Recirculation Patterns Research Articles

Experimental study of nanoparticle transport and penetration efficiency on a sharp-bent tube (elbow connection)

In the present study, nanoparticle transport through a sharp-bent tube, i.e., elbow connection, was systematically examined by using a particle size ranging from 3 to 50 nm. In the experiments, particle size and flow rate significantly affected the penetration efficiency. To be specific, the smaller particles which had higher diffusion coefficient were more likely deposited on the sharp-bent tube and the higher flow rate reduced the flow-directional nanoparticle residence time resulting in increased penetration efficiency. To explain the experimental penetration efficiency on the sharp-bent tube, characteristics of fluid flow on the sharp-bent tube were studied numerically. The flow field calculations showed that the recirculation pattern occurred at the corner of the sharp-bent tube, and the flow separation and reattachment were observed at the inner wall right after the bending point. Additionally, when compared to higher Reynolds number, the intensity of the secondary flow was weaker at lower Reynolds number as well as its center point was located farther from the tube wall. Therefore, the nanoparticle residence time on the sharp-bent tube became longer and a smaller number of particles penetrated the tube at lower Reynolds number. Based on the experimental data, the penetration efficiency on the sharp-bent tube was predicted by the correlation fitting curve. The relative penetration efficiency on the sharp-bent tube was also obtained by comparing it to the penetration efficiency on the straight tube. The strong diffusion transport rate and weak advection transport rate induced more particle losses due to secondary flow after bending point, resulting in the decreased relative particle efficiency.

Design and Analysis of New Micromixers Based on Distillation Column Trays

AbstractFour passive micromixer designs (G1, G2, G3, and G4) based on distillation columns trays are proposed. The performance of the devices is assessed by numerical simulations. The mixing performance is investigated for different Reynolds numbers and channel heights for oil/ethanol flow. G1 and G4 designs provided a high mixing index. The G1 device achieved superior mixing performance with a moderate pressure drop due to the induced flow recirculation pattern for a relatively high flow rate, highlighting the potential use of such microdevice for scale‐up and numbering‐up of microdevices in modular chemical plant processing.

Simulation of Aqueous Humour Flow Driven by Buoyancy Effects and Flow Through Pupil Aperture During Descemet Membrane Detachment

Descemet membrane detachment (DMD) is a tear or break on the Descement membrane (DM) which is a part of the cornea membrane. DMD is occurred when DM separate from stroma. The separation is due to the aqueous humour (AH) flows into the subspaces between the stroma and DM. A mathematical model of buoyancy driven AH flow is developed to analyse the behaviour of the fluid flows through the pupil aperture in anterior chamber (AC) during DMD. Finite element method using COMSOL Multiphysics 5.2 is implemented to simulate the buoyancy driven flow of AH enters the AC across pupil aperture and leaves through Trabecular meshwork (TM) during DMD. Results are obtained for the eye in standing and supine position. The effects considered is the temperature differences between the cornea and iris that act as the driver of AH flow, variation of pupil size indicate the different level of ambient light and the influence of gravity on the deformation of DMD. Buoyancy effect is observed to be the dominant driven mechanism of AH flow in AC. Variation of pupil size has no effect on the pattern of the fluid flow in AC. The standing and supine position of human are able to change the recirculation pattern of AH in the AC. Therefore, the reattachment of DMD is significantly affected by the body position of the patient.

Six-year observations of aerosol optical properties at a southern African grassland savannah site

Atmospheric aerosols have a significant effect on earth's radiative budget, particularly on regional scales. This paper presents a ~6 year, in situ, ground level aerosol scattering and absorption dataset, measured at a background site strategically positioned to enable differentiation of the effect of anthropogenic, population density and open biomass burning activities on a regional scale. Relatively well-defined seasonal and diurnal patterns were observed for all the aerosol optical properties, i.e. scattering coefficient (σ SP ), absorption coefficient (σ AP ), single scattering albedo (ω 0 ) and Ångström exponent of scattering (α SP ). These patterns were explained by considering southern African specific sources and metrological conditions. Using a receptor modelling method (auto-generated source maps) it was found that air masses that had higher σ SP , σ AP and ω 0 , and lower α SP , if compared with the relatively clean background, passed over source regions with significant industrial or other anthropogenic activities, higher population density, re-circulation of polluted air masses and higher open biomass burning frequency. To quantify differences, four source regions were defined, i.e. Karoo, Kalahari, anti-cyclonic recirculation pattern and the industrial hub of South Africa. Air masses that had passed over the Karoo source region represented the cleanest regional background conditions, while air masses that had passed either over the industrial hub and/or the anti-cyclonic recirculation pattern represented the most significant anthropogenically impacted, as indicated by the aerosol optical properties. The ω 0 medians of air masses that had passed over the Karoo (0.80–0.86) were 9, 12 and 7% lower than in air masses that had passed over source regions with the highest ω 0 median, in the warmest/wettest, coldest, and driest, peak open biomass burning periods, respectively. • A six-year, ground level aerosol optical property dataset is presented. • Well-defined seasonal and diurnal patterns were evident for the optical properties. • Auto-generated source maps were used to explain results within a regional context. • Air masses passing over the Karoo region represented the most natural background. • Anthropogenic influences were evident in air masses passing over all other regions.

