Reclamation Method Research Articles

Organic Amendments Improve the Quality of Coal Gob Spoils: A Sustainable Mining Waste Reclamation Method

Organic Amendments Improve the Quality of Coal Gob Spoils: A Sustainable Mining Waste Reclamation Method

Soil organic carbon and nitrogen in a carboniferous spoil heap as a function of vegetation type and reclamation treatment

AbstractEvaluating the impact of vegetation types and reclamation methods on soil organic carbon and nitrogen in carboniferous spoil heaps is critical for selecting the best vegetation type and reclamation method to improve ecosystem services in a changing climate. This paper presents the relationship between vegetation types (woodland, forbland, and grassland) and reclamation techniques (barren rock, topsoil application, succession, and cultivation) on soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) in developing soils on carboniferous rocks in coal mine heaps. Soil samples were collected from the litter layer (Oi + Oe) and the A horizons (0–10 cm). The results revealed that vegetation types and reclamation methods significantly affected SOC and TN stocks. Woodland exhibited higher SOC and TN in the Oi + Oe horizons than other vegetation types. Topsoil application and cultivation resulted in the highest SOC and TN stocks in the A horizons (0–10 cm) under woodland and forbland compared to succession on bare carboniferous rock. In grassland, there was no significant difference in SOC stock under topsoil application and cultivation; however, significantly higher TN stock was observed in the 0–10 cm areas with topsoil application compared to succession on bare carboniferous rock. Based on the results, topsoil application is recommended to improve SOC if the mining site is restored using woodland. Conversely, grassland exhibits a similar amount of SOC stock with or without topsoil application. Considering the difficulty of obtaining topsoil, we suggest that grasses are optimal for SOC stock in the studied mining sites, followed by forbs.

Land-based resistance: Enacting Indigenous self-determination and kai sovereignty

This article outlines the role of land relations in the advancement of food sovereignty in the settler colonial context of Aotearoa New Zealand by exploring how land-based anti-colonial resistance movements, including the recent #ProtectIhumātao campaign, can inform food system transformation. First, this article draws on theories of Indigenous food sovereignty, land sovereignty, and critical property theory to argue that in settler colonial contexts, food sovereignty movements must take a critical approach to questions of the state and sovereignty, property relations, and Indigenous struggles for territorial authority and self-determination. Drawing on land-based resistance movements which have included food production as a method of reclamation, this article further proposes a need to understand food sovereignty in the Aotearoa context as firmly grounded in Māori land sovereignty and territorial authority. Finally, this article explores how the struggle to protect Ihumātao ruptured the seemingly settled nature of property relations and state sovereignty, opening space for the articulation of new modes of land governance and new constitutional arrangements more conducive to Māori aspirations for land management and stewardship—including food sovereignty.

Transforming ex-Coal Mining Sites into Sustainable Plantations: A Case Study of Food Natural Sustainability Project in Bomba Group

The Ministry of Agriculture (Kementan) is encouraging efforts to convert former mining land into productive agricultural areas to increase national food production and stocks amidst the global food crisis. Land Reclamation Technology is a necessity to reduce the cost of reclamation of ex-mining land into agricultural land. The method of reclamation of ex-mining land by moving top soil from another place is not recommended because this is a step to solve the problem by creating other new problems. Sustainability Business Model for such rejuvenation projects refer to Collaboration and Community Based and must be prioritize all stakeholders (all parties involved and affected by the activities carried out by the business) rather than the interests of shareholders.

A Novel Reclamation Method of Chemical–Mechanical Grinding for Inorganic Binder Waste Sand in Aluminum Alloy Casting Process

A Novel Reclamation Method of Chemical–Mechanical Grinding for Inorganic Binder Waste Sand in Aluminum Alloy Casting Process

Influence of reclamation techniques and vegetation types on water retention in hard coal spoil heaps

