Reciprocal Visits Research Articles

Deutsch-dänische Kunstbeziehungen 1820 bis 1920

Deutsch-dänische Kunstbeziehungen 1820 bis 1920

The Official Position of the People's Republic of China Regarding the Nature of Relations with the Russian Federation in the Context of the “Special Military Operation” (SMO)

Against the backdrop of unfolding dramatic events related to the "Ukrainian crisis," significant attention has been drawn to various aspects of China's policy. This article attempts to delve into the basic elements of the Chinese leadership's strategy using reliable sources from December 2021 to March 2023. This period encompassed the preparation and execution of Russian President V.V. Putin's visit to China in February 2022 and Chinese President Xi Jinping's reciprocal visit to Moscow in March 2023. Chinese accounts of events are compared with official materials on the portals of the Russian President, Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, as well as the portals of heads of states and foreign ministries of other countries. It can be stated that throughout this period, topics related to the "Ukrainian crisis" were at the center of attention in Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs briefings, although the focus on this issue somewhat diminished over time. Despite the emergence since April 2022 of increasingly noticeable "pauses" related to Ukraine-related questions, overall, this theme garnered the most attention concerning Beijing's foreign policy activities during the specified period. The article explores how the leadership of China defines its relations with the Russian Federation in the contemporary stage and how this influences China's policy regarding the Ukrainian conflict.

ОТНОШЕНИЯ МЕЖДУ ТАИЛАНДОМ И США В РАМКАХ ВНЕШНЕЙ ПОЛИТИКИ АДМИНИСТРАЦИИ БАЙДЕНА

After the 2020 elections, Joseph Biden became president of the United States, adopting the slogan "America is back!", which implied the renewal and development of traditional US ties with allies. This approach was intended to compensate for the isolationist measures of the Trump administration, which led to a weakening of the US presence in international organizations and jeopardized interaction even with such traditional allies of Washington as European countries. At the same time, with regard to Southeast Asian countries, particularly Thailand, there has already been an emphasis on economic cooperation without a focus on democracy promotion under Trump, which allowed for a resumption of communication after the slippage caused by the 2014 coup. Under Biden, the rational approach has not only been preserved, but also developed in the intensification of high-level reciprocal visits and the signing of important documents institutionalizing further strengthening of ties between the countries.

Mongolian-Russian Border Cooperation: The Role of the Republic of Buryatia

This study has focused on border regions relations and cooperation between the Mongolia and Buryatia. As a border region, Buryatia has a centuries-old history of economic, political, cultural and humanitarian relations with Mongolia.Our relations have been successfully developing in all areas, high-level reciprocal visits have become regular, and mutual trust has been expanding.

Reciprocal Mobilities in Colonial Encounters in Eighteenth-Century Luzon

AbstractThe article sheds new light on colonial encounters in eighteenth-century Luzon by viewing them through the lens of mobility. Historical actors—both Spaniards and indigenes—created and sustained ties with each other through reciprocal visits punctuated by feasts. Encounters were not singular events but rather pertained to a series of multiple mobilities and multisited celebrations. The very act of travelling transformed the visitors’ identities, which became ever more entangled with their hosts’. In the colonial context, encounters did not involve a simple unilateral or unidirectional penetration and conquest of the island's interior on the part of Spanish missionaries and officials. They were embedded in a combination of Spanish and indigenous practices of reciprocal mobilities.

When Antonio Alonso Came to CMU

In the summer of 1993 Antonio Alonso came to CMU and we started a very fruitful collaboration that lasted for many years. It led to the publication of several papers that are well cited and more importantly discussions, reciprocal visits to Vigo and a friendship based on mutual respect and common interests that extended beyond thermodynamics and control. The purpose of this paper is to review some of the discussions, how we came to the realization that the availability function could be used as a Lyapunov function, and the many developments that followed.

A New Sphere of Influence: Table Tennis Diplomacy and the National Committee on U.S.-China Relations

Abstract Prominent China studies academics who, with the assistance of members of the business and religious communities, founded the National Committee on United States-China Relations (ncuscr) in 1966 did not build it to last. Its leaders foresaw the organization’s work as “catalytic” and envisioned that it would be “going out of business as soon as possible.” By March 1971, with a new era of U.S. relations with China on the horizon, its leaders saw little reason to continue operations, and seriously contemplated closing up shop. Yet that April, the government of the People’s Republic of China hosted the U.S. Table Tennis team, and pledged to have its team make a reciprocal visit to the United States the following year, which the ncuscr funded and organized. This visit’s controversies mirrored the previous ideological divides the group had weathered. Conservative anti-Communist protesters and pro-Taiwan activists disrupted the earliest public events, but antiwar demonstrators, who appeared at later exhibition matches to protest President Richard M. Nixon’s bombing of Haiphong in North Vietnam, soon superseded them. Despite these pitfalls, the visit proved to be a great success for the nsuscr, which received a new lease on life and gained a renewed sense of purpose.