The coupling between the internal and external flows through a hybridized solar cavity receiver under isothermal conditions

An experimental investigation of the interaction between the internal and external flows through a simplified laboratory-scale hybrid solar cavity receiver is presented. The experiments were conducted under isothermal conditions using the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique. The device comprises a cylindrical chamber (70 mm inner diameter and 225 mm long) fitted with four jets (3.35 mm inner diameter) simulating fuel and air supply and an aperture. Four different configurations have been tested, with two different jet inclination angles (25° and 50°) and with two different jet azimuthal angles (0° and 5°). Water was used as the working fluid and the models were placed in a water channel with variable speed to allow the influence of an external flow to be simulated. The results show that the flow behaviour within the cavity is strongly dependent on the jets’ configuration, the aperture ratio and tilt angle. A significant flow of external fluid was entrained through the aperture for all of configurations, with an additional 22% and 42% to the internal flow for the (αj = 25°, γj = 0°) case with zero and 0.24 m/s exteral velocity, respectively. The effect of openning the apreture on jet decay, turbulence intensity and recirculation pattern was also recorded. It is found that while opening the aperture and introducing an external flow have little qualitative influence on the flow pattern and jet decay, the turbulence intensity in the proximity of the aperture changes considerably. The need to manage the complex interactions between the external and internal flows through the cavity receiver is defined.

Validation of a Discrete Element Method (DEM) Model of the Grinding Media Dynamics within an Attritor Mill Using Positron Emission Particle Tracking (PEPT) Measurements

Positron emission particle tracking (PEPT) was used to investigate the grinding media dynamics in a laboratory-scale attritor mill in the absence of powder. The grinding media motion was analysed as a function of the equipment’s typical operating parameters: impeller speed, impeller clearance and bead fill level. It was observed that the impeller speed had the strongest influence on the media motion. An increase of the impeller speed from 300 rpm to 600 rpm led to a change in the bead recirculation patterns with the increasing formation of well segregated upper and lower recirculation loops that fully developed at the maximum speed of 600 rpm. For a constant impeller speed, an increase of the bead loading did not majorly affect the bead velocity as remarked by minor changes on the flow field. For all the impeller clearance values, the occupancy plots revealed an inefficient dead region at the bottom of the attritor where the beads were moving at very low velocity. In this region the beads were tightly packed under their own weight and, furthermore, there was an absence of direct contact with the impeller arms. The depth of this region increased proportionally to the distance between the bottom of the impeller and the vessel base indicating that a minimum value of clearance should be set to optimise the lower recirculation pattern. For two experimental conditions, the data generated by PEPT measurements were utilised to set-up a friction-adjusted discrete element method (DEM) model. Here, the simulation results were qualitatively and quantitatively compared against the PEPT data by assessing the averaged velocity flow fields and the average velocity profiles at different radial locations inside the vessel. Given the intrinsic uncertainty of the PEPT measurements, the DEM model results were in considerably good agreement with the experimental results. The major discrepancy was observed close to the vessel wall where the simulations overpredicted the velocity by about 10%.

