation. The results demonstrated that Chinese university students possess implicit and explicit capacities to detect business possibilities. Implicit abilities largely encompass the innate qualities of entrepreneurial drive and environmental intelligence, while explicit abilities comprise the acquired skills of learning, networking, and integration. This model can be used as a benchmark for assessing and enhancing the capacity of Chinese university students who are aspiring entrepreneurs to identify and exploit entrepreneurial opportunities.

Rethinking holistic sustainable growth of Malaysian SMEs: a University Helix-Quadruple Bottom Line perspective

Purpose Malaysian small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are critical for economic development and meeting the sustainable development goals (SDGs); however, many struggle to survive in the long term. So, this study aims to present a model for sustainable growth that bridges the gap between desired growth and managerial competencies. By configuring university helix-induced crowdfunding and opportunity recognition competencies with industry helix-driven innovation, the study encourages a quadruple bottom line (QBL) strategy, helping SMEs attain competitiveness for sustainable growth. Design/methodology/approach This pilot study used a sequential mixed methods design and adhered to the pragmatic research paradigm. A survey of 52 SCORE-listed manufacturers yielded quantitative data, complemented by qualitative interviews with 7 SME decision makers. This study used NVivo 10 and SmartPLS 4.0 for the necessary analysis. In addition, an effective triangulation strategy has been implemented to explain causation among selected variables. Findings The findings show that opportunity recognition and crowdfunding are positively associated with SMEs’ ability to grow in a sustainable manner and that exploitative and explorative innovation also mediate those relationships. The qualitative part highlighted key insights for successfully applying this model in Malaysian SMEs. The interview results also suggest that corporate spirituality might help SMEs adopt sustainability-focused practices. Research limitations/implications More research is required regarding both the methods and results of this pilot study. Although conducting a pilot study increases the likelihood of success in the main study, it does not ensure it. Practical implications This study equips Malaysian SMEs with a roadmap for achieving sustainable growth. The obtained findings indicate that Malaysian SMEs that develop strong crowdfunding and opportunity recognition competencies are more likely to achieve innovation-focused long-term survival. In addition, incorporating corporate spirituality can enhance their economic, social and environmental performance. Social implications By supporting more innovation in SMEs, which can improve sustainability-oriented successes and support a healthy economic system, these findings may have a beneficial social change impact. The concept may also act as the foundation for SMEs’ promotion of the SDGs. Originality/value The study uniquely offers a holistic growth model for Malaysian SMEs founded on the helix-QBL understanding that explains a firm’s sustainability-focused competitive advantage.

Entrepreneurial functions performed by women entrepreneurs: Do incubators make a difference?

Women entrepreneurs often face impoverished social networks, hindering opportunity recognition, resource mobilization, and innovation. Governments promote incubator to boost entrepreneurship, but these are often male dominated, perpetuating gender inequalities. This study examined whether incubation benefits women as much as men entrepreneurs. Data from 268 incubated (men and women) and 140 non-incubated women entrepreneurs showed significant differences in entrepreneurial functions between incubated and non-incubated women. Contrary to expectations, no significant differences were found between incubated men and women. Thus, incubators offer alternative affiliation by providing valuable networks for women beyond their familial connections. Furthermore, incubators create a level playing field for women entrepreneurs. JEL Classification: M13, L26, C83, 030

Navigating the digital landscape: communication visibility and entrepreneurial opportunity identification

Purpose With the advent of digital platforms, entrepreneurs have been able to communicate and share information in visible environments. By focusing on the visibility aspect of digital platform in a resource-constrained economy, this study aims to propose a conceptual model for exploring entrepreneurial opportunity identification. Furthermore, this study delves into the moderating influence of entrepreneurial alertness on opportunity recognition. Design/methodology/approach A research model is constructed using the theory of communication visibility to investigate how message transparency and network translucence affect the identification and development of entrepreneurial opportunities, with additional exploration of the moderating influence of entrepreneurial alertness. A questionnaire survey is conducted with 152 Iranian founder-entrepreneurs to test the proposed conceptual model. The research model’s constructs are analyzed using the partial least squares structural equation modeling method. Findings The results confirm that communication visibility impacts both aspects of entrepreneurial opportunity identification. In addition, this study reveals the distinctive moderating effects of entrepreneurial alertness on the relationship between message transparency and the creation and discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities, while finding no significant effect on network transparency and opportunity identification. Originality/value This paper stands out for its originality in collecting data from an emerging market. Besides, it explores the association between entrepreneurs’ communication dimensions and the recognition of new opportunities at the intersection of digital platforms and entrepreneurship literature. Furthermore, it empirically illustrates the moderating role of entrepreneurial alertness in the relationships between communication visibility and opportunity identification, contributing significantly to existing research.

Rethinking entrepreneurial competencies: A gender-focused analysis of students’ perceived competencies

This study addresses a research gap in understanding the gender dimensions of perceived entrepreneurial competencies among undergraduate and MBA entrepreneurship students. It aims to unravel the underlying abilities shaping these competencies and explore potential gender variations in perceptions, ultimately contributing to the enhancement of entrepreneurship courses.The research uses quantitative and qualitative methods to gather data from students who participated in entrepreneurship courses over four years. A competency survey, rooted in Morris et al.'s framework, captures self-assessments of entrepreneurial competencies. The study complements these quantitative findings with a systematic analysis of students' self-reflections, providing a comprehensive understanding of perceived competencies and potential gender differences.The research identifies specific entrepreneurial competencies—opportunity recognition and conveying a compelling vision—and their underlying abilities perceived as crucial by male and female students. It explores the extent to which gender influences these perceptions. The dual-method approach enriches insights, offering a nuanced understanding of how competencies are perceived and varying influences based on gender.This research uniquely explores the intricate dynamics of perceived entrepreneurial competencies, taking gender variations into account. It contributes to entrepreneurship course design and assessment, fostering students’ belief in entrepreneurial abilities and significantly contributing to self-concept development.

Intrinsic and phasic entrepreneurial alertness for opportunity recognition: An analysis of Asian entrepreneurs

Intrinsic and phasic entrepreneurial alertness for opportunity recognition: An analysis of Asian entrepreneurs

Development and validation of the adolescent's entrepreneurial attributes inventory: A mixed-methods approach

This study introduces the Adolescent Entrepreneurial Attributes (AEA) scale, designed to measure key entrepreneurial attributes among adolescents within an educational context. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the research involved four distinct studies: a Delphi study to refine the measurement items, a survey of youth entrepreneurship course graduates to gather perceptions of entrepreneurial attributes, a psychometric assessment to test the reliability and validity of the AEA scale, and a SEM validation study to correlate the AEA with established measures of entrepreneurial self-efficacy and intention. The findings revealed that the AEA scale is a reliable and valid tool that captures a nested profile of adolescents' entrepreneurial attributes, including innovativeness, opportunity recognition, risk-taking propensity, proactiveness, vision-driven thinking, ethical thinking, and communication and collaboration. The scale's development contributes to the field by providing a nuanced understanding of adolescents' entrepreneurial attributes. The scale supports educational efforts to assess entrepreneurship education (EE) with aims to nurture adolescents' generic entrepreneurial attributes, differentiating from existing measurements of entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and entrepreneurial intentions to evaluate entrepreneurship education programs.