Siyasal İndikatörlerin Ermenistan-İran İlişkileri Örneğinde Uygulanması

Since the development of relationships between the subjects of the international system (between states, between states and international organizations, between international organizations, etc.) is necessary and certain evaluation criteria (indicator indicators) should be determined. Researchers, who examine the between various states, often describe the as developing relations if there are no acute(sharp) crises in the chronological framework. However, in cases of serious crisis does not occur, such relationships can develop or weaken due to various factors. In this respect, it is imperative to determine indicators (evaluation indicators of international relations) to evaluate the periods of development and decline of with scientific methods between states, including participants (subjects) of the international system. It is possible to have up to an average of hundred indicators used to evaluate the movement of interstate relations. However, grouping these indicators is one of the important conditions for conducting a systematic analysis. In this sense, it is possible to divide the indicators used to determine the direction of action of interstate into three groups: Political indicators, Economic indicators and Social indicators. For the first time, it has been tried to determine main political indicators in the science of international and to apply them in the example of the between the Republic of Armenia and the Islamic Republic of Iran. For evaluation of the between the two countries an main indicators used the number of reciprocal visits at the level of heads of state and government, the number of meetings held by the senior representatives of the two countries in foreign countries and within the framework of the meetings of international organizations, number and rate of mutual expeditions of managers of institutions responsible for foreign policy and number of disscussing ideas, the number, scope and place of the documents signed between the two countries in the state administration syste and etc. others.

South Korea’s China Policy

South Korea’s Moon Jae-in government has four China policy goals: (i) to resolve the THAAD (Terminal High Altitude Area Defence) issue with China; (ii) to persuade China to play a more active role in North Korea’s denuclearisation process; (iii) to facilitate Chinese President Xi Jinping’s reciprocal visit to South Korea; and (iv) to connect the Belt and Road Initiative with President Moon’s “New Northern Policy”, which is ultimately driven to induce Xi’s reciprocal visit.

Yugoslav-Greek relations from the end of the Second World War to 1990 chronology, phases, problems and achievements

Yugoslav-Greek relations from the end of WWII to the breakup of Yugoslavia and went through several phases. A short period of interlude when the diplomatic relations were re-established 1945/1946 was followed by a much longer one (1946-1950) of conflict due to the Yugoslav support to the Communists in the Greek Civil War. A pragmatic approach to the issue of both parties resulted in a prolonged period (1950-1967) of working relations that culminated in the signing of tripartite treaties with Turkey, Treaty of Ankara (1953) and Bled Agreements (1954). Even though the treaties lost most of their importance after the reconciliation between Belgrade and Moscow in 1955/1956, and the Cyprus crisis, they created a climate of correct relations between two neighbouring states marked by reciprocal visits on the highest level. The coup d??tat of April 1967 brought to power a dictatorship in Greece (1967-1974) and thus inaugurated a new period of tensions in bilateral relations. The last period 1974-1990 was characterized by good working relations between Belgrade and Athens mainly due to the Greece?s efforts to integrate the European Economic Community (EEC) that supposed good relations with its neighbours. The issue of relations of Athens with Socialist Republic of Macedonia, first as a part of Socialst Yugoslavia, and then, after the collapse of the Federation, as the independent country, proved to be the last problem for Yugoslavia and a lasting one for the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, as it used to be known after 1990.

Benjamin Netanyahu’s state visit to India

ABSTRACTA six-day visit by PM Benjamin Netanyahu to India on 14–19 January 2018 marked a new apogee in the renewed relationship between two old civilizations. It was a reciprocal visit to PM Narendra Modi’s visit to Israel in July 2017 to celebrate the Silver Jubilee year of the ‘Diplomatic Normalisation’ between the two states. Netanyahu’s visit took place not only against the backdrop of this enthusiasm, but also had concrete economic and political goals given that just a month before the visit New Delhi cancelled a $500 arms deal with Israel and voted against the Jewish state in the UNGA on the Jerusalem question. Through five public addresses, three media interviews and one road show, Netanyahu attempted to break longstanding anti-Israel stereotypes and show the Indian masses that they could be beneficiaries of Israel’s innovation and technological advancement. Amplified by a string of economic, high-tech, agricultural, and defence agreements, Netanyahu’s visit proved to be a success, whose positive implications will affect the bilateral relations for years to come.