AbstractThis study examines the relationship between the reclamation method (with topsoil and with bare rock), individual species, and land cover (woodland, grassland, and forbsland) on micro‐climate and retention properties, that is, volumetric water content (vwc) and water storage capacity (S). The large overburden dump “Sośnica” in Upper Silesia served as a research site, which makes it possible to investigate the planned experimental variants with relatively homogeneous properties of the deposited rock. The study uses statistical analysis and multilinear regressions to investigate the correlation between reclamation method, species, and land cover with parameters such as atmospheric temperature, relative humidity, vwc, soil temperature (st), and S. The experiments were carried out both in the field and in the laboratory. The results of this study indicate that the parameters related to retention properties were higher in the recultivated areas than in the areas left to natural succession. “S” was significantly higher in grassland and forbsland (15.67–16.52%) than in control plots where 10.23% was found, and in areas where an additional soil layer was applied (14.72%). Maximum vwc (22.17%) was on plots with topsoil than on bare rock (14.89%). Vwc were highest in the areas designated as grassland (28.54%), in comparison with woodlands and forblands (the control without vegetation cover had the worst thermal and retention properties). This study sheds light on the effects of reclamation method, species, and land cover on various parameters and helps to understand the importance of appropriate reclamation techniques for soil and water conservation. Further research on the impacts of reclamation techniques and land cover on micro‐climatic conditions in diverse post‐mining landscapes is crucial for developing globally applicable restoration strategies that promote ecological resilience.

IMPROVEMENT OF ELEMENTARY COMPONENT OF DAMAGED SUBSTRATES BY SAPONITE CLAY INCLUSION

In this proposed article, the impact on the elemental composition of sand substrates is determined using the example of the Andriykovetskyi quarry-dump complex and the Barsukivskyi sand pit, which are located in the Central Podillya region in the conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe. It was determined, that saponite clay contains a significant amount of macro- and micro- elements, and the directions of this use depend on the composition and origin of saponite: in agriculture, in industry, in construction, an application as a sorbent or as meliorant, etc. It is noted that the use of saponite as an ameliorant is an economical and cost-effective method of reclamation, which allows to reduce the burden on the environment caused by the extraction of minerals, pollution of the territory by heavy metals, the conduct of hostilities, etc. General scientific (analysis), statistical (statistical analysis) and laboratory methods (Fourier-transform spectroscopy) were used to assess the qualitative composition of inorganic and organic components of sand-saponite mixtures and to determine saponite clay as a potentially fertile material. To conduct the research, an averaged sample of sand was taken from the Andriykovetskyi quarry and dump complex and from the Barsukivskyi sand pit. For comparison with reference values, a zonal soil sample was taken from undisturbed areas. Saponite from the Tashkiv deposit with a fraction of 0.1 mm was used for sand-saponite mixtures, the ratio of sand substrate to saponite is 70% to 30%. According to the results of the study of the qualitative composition of the inorganic component, it was determined, that saponite has a positive effect on the composition of the sand-saponite mixture in terms of providing plants with nutrients, such as macro- and micro- elements (Mg, K, Na, Cu, Zn, Ca). This confirms the positive effect of saponite on plant growth, which was obtained by us in previous biotesting experiments, and is explained by the fact that the elements of the sand-saponite substrate are available to plants as a result of their transition into the substrate solution. Adding saponite to the substrate of sand pits also increases the content of organic substances, which accelerates the processes of humification and the formation of soil aggregates: humic acid contributes to the bonding of soil particles; carbohydrates sucrose, fructose, glucose and lactose create a nutrient environment for plants; stearates and stearic acid are the main soap components, lauric acid is a foaming catalyst, their presence in sand-saponite mixtures indicates their transition from saponite. When comparing the samples of sand-saponite mixtures of the Andriykovetskyi quarry-dump complex and the Barsukivskyi sand pit, it was concluded that the processes of soil formation began in the substrate of the Andriykovetskyi quarry-dump complex, since the composition of organic matter is greater here.

Comparison of Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity under the Reclaimed Conditions of Salt Affected Soil