Efficacy of an ambulance ventilation system in reducing EMS worker exposure to airborne particles from a patient cough aerosol simulator

The protection of emergency medical service (EMS) workers from airborne disease transmission is important during routine transport of patients with infectious respiratory illnesses and would be critical during a pandemic of a disease such as influenza. However, few studies have examined the effectiveness of ambulance ventilation systems at reducing EMS worker exposure to airborne particles (aerosols). In our study, a cough aerosol simulator mimicking a coughing patient with an infectious respiratory illness was placed on a patient cot in an ambulance. The concentration and dispersion of cough aerosol particles were measured for 15 min at locations corresponding to likely positions of an EMS worker treating the patient. Experiments were performed with the patient cot at an angle of 0° (horizontal), 30°, and 60°, and with the ambulance ventilation system set to 0, 5, and 12 air changes/hour (ACH). Our results showed that increasing the air change rate significantly reduced the airborne particle concentration (p < 0.001). Increasing the air change rate from 0 to 5 ACH reduced the mean aerosol concentration by 34% (SD = 19%) overall, while increasing it from 0 to 12 ACH reduced the concentration by 68% (SD = 9%). Changing the cot angle also affected the concentration (p < 0.001), but the effect was more modest, especially at 5 and 12 ACH. Contrary to our expectations, the aerosol concentrations at the different worker positions were not significantly different (p < 0.556). Flow visualization experiments showed that the ventilation system created a recirculation pattern which helped disperse the aerosol particles throughout the compartment, reducing the effectiveness of the system. Our findings indicate that the ambulance ventilation system reduced but did not eliminate worker exposure to infectious aerosol particles. Aerosol exposures were not significantly different at different locations within the compartment, including locations behind and beside the patient. Improved ventilation system designs with smoother and more unidirectional airflows could provide better worker protection.

CPFD simulation of petcoke and SRF co–firing in a full–scale cement calciner

Computational particle fluid dynamics (CPFD) simulation is carried out to study the effect of petcoke and solid recovered fuel (SRF) co–firing in a full–scale cement calciner. The simulations are conducted using the Multi–Phase Particle–In–Cell (MP–PIC) approach with the Barracuda Virtual Reactor® 17.3.1 solver. The results from the CPFD simulation are compared with extensive field measurements of gas temperature and composition at several points in different calciner cross–sections. In the simulation, the SRF particles are divided into three components of plastic, biomass, and inert. The plastic particles go through drying, melting and decomposition while the conversion of biomass particles involves drying, devolatilization, and char oxidation. The predicted concentrations of O2 and CO2 are in good agreement with the measurements, while the gas temperature is overpredicted, especially in the lower calciner vessel. However, the trends of changes in the gas temperature are well–captured. The converted fuel fraction and calcination factor are predicted with an acceptable degree of accuracy. The simulation results show that large biomass particles in SRF tend to leave the calciner without complete conversion. Furthermore, a recirculation pattern for SRF particles is observed in the lower calciner vessel and the conical section, leading to high conversion degree of this fuel.

Numerical Analysis of Hot Air Recirculation Phenomenon in a Compressor Unit and Prevention of Overheating

Managing the hot air recirculation and flow pattern in air-cooled systems is essential for satisfactory performance and reliable operation of compressor units. In this study, a numerical analysis of the exhaust air from an air-cooled compressor package located in oil and gas offshore platform is presented using computational fluid dynamics. The results of the analysis reveal that hot air recirculation can have a direct impact in air-cooled units, which is associated with the installation arrangement of the mechanical packages involving air coolers and the environmental conditions around the units. The results were able to predict flow and temperature fields in the compressor area, and provided recommendation to avoid exhaust air recirculation, which if not addressed and prevented can greatly reduce the cooling effectiveness of the air coolers leading to less reliable systems.

Surface currents and transport processes in the Strait of Gibraltar: Implications for modeling and management of pollutant spills