Turkey and South Africa: A Relationship of Regional Powers

This is an examination of the political, economic and cultural ties between a member of NATO, sometimes at odds with the Western Alliance (Turkey) and a prominent country in the Non-Aligned Movement (South Africa) from the late 1980s up to the present. Turkey regards South Africa as a key state in the continent in its more recent engagement in Africa, while South Africa sees Turkey as an essential relationship in the Middle East. They share some common concerns regarding the respective regions of sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East, respectively, like peacekeeping and development in Africa and the politics of the Israel–Palestine situation. Turkey has maintained cultural ties with South Africa’s Muslim population, but is concerned about the Gülenist presence in South Africa. While the two countries have cooperated in political endeavors, trade and investment seem most prominent in their relationship. In recent years, there have been several reciprocal visits by leaders of both countries underlining the importance of the relationship.

Global health efforts and opportunities related to the Belt and Road Initiative

Global health efforts and opportunities related to the Belt and Road Initiative

Organizational and economic levers to activate the cooperation of the Chinese People's Republic and Ukraine in the sphere of tourism, resorts and hotel management

Organizational and economic levers to activate the cooperation of the Chinese People's Republic and Ukraine in the sphere of tourism, resorts and hotel management

Ukrainians are the Closest People to Me

The author reveals that Ukrainians are the closest people to him, since some important events in his life are related to Ukraine (obtaining higher education). The article describes the professional and diplomatic path of the author, characterises the circumstances of his rise as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan to Ukraine, and aspiration to forge good-neighbourly relations between Ukraine and Afghanistan. The article also provides information on the structure and peculiarities of the diplomatic mission with a focus on over 15,000 Afghanistan-born Ukrainians resident in Ukraine, which accounts for the operation of the consular office of the embassy. It also outlines interesting facts about specificity of gender politics in Afghanistan. It is constitutionally enshrined that 30 percent of all deputies shall be women. Four out of 25 ministerial portfolios are currently held by women, which the author applauds, since he has no doubt that women’s experience and ideas are invaluable and must be taken into account in policy-making and public administration processes. The author narrates about bilateral cooperation at high official levels. For instance, there were held several visits of Ukrainian people’s deputies to Afghanistan; in turn, a delegation of nine Afghani ministers and deputy ministers paid a reciprocal visit to Ukraine. The article stresses that Afghanistan highly appreciates Ukrainian experience. Many Ukrainians in Afghanistan work at the NATO mission or in organisations engaged in building roads and hydroelectric power plants. The author lays emphasis on the fact that dozens of Ukrainians obtain visas for employment in Afghanistan every month. Special attention is drawn to certain aspects of the history of Afghanistan, namely the heroic upholding of state independence and struggle against foreign invaders. The author stresses the peculiarities of Ukrainian mindset, his affection to and respect for Ukraine. The Ambassador makes a conclusion that the development of bilateral cooperation will allow strengthening the positions of the two states on the international arena. On behalf of Afghanistan, he voices his support for Ukraine and entertains hopes that the terrible war in Ukrainian territory will soon be over. Key words: Afghanistan, Ukraine, cooperation, Ukrainians in Afghanistan, diplomacy, official visits.

Anesthetists and Intensivists Who Defied the Cold War

The term “Iron Curtain” described the barrier between communist East Europe and the capitalist West from 1945. Next the term “cold war” was introduced for the confrontation between these two sides without open warfare, because of the deterrent of atomic weapons. Restriction in collaboration between those on either side extended to the medical profession, including anesthesia, resuscitation and intensive care. Archives and publications from both sides of the Iron Curtain were perused to reveal the important role of those who defied the Cold War to maintain collaboration between anesthesiologists. From 1956 the British doyen of anesthesia, Sir Robert Macintosh began liaison with personnel in the USSR, which led to reciprocal visits. In this liaison a notable Russian anesthesiologist was Igor Zhorov. Then the WHO Copenhagen Anaesthesiology Centre had an impact. Later liaison from the USA came via Emanuel Papper, followed by Peter Safar. Other notable participants included Vladimir Negovsky from the USSR as well as Hugo Keszler and Jiri Pokorny from Czechoslovakia. These efforts in collaboration helped improvement of standards on both sides of the Iron Curtain.

“The Year Replaces the Year.”1 Udmurt Spring Ceremonies among the Non-Christian Udmurt: An Ethnographic Analysis of Contemporary Ritual Life (On Materials from Varkled-Böd’ya Village)

Abstract The authors had the opportunity, during their fieldwork, to attend spring rituals in Varkled-Böd’ya village. The week before the Great Day (Bydjynnal, coinciding with Orthodox Easter) is a dense ritual week: there are young people to be initiated, boys first and girls at the concluding ritual, who thus become adults; there are evil spirits to be chased away from the space of the living; there are kin relations to be reinforced through reciprocal visits, prayers and ritual deeds. These four rituals are the focus of this article, which provides an ethnographic account as well as a general analysis of the critical dimensions observed.