Solving the soil problems that affect negatively on growth of plants and reduce the soil permeability is necessary for the study site, Thein Gone Village in Yamethin Township, Myanmar. The objectives of this study were; to identify the soil whether it is salt-affected or not and to investigate the proper reclamation method with different rates of amendments by comparing the saturated conductivity (Ks). Both composite (disturbed) and core (undisturbed) soil samplings were collected at three profiles (0 - 60 cm soil depth) during March, 2023. Some soil properties such as texture, bulk density (g cm-3), moisture content (%), ECe (electrical conductivity, saturated extract; mS cm-1), pH (1:5 water), SAR (sodium absorption ratio) and pH and EC of leaching water were also measured. Firstly, the study site was problematic with high pH due to Na+ distribution of underground water although there was some application of gypsum for a decade. Also, low permeability (Ks < 1x10-8 cm s-1) was another problem there. To leach the salt (EC < 1 mS cm-1 in leachate), 1500 cm3 of water was necessary for one core (98.21 cm3 soil volume). It was relatively high amount for using the quality-water. For reclamation methods, gypsum 5 t ha-1, sulphur 1 t ha-1, and cow-dung manure 20 t ha-1 gave the minimum (- log Ks) value among different rates of each amendment. The less the - log Ks, the more permeable the soil becomes. Among different amendments, gypsum 5 t ha-1 showed the fastest saturated hydraulic conductivity. Moreover, it is necessary to drain out the leachate to prevent the formation of saline -sodic soil.

ENGINEERING PREPARATION OF THE SOIL BASE FOR THE FOUNDATIONS OF THE CONSTRUCTIONS OF THE DERHACHI SOLID WASTE LANDFILL

After conducting engineering and geological investigations, it became necessary to provide scientific support for construction in terms of engineering preparation of the soil base for the foundations of the structures due to extreme unsustainability in the plan and depth of the rocks. Such engineering-geological conditions significantly impact the choice of foundation structures and the justification of measures to reduce or eliminate the negative effect on the environment and the development of dangerous geological processes and phenomena. We thoroughly studied the deformation and strength properties of the supporting soil layers and developed recommendations for their engineering preparation and improvement of the indicators. Bulk soil is present in local depressions: construction debris, sand, and compacted loam. Based on the analysis of physical and mechanical properties, we could conclude that this soil cannot be used as a soil base for the foundations of buildings due to its loose composition and enrichment with organic substances and must be completely replaced during the production of earthworks. They can be used as a basis for laying engineering networks. After excavation pits for individual columns, before setting up the preparation, it is necessary to carefully inspect the soil foundation to ensure that it is the same engineering and geological element specified in the project. The soil base of the foundations is redeposited subsidence loess loams, which have mostly lost their subsidence properties, but local inclusions with subsidence properties have remained in the thickness of these soils. If there are lenses of soils in the soil base with indicators of physical and mechanical characteristics that are lower than those adopted in the project and that have a thickness of less than one meter, they should be removed and replaced with sand or sand-crushed soil with layer-by-layer compaction and compaction quality control. Doing so will create the same soil conditions for the building foundation. The performed scientific and technical support of the construction made it possible to choose a method of technical soil reclamation—partial replacement of weak soils with sand and crushed stone, which, after layer-by-layer compaction, can withstand a significant load and stability under vibrational influences. Keywords: landfills, solid household waste.

SALINE AND SWAMPY (WATERLOGGED) SOILS OF KAZAKHSTAN AND WAYS TO IMPROVE THEM

The article describes the patterns of distribution of saline and swampy soils across the soil and climatic zones of Kazakhstan, describes the features of salt accumulation processes depending on geological development and identifies soil-halogeochemical provinces. Reclamation measures for their development are recommended. The most effective method of reclamation of hydromorphic meadow solonchaks of the chloride-sulfate type of salinization is leaching against the background of open deep horizontal drainage. Leaching of meadow solonchaks of the foothill plain of the Ili Alatau with a water norm of 5000 m3/ha provides desalination of the soil and soil thickness with a capacity of 0-80 cm. During soda salinization of solonetzic meadow-chestnut soils, the application of 2.1 and 4.2 t/ha of 1% sulfuric acid solution ensures the transformation of the ionic composition of the pore solution from soda to sulfate, which is subsequently removed by leaching. On swampy (waterlogged) soils, the most rational is the creation of highly productive meadow agrocenoses and the preservation of meadow biocenoses.