The main features of the surface currents in the Strait of Gibraltar and Algeciras Bay are analyzed from the numerical results of three-dimensional hydrodynamic modeling, complemented and validated through observational data. The relative contributions of the main processes affecting the surface current patterns (i.e. mean background flows, barotropic tide, baroclinic internal waves, and wind regime) are described and interpreted, focusing on their effects on surface transport-dispersion processes, with special attention paid to the simulation and prediction of the evolution of oil spills and other marine pollutants in this sensitive environment in the context of coastal management. In general, the mean background surface flow promotes eastward transport in the Strait and re-circulation patterns within Algeciras Bay, with inflows and outflows mainly near the western and eastern coasts, respectively. The barotropic tide produces periodic reversals of water transport (and hence higher persistence and re-entrance processes) on the western side of the Strait and within the Bay, while its effects are generally weaker than the mean eastward flow in the eastern region. Baroclinic, tide-induced, short-period internal waves are responsible for occasional local high-divergence of the current field, with effects on the surface transport-dispersion processes. Finally, the wind regimes commonly present in this environment (mainly easterlies and westerlies) generally modulate the transport intensity in the Strait, while affecting more strongly the surface transport patterns within Algeciras Bay. Outputs from the developed metocean modeling system fed a Lagrangian particle-tracking model, validated by drifting-buoy data, to reproduce past oil spill events: the tanker Sea Spirit in the western Strait of Gibraltar (1990), and the ships Fedra and Tawe in Algeciras Bay (2008), each well documented and characterized by different metocean conditions and spill quantities. The predicted time-spatial distribution of the oil slicks and affected coasts were compared with available reports and photographs, showing that the strongly baroclinic oceanographic regime of the Strait of Gibraltar and Algeciras Bay demands a fully 3-D approach to simulate properly the behavior of surface pollutant spills in these environments, in order to achieve an efficient management by supporting risk assessment, contingency planning and palliation activities.

Establishment of refined sintering flue gas recirculation patterns for gas pollutant reduction and waste heat recycling

Emission of gaseous pollutants from sintering accounts for 40% of the total emitted from ironmaking & steelmaking processes. Flue gas recirculation (FGR) is a functional way to reduce gas emission and reuse the waste heat of flue gas. Traditional FGR modes characterized low cycling ratio or worsened sintering indexes. In this paper, the flue gas compositions of each wind-box in sintering machine was measured. Based on the flue gas composition characteristics, these wind-boxes were partitioned into five regions to simplify the selection process of selective circulation. Main influence factors on sintering indexes of FGR were researched through sintering pot test. Methods of recirculating gas composition calculating and refined circulation modes establishing were proposed. Under the condition of suitable gas compositions and temperature for recirculation, including O2 ≥ 18%, H2O(g) ≤ 8%, SO2 ≤ 500 ppm, and T ≥ 200 °C, four feasible refined recirculation modes were obtained. Highest cycling ratio among these four applicable ways can reach 41.9% and reduce the emission of NOx and SO2 by 28.6% and 8.15%, respectively. Purpose of improving the cycling ratio without deteriorating sintering indexes was realized.

An innovative three-dimensional approach for the simulation of pressure vessels exposed to fire

The present study introduces an innovative approach to the detailed simulation of the pressure build-up in equipment containing saturated liquids when exposed to fire. The approach is based on the adoption of a fully three-dimensional (3D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of the inner fluid. Experimental data gathered from literature studies were used to validate the model considering vessels of several scales and geometries exposed to a full engulfing pool fire. The comparison between the results of the 3D CFD model developed and those of two-dimensional (2D) literature models was also carried out. This enabled deriving precise indications on the selection of the most suitable approach based on the type of accidental scenario to reproduce, confirming 2D models as sound and reliable tools to model the fluid behaviour when homogeneous heat exposure conditions are present. On the other side, limitations of 2D approaches in capturing edge effects on i) temperature profiles, ii) recirculation patterns, and iii) energy accumulation in the vessel lading during fire exposure were identified and discussed. The results obtained represent a valuable source of information to support risk management and emergency response planning.

Effect of turbulence model on flameless combustion simulation of a regenerative furnace

The high energy consumes have generated the need of developing higher efficiency devices, in this sense flameless combustion is a great alternative. The design of flameless combustion systems by means of Computational Flow Dynamics simulation is an alternative value to reduce costs, however it required an adequate model selection. In the present study a capability evaluation of standard and realizable versions of k-e turbulence model was carried out. Experimental measurements of temperature and chemical species were performed in combustion chamber of a regenerative furnace in order to compare this with numerical data and in this way determinate the performance and the incidence of the selected models. The realizable version shows better results regarding at changes of flow direction and recirculation patterns inside the furnace.