Thirty Minutes over Oregon: A Japanese Pilot's World War II Story by Marc Tyler Nobleman

Reviewed by: Thirty Minutes over Oregon: A Japanese Pilot's World War II Story by Marc Tyler Nobleman Elizabeth Bush Nobleman, Marc Tyler Thirty Minutes over Oregon: A Japanese Pilot's World War II Story; illus. by Melissa Iwai. Clarion, 2018 [40p] ISBN978-0-544-43076-1 $17.99 Reviewed from galleys R 7-10 yrs In December 1941, the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor; in spring of 1942, the U.S. retaliated with the Doolittle bombing raid on Tokyo; in autumn of 1942, the Japanese retaliated for the retaliation with an attack on the American mainland. [End Page 84] Pilot Nobuo Fujita was catapulted from the narrow deck of a submarine towards the coastal forest of Oregon, with a mission to drop a pair of bombs that would start a forest fire and spread to residential areas. When the fire failed to ignite, he repeated the mission several weeks later, and at that point the Japanese believed those two bombs had detonated and claimed the missions as victories. Over the years, Fujita came to regret his role in the bombings: "He never discussed his Oregon raids, though they were rarely out of his mind." In 1962, in an attempt to drum up tourism, the town of Brookings, Oregon invited Nobuo Fujita to be an honored guest at a Memorial Day observance that "would be a symbol of reconciliation not just between individuals—but between nations." Genuine friendship and reciprocal visits were the happy outcome, continuing until Fujita's death in 1997. This picture book recounts a shadowy corner of the World War II homeland story, and the text is skillfully complemented by Iwai's line and watercolor illustrations. The result is a respectful and balanced representation of a soldier's wartime mission, protesters who value peace but mistrust an old enemy, and open-minded and -hearted former foes who are ready and willing to move forward and heal. An author's note will be included in the bound book. EB Copyright © 2018 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

Qualitative Approaches to the Phenomenology of VFR Travel: The use of Literary and Cultural Texts as Resources

AbstractA paradox about visiting friends and relatives (VFR) travel is that, although a marginalized category by tourism planners and academics until recently, it has always been, as a domain of behaviour, more central to human experience than leisure tourism. Relationships between relatives and friends have, at all places and times, been forged and sustained by reciprocal visits, a reality borne out by reflection, and one that has been documented widely in cultural texts. This paper explores what these texts tell us about the subjective meaning and significance of VFR travel that is not necessarily disclosed by the quantitative, problem‐centred approaches used in managerial research. The first part examines a sample of, mainly, literary texts from the past and present and identifies some of the diverse scenes and scenarios within them. The paper then moves from the texts to offer a theoretical framework for understanding the phenomenology of VFR travel, derived from the sociological insights of Georg Simmel into social gatherings and informal associations. This qualitative framework, it is proposed, augments the quantitative methodologies that currently dominate VFR research, as a way of exploring the existential features of VFR behaviour. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Отношения в треугольнике США-РФ-КНР: соблюдается ли формула лидерства Г. Киссинджера?

The relationship in the United States-Russia-China triangle was one of the most important factors of international relations during the Cold War and remains so in the post-bipolar period. Its relevance has increased even more after the victory of Donald Trump in the presidential elections in the United States, who as a candidate repeatedly advocated closer relations with the Russian Federation and revised cooperation with China.This article appraises bilateral relations between these three countries in 2014 by conducting quantitative analysis of both flows (trade and investment, migration and others) and events (reciprocal visits), as well as cooperation in multilateral organizations (United Nations, Shanghai Cooperation Organisation) and in the format of the club diplomacy (the Group of 20; the BRICS group of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa).The authors stared out using the Global Database of Events, Language and Tone to assess existing events according to the Goldstein scale. However, this event-analysis method could not estimate relations within the triangle accurately because of language factor (news in Russian and Chinese is underrepresented). Thus U.S.-Russia-China relations were examined through a quantitative analysis of specific series in four spheres - economic, political, humanitarian and military - in 2014. Each index was evaluated with points. Summaries reveal which countries in the triangle have the most successful connections and in which spheres.The study concluded that China and the United States had the most effective cooperation in 2014: the partnership developed more intensively in the economic and humanitarian spheres. Overall, U.S.-China and China-Russia relations are comparable to each other - the Russia-U.S. partnership cannot rival them. The U.S.-China and China-Russia couples cooperate the most effectively in two spheres. According to Henry Kissinger, cooperation between the United States and its partners must be more effective than the partners’ relations with each other. The United States thus remains stay the leader in international relations. The authors conclude that this the U.S. leadership formula applies, because the value of U.S.-China and U.S.-Russia bilateral relations in sum is more powerful than the partnership of China and Russia.