Air-boosted vacuum preloading method for land reclamation with vertical drains: Numerical and analytical solutions

As an emerging ground treatment technique, the air-boosted vacuum preloading method accelerates the consolidation process of soils with vertical drains and enhances the bearing capacity and stability of grounds. This improvement is achieved by augmenting the horizontal pressure differential between the drainage body and the surrounding soils. In the realm of existing theories, consolidation models are primarily established under the assumption of linear characteristics of soils. Nonetheless, for marine sedimentary soft soils characterized by high compressibility, the application of nonlinear consolidation theory becomes more appropriate. The well resistance effect of the drainage body over time is also considered in this study, and a comprehensive consolidation model tailored to soft soils with air-booster pipes and vertical drains is proposed. Subsequently, the analytical and numerical solutions for this consolidation model are derived, respectively. Comparisons are made with existing conventional linear consolidation models to substantiate the validity of the proposed consolidation model. This investigation delves into the influence of nonlinear compressibility and permeability of soils, variable well resistance, and drain spacing ratio, on consolidation behaviors. Particular emphasis is placed on the determination of the startup time for the air-boosted system. Finally, the proposed consolidation model is applied to the actual field prediction, affirming the accuracy and applicability of the developed consolidation model in practical soft soil treatments.

The results of chemical reclamation of the soil component of natural and seeded meadows in the Non-Black Soil Zone of the Russian Federation

The reclamation role of the preparation Kovelos in relation to elements of the heavy metal group – copper and zinc - has been proven: a decrease in their gross concentration when applying a silicon-containing nanopreparation at a dose of 120 kg/ha is statistically significant. Thus, soil grassing in combination with the introduction of a silicon–containing preparation is an effective method of land reclamation in aerotechnogenic pollution areas. It was found that during the four-year period of meliorant application, OCC values in soils grassed with natural and seeded vegetation increased for 3 and 4 years of observation. The differences in the OCC fixation differ unreliably with the variants without the addition of nanosilicon, nevertheless, OCC reserves increase significantly. The range of OCC accumulation as a result of long-term use of chemical meliorant is as follows: caper euphorbia + oats > common timothy > cow clover > koeleria-red fescue > two-source > cow parsnip-foxtail. The use of synthetic amorphous silicon dioxide leads to cheaper reclamation methods, reduced labor and energy costs, the use of an affordable and cheap drug, and the action complexity.

SAR-Transformer-based decomposition and geophysical interpretation of InSAR time-series deformations for the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge

Time-series interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) provides a unique tool for measuring large-scale and long-term land surface deformation. Under the assumption of a single linear deformation model in conventional InSAR, it is difficult to quantify and interpret the impacts of multiple environmental factors that presumably induce nonlinear deformations. In this paper, we propose a SAR-Transformer method to decompose InSAR time-series signals into various physics-related components and apply the method to evaluate the deformation of the world's longest cross-sea bridge, the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge (HZMB). We first developed an improved bridge geometry-based InSAR network to monitor the deformation of the HZMB using Sentinel-1 and COSMO-SkyMed images from 2019 to 2022, which were validated using the leveling and GPS data. The SAR-Transformer model was trained using synthetic InSAR time-series samples and applied to decompose the monitored InSAR measurements. Compared with that of conventional curve-fitting and seasonal-trend decomposition using LOESS, SAR-Transformer reduced the mean absolute error at least by 58.32% and mean absolute percentage error at least by 8.84% for time-series signal reconstruction. We evaluated the decomposed patterns according to the geotechnical, meteorological, and marine processes, and found that: 1) Seasonal thermal expansion owing to temperature changes was significant in all parts of the bridge, and deflection due to concrete shrinkage and creep was observed on cable-stayed bridges. 2) The artificial islands experienced evident ground subsidence with a decelerating trend. In particular, the newly adopted non-dredged reclamation method resulted in a lower decelerated settlement than that of fully-dredged reclamation areas. 3) The seawall showed linear horizontal movement from the outward stretching of the reclaimed soil consolidation and periodic displacement related to sea tidal loading. Furthermore, typhoons and coastal earthquakes had limited effects on the permanent movement of the bridge. These results improve the understanding of the interactions between artificial super-infrastructures and environmental factors, and provide valuable guidelines for the maintenance and management of the HZMB.