Limited recirculation of cytotoxic NK cells during normal homeostasis in humans

Abstract Natural killer (NK) cells are well known for their cytolytic functions to directly kill virus-infected and malignant cells. Two major NK cell populations exist in humans: Cytotoxic CD56dim and immunoregulatory CD56bright NK cells. Although NK cells are distributed throughout the human body, little is known about which NK cell populations that traffic tissues and egress from tissues to recirculate back to blood. Here, we set outto determine the recirculation patterns of human NK cell subsets during normal homeostasis through access to multiple types of tissues, blood, and thoracic duct lymph (TDL). Whereas cytotoxic NK cells were dominant in peripheral blood, non-lymphoid tissues (liver, uterus, duodenum, adipose tissue) were enriched for immunoregulatory NK cells expressing markers of tissue-residency. Similarly, few cytotoxic NK cells were present in secondary lymphoid organs and efferent lymph (TDL). Instead, afferent and efferent venous blood of human liver was similar in NK cell subset composition as peripheral blood, suggesting that cytotoxic NK cells are retained in vasculature during steady-state. Ongoing mechanistic efforts include assessment of NK cell subsets in patients before and after blocking cellular egress from tissues with FTY-720 (S1PR agonist) treatment. These results offer a revised model for NK cell subset trafficking behavior and suggests that cytotoxic NK cells have limited access to peripheral tissues during normal homeostasis.

Burnup Calculation Study of Pebble Bed Equilibrium Core

Reaktor Daya Eksperimental (RDE) is a high temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) producing a 10 MW thermal with a pebble bed fuels which being developed by BATAN. The purpose of this paper is to study the burnup distribution and characteristic in the equilibrium core for different multipass recirculation method. Understanding the reactor physics, in particular the burnup, is important for optimum design and safety analysis of nuclear reactor. Related with the design approval phase of RDE, this study provides a design data which needed for the RDE’s safety analysis report, e.g. fuel pebble performance analysis. Analysis in this study was performed using PEBBED diffusion code. PEBBED is designed to solve the neutronics and thermalhydraulics parameter cases for high temperature pebble bed reactors for different fuel recirculation including once-through-then-out (OTTO) and multipass scheme. The reactor core calculation was performed by applying multipass scheme with variation from 5 passes up to 15 passes. With energy and power as inputs, the calculations produce the burnup fraction at the end of the cycle and the fast and thermal neutron fluxes in 8 energy groups. The calculation results showed that the lowest 5 passes fuel recirculation pattern has the highest and lowest minimum discharged burnup value. This is related to the average power distribution in the core which means more passes will flatter the burnup distribution including the power distribution and also seen in the value of flux and power peaking factor produced. power peaking factor produced.

Study of level swell for a Filtered Containment Venting System at the VEFITA facility

A Filtered Containment Venting System (FCVS) is a safety system incorporated in Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs) to filter the steam and noncondensable gases released from the containment during a severe accident scenario to avoid overpressure in the containment structures while isolating most radioactive products inside. This paper presents the experimental and numerical simulation results from confirmatory tests performed in the VEFITA (Venting Filter Assessment) test facility at the Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) in Switzerland. This facility is designed to evaluate the performance of an FCVS by assessing key phenomena and parameters such as internal recirculation patterns, changes in inventory, level swell, and the Decontamination Factor (DF) of aerosol and iodine species in simulated venting processes. The current study focuses on the level swell (gas holdup) phenomenon. The level swell during gas injection is particularly of interest since it is associated with the heights of gases and liquids in the venting vessel and thus affects the design and operation of an FCVS. The experiment is performed by injecting the noncondensable gas and steam at various mass flow rates through a sparger nozzle to the vessel, which is partially filled with washing fluid as a bubble column. The level swell and other physical variables are recorded and analyzed. System codes (RELAP5 and TRACE) input decks are developed for this facility, and experimental transients are simulated. The code simulation results, as well as previous physical gas holdup models based on homogeneous-heterogeneous regime transition, are compared with current experimental data to study the level swell in this FCVS.

Tanks in series versus compartmental model configuration: considering hydrodynamics helps in parameter estimation for an N2O model.

The choice of the spatial submodel of a water resource recovery facility (WRRF) model should be one of the primary concerns in WRRF modelling. However, currently used mechanistic models are limited by an over-simplified representation of local conditions. This is illustrated by the general difficulties in calibrating the latest N2O models and the large variability in parameter values reported in the literature. The use of compartmental model (CM) developed on the basis of accurate hydrodynamic studies using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can take into account local conditions and recirculation patterns in the activated sludge tanks that are important with respect to the modelling objective. The conventional tanks in series (TIS) configuration does not allow this. The aim of the present work is to compare the capabilities of two model layouts (CM and TIS) in defining a realistic domain of parameter values representing the same full-scale plant. A model performance evaluation method is proposed to identify the good operational domain of each parameter in the two layouts. Already when evaluating for steady state, the CM was found to provide better defined parameter ranges than TIS. Dynamic simulations further confirmed the CM's capability to work in a more realistic parameter domain, avoiding unnecessary calibration to compensate for flaws in the spatial submodel.