Development of an environmentally safe non-mechanized technology of the polluted forest areas reclamation

The inaccessibility of forest areas dictates the need to optimize the ways of their reclamation in case of pollution. The northern regions are highly vulnerable. To determine the degree of pollution, a variant of mapping the site with the determination of the degree of pollution was considered. Water sampling in the contaminated zone indicates intensive processes of decomposition organically exceeding the MPC. The penetration depth of contaminants is up to 95 cm. With prolonged exposure to organo-fat contaminants covering surfaces, death of vegetation and forest stands is noted. With distance from the source of pollution, the projective cover of some types of vegetation increases. 2 variants of reclamation are considered: mechanized and two-stage treatment directly at the site of pollution, carried out using additional aeration. Accelerated decomposition of contaminants up to 9 days at a dose of 15 g/l was confirmed. The results of the treatment is an increase in the pH of the medium from acidic to neutral. The height of the layer of organic surface contamination is reduced by 88% in 9 days when the mixture is aerated. The second stage is also confirmed by a decrease in the nitrogen concentration by 1.5–2 times, while the transparency of the solution increases by 2–2.5 times. The peculiarity of the revealed method of reclamation is a two-stage biodegradation, implemented directly in the natural environment without the use of machines and mechanisms. According to the results of a technical and economic comparison of the costs of the two reclamation options, the use of the new technology turned out to be 9 times cheaper, and the time costs are reduced by 2 times and can be 14 days, which is acceptable for the northern territories.

Fuzzy system for decision support of post-mining regions reclamation (FSDR)

Open pit mining of rock minerals and the affected areas requiring further development are a serious challenge for shaping the positive image of the mining industry among the public. The direction and method of post-mining land reclamation are important for this image, which should take into account various factors describing the mining area, including social preferences. The article presents an example solution – fuzzy system (FSDR) – which supports the selection of the direction of reclamation of post- -mining areas created after the termination of operations of open pit gravel and sand natural aggregate mines. The article presents selected factors determining the selection of the direction and possible reclamation variants as input and output data of the fuzzy system. The rules base of the developed system, as well as the mechanisms of inference and defuzzification, were also characterized. The application of the developed system is presented on selected examples.

The geochemical processes affecting the mobility of Cu, Pb, Zn during phytostabilization on sulfidic mine tailings revealed by a greenhouse study

Sulfidic mine tailings have the potential to release toxic metals into the surrounding environment. Phytostabilization can stabilize these toxic metals in the rhizosphere, providing a sustainable method for mine reclamation. However, previous research has not examined the inorganic geochemical processes in the rhizosphere that are significant for controlling acid mine drainage. Therefore, a greenhouse study was conducted to explore the geochemical processes affecting the mobility of Cu, Pb, and Zn through the establishment of phytostabilization on sulfidic mine tailings. The mineralogy of substrates before and after experiments and the changes in metal concentrations and pH of the drainage were analyzed. The results showed that at the end of the experiments, pH of pot substrates with plants became acidic (pH ranging from 2.59 to 3.77), the concentrations of Cu, Pb, and Zn in the drainage increased (up to 20.14 mg/L of Cu, 2.28 mg/L of Pb, and 3199.87 mg/L of Zn), leading to the generation of acid mine drainage. It was concluded that, in addition to the sulfide oxidation, two other acidification processes played a role: the decomposition of organic matter and the release of roots exudates, in decreasing pH and increasing metal concentrations in the drainage from amended tailings. The acidity in the rhizosphere was neutralized sequentially through the following geochemical processes: (1) dissolution of carbonates, (2) dissolution of Al&Fe (oxy)hydroxide, and (3) silicates weathering. The long-term reliability of phytostabilization can be achieved by re-applying amendments to initiate these neutralization processes. This research has filled the research gap regarding the geochemical mechanisms controlling the migration of metals in the rhizosphere during phytostabilization with two grass species (Pascopyrum and Lolium multiflorum). It provides a valuable reference for designers and engineers when considering metal immobilization in sulfidic mine tailings through the technique of phytostabilization during mine reclamation and closure stage.