Flame characteristics depending on recirculating flows in a non-premixed micro combustor with varying baffles

For an efficient micro combustor, the introduction of a bluff body has been a major design factor due to favorable effects for flame holding. To investigate the relation between flame characteristics and recirculation patterns originated from bluff bodies, three kinds of the plate-type baffle and the multi-hole baffle are introduced for a micro combustor. In this regard, various simulations using the Reynolds Stress Model (RSM) and the Eddy Dissipation Concept (EDC) of GRI-Mech 3.0 are performed for such micro combustors. The pseudo flame extinction is proposed to determine the undesirable combustion condition and the global equivalence ratio which is one of the most important variables is changed to explore the reacting flows near the unstable combustion of the baffled micro combustors. From the results, it is ascertained that wall recirculation, center recirculation, and their mixed flows are variously formed depending on the baffle configuration inside the combustor due to the different baffle blockage. These features are largely connected to the extension of flammable range and the spatial development of flame zone which determines the efficient combustion or flame extinction. Under the same operating condition, combustion characteristics of flame length, maximum temperature, and combustion efficiency are comparatively discussed for plate-type baffles and multi-hole baffle. From the probability distributions of the local equivalence ratio, the plate-type baffle shows a unique role according to its location in the micro combustor like inducing the fuel-lean or fuel-rich mixture. And, it is found that the recirculating flows near the fuel stream produce a more effective combustion than those near the air streams. Also, the key features of flame shape and recirculating flows are examined at near the extinction condition and those are carefully compared for the premixed and non-premixed combustors. Finally, the baffle configuration giving the swirling flow structure is discussed and a flame stability diagram is obtained for the baffled micro combustor. So, the overall change of flame pattern and flammable range of the baffled micro combustor is identified depending on the baffle hole size.

Effects of specularity and particle-particle restitution coefficients on the recirculation characteristics of dispersed gas-particle flows through a sudden expansion

We numerically investigate the effects of restitution and specularity coefficients on the characteristics of dispersed gas-particle flows through a sudden expansion. The studies are carried out using an indigenous finite volume flow solver in a collocated framework with two-fluid model. Parametric studies are performed to gain insights into the differences in recirculation patterns that arise due to variations in restitution and specularity coefficients. The simulations show that particle-particle interactions, quantified by restitution coefficient (e) have a greater impact on recirculation characteristics than particle-wall interactions, which are quantified by specularity coefficient (ϕ). Studies reveal that the recirculation lengths tend to decrease as particle collisions become more elastic (as e tends to unity) while they increase, as the value of ϕ increases. However, the changes in recirculation length are very gradual and less pronounced when only particle-wall interactions are considered as compared to particle-particle interactions. From the range of parametric variations studied in this work, the maximum recirculation length has been found when the value of ϕ is maximum and that of e is minimum.

Characterisation of flow behaviour and velocity induced by ultrasound using particle image velocimetry (PIV): Effect of fluid rheology, acoustic intensity and transducer tip size

Acoustic streaming phenomena of ultrasound propagation through liquid media was investigated experimentally employing particle image velocimetry (PIV). Parameters associated with the ultrasonic processor of ultrasonic amplitude (i.e., acoustic power) and transducer tip diameter (i.e., surface area), as well as, fluid rheology (i.e., water, glycerol solution and CMC solution), were studied for their effects on overall flow behaviour and fluid velocity. PIV yielded velocity gradient maps, demonstrating the acoustic streaming phenomena of ultrasound and its associated flow behaviour as a function of ultrasonic amplitude and fluid rheology, whereby increasing amplitude allowed for greater penetration of the acoustic-beam through the bulk of the fluid, and increasing fluid rheology yielded the converse effect. Moreover, upon impingement of the acoustic-beam with the base of vessel, vortex formation occurred, yielding a recirculation pattern. The maximum observed fluid velocities for water, glycerol solution and CMC solution were 0.329 m s−1, 0.423 m s−1, and 0.304 m s−1, respectively (large diameter sonotrode tip for an ultrasonic amplitude of 80%). Furthermore, shear rates were attained (maximum values of 24.25 s−1), and Reynolds numbers were determined in order to assess the degree of turbulence as a function of investigated parameters.