Natural vegetation communities on the iron ore dumpsites in Northern Kazakhstan

Abstract. Simanchuk Y, Sultangazina G. 2023. Natural vegetation communities on the iron ore dumpsites in Northern Kazakhstan. Biodiversitas 24: 3414-3423. Mining can significantly impact the landscape, clearing vegetation and causing other environmental damage. Reclamation and revegetation are often used to restore degraded land after mining. One reclamation method is passive restoration, which allows vegetation to regenerate naturally. In this study, we investigated the primary stages of syngenesis at the dumpsites of the Sokolov Sarbai Mining Production Association (SSGPO JSC), including the Sokolov and Sarbai deposits and the Kachary Ruda JSC. The age of the dumps studied ranged from two to forty years. According to the degree of syngenesis, the vegetation cover of the dumps was divided into three groups: pioneer groups, group-thicket communities, and diffuse communities. A total of sixty-three standard geobotanical descriptions were made. The composition of plant cenopopulations for saline and non-saline soils was analyzed. A comprehensive floristic analysis of the list of plants, as well as the activity of species in terms of their importance, was carried out. Dominant plants with a high class of consistency were highlighted. The study of syngenesis stages showed that, despite the long period of existence of the dumps, the formation of zonal or intrazonal communities did not occur. The initial stages of syngenesis were characterized by a random and unstable floristic composition of plant communities. The ecological species heterogeneity of the first stages of syngenesis was documented in the spread of species of different coenotic groups. It was determined that salinity slowed down the rate of syngenesis stage change, reduced the number of species, and altered floral composition in saline soils compared to non-saline ones. Even at old dump sites, the floristic composition was incomplete compared to natural phytocenoses.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL IN QUARTZ SAND MINING IN RIAU ISLANDS PRE-RECLAMATION ACTIVITIES

It is necessary to figure out the chemical characteristic of soil in the pre-reclaimed land of quartz sand mines in order to find the appropriate and optimal reclamation method applied. A laboratory analysis is then conducted to determine the impact of the causes of decreased soil fertility. This research is conducted at PT. X Kepulauan Riau. The method used for soil sampling is FAO (1976) at a depth of 0-30 cm, with a total of 4 samples, namely sample A, B, C, and D. Sample A, B, and C are used in the XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence) method to determine the chemical compounds contained in the soil, while sample D is used for analyzing the soil chemical characteristic to determine the nutrients contained in the soil. Based on the results of the analysis, the condition of the pre-reclaimed land of quartz sand is classified as infertile. Nutrient levels in the pre-reclaimed land were mostly low, and this is an important factor inhibiting plants from growing at the study site.

Влияние лесополос на валовое содержание Pb и Сd и их обменные соединения в черноземах выщелоченных

The creation of artificial forest belts is an effective method of land reclamation. Forest belts have a positive impact on prevention of erosion processes, formation of heat and moisture regimes, reduction of turbulent exchange in the surface air layer and reduction of carbon dioxide share in the atmosphere. An important feature of forest plantations is the prevention of soil contamination with heavy metals (HM). It occurs due to profile redistribution of HM and partial remediation of soils. The obtained data confirm this position. Reliable transformation of leached chernozems under the influence of different-age forest belts in comparison with arable soils on the territory of All-Russian Research Institute of Sugar Beet and Sugar named after A.L. Mazlumov was revealed. Forest vegetation type contributes to more sustainable ecosystems due to stabilization of humus content and its uniform distribution throughout the soil profile. Correlation analysis revealed a close relationship between content of humus, soil solution pH and the gross content, as well as the exchangeable compounds of HM. An increase in the concentration of HM in the upper layer of arable chernozem was revealed; it was caused by active emissions of exhaust gases from agricultural machinery and the application of mineral fertilizers. The design of forest belts in order to restore contaminated soils is planned in the territory of Sichuan Province (southwest China). This project needs additional research, which is planned to be carried out in the future.

Novel Approach to Landfill Wastewater Treatment Fouling Mitigation: Air Gap Membrane Distillation with Tin Sulfide-Coated PTFE Membrane.

This study addressed the fouling issue in membrane distillation (M.D.) technology, a promising method for water purification and wastewater reclamation. To enhance the anti-fouling properties of the M.D. membrane, a tin sulfide (TS) coating onto polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) was proposed and evaluated with air gap membrane distillation (AGMD) using landfill leachate wastewater at high recovery rates (80% and 90%). The presence of TS on the membrane surface was confirmed using various techniques, such as Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), contact angle measurement, and porosity analysis. The results indicated the TS-PTFE membrane exhibited better anti-fouling properties than the pristine PTFE membrane, and its fouling factors (FFs) were 10.4-13.1% compared to 14.4-16.5% for the PTFE membrane. The fouling was attributed to pore blockage and cake formation of carbonous and nitrogenous compounds. The study also found that physical cleaning with deionized (DI) water effectively restored the water flux, with more than 97% recovered for the TS-PTFE membrane. Additionally, the TS-PTFE membrane showed better water flux and product quality at 55 °C and excellent stability in maintaining the contact angle over time compared to the PTFE membrane.