Reciprocal Immunity Research Articles

Reciprocal Immunity

Reciprocal Immunity

Imunidade recíproca e federalismo: da construção norte-americana à atual posição do STF

This paper, while discussing the issue of reciprocal tax immunity from a historical perspective, attempts to establish a relationship between this kind of immunity and the evolution of federalism. Starting from the McCulloch v. Maryland case, is intended to compare its historical context to that existing when the enactment of the 1891 Brazilian Constitution, drawing a parallel between the north american and the brazilian construction, checking both touch and distance points. Thenceforth, it will be possible to establish the peculiarities of the reciprocal immunity in Brazil, as well as the principles on which it is based, confronting such a construction with the latest precedents of the Supreme Court on the subject. The conclusion is that, despite being the case McCulloch v. Maryland the required starting point, the brazilian construction had particular contours, especially due to a completely different contextualization of its federal state and the breadth of its constitutions, that, at a certain point, would withdraw the application of the implied powers theory.

Imunidade recíproca e federalismo: da construção norte-americana à atual posição do STF

This paper, while discussing the issue of reciprocal tax immunity from a historical perspective, attempts to establish a relationship between this kind of immunity and the evolution of federalism. Starting from the McCulloch v. Maryland case, is intended to compare its historical context to that existing when the enactment of the 1891 Brazilian Constitution, drawing a parallel between the north american and the brazilian construction, checking both touch and distance points. Thenceforth, it will be possible to establish the peculiarities of the reciprocal immunity in Brazil, as well as the principles on which it is based, confronting such a construction with the latest precedents of the Supreme Court on the subject. The conclusion is that, despite being the case McCulloch v. Maryland the required starting point, the brazilian construction had particular contours, especially due to a completely different contextualization of its federal state and the breadth of its constitutions, that, at a certain point, would withdraw the application of the implied powers theory.

Cross-neutralization of staphylococcal and streptococcal pyrogenic toxins by monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies

We evaluated cross-reactivity of antibodies against staphylococcal and streptococcal pyrogenic toxins. Monoclonal antibodies against staphylococcal enterotoxin (ET) C1 and streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin (SPE) A were tested for reactivity with homologous and heterologous pyrogenic toxins in vitro. Ten immunoglobulin G1 anti-ET C1 monoclonal antibodies showed little or no cross-reactivity in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, but many of these could neutralize the mitogenic effect of ET B, SPE A, or both. Two immunoglobulin M anti-ET C1 monoclonal antibodies and eight immunoglobulin M anti-SPE A monoclonal antibodies showed extensive cross-reactivity in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the mitogenicity neutralization assay. No cross-reactivity was observed with SPE C or toxic shock syndrome toxin 1. Rabbits immunized against ET B, ET C1, or SPE A were resistant to challenge with the immunizing toxin. In addition, reciprocal immunity was stimulated by the two ETs, and immunity to SPE A provided protection against ET B but not ET C1. These results show that staphylococcal and streptococcal pyrogenic toxins which share sequence homology have common antigenic determinants which may not be detected in Ouchterlony immunodiffusion assays.

The Influence of Reciprocal Immunity on Eastern and Western Equine Encephalomyelitis Infection in Horses and English Sparrows

Summary Twelve previously uninoculated and 15 WEE-immune English sparrows were inoculated with EEE virus. The average level and duration of viremia did not differ significantly between groups. The control group suffered 50 per cent mortality due to EEE infection, while no deaths occurred in the WEE-immune group. Nine previously uninoculated and 8 EEE-immune English sparrows were inoculated with WEE virus. WEE viremia was of shorter duration and reached lower maximum levels in EEE-immune birds than in the control birds. In three horses previously infected with WEE, infection with EEE did not produce central nervous system symptoms nor deaths. The possible influence of these factors on the epidemiology and geographic distribution of clinical disease produced by these viruses is discussed.

Observations on the reciprocal immunity between some avian plasmodia.

For the purpose of determining the suitability of malaria for some work on experimental epidemiology, it was necessary to study the reciprocal immunity produced between a number of species and strains of avian plasmodia maintained in canaries. Some of this work has been a repetition of that previously described by other authors, but some new observations have been made, involving a number of geographically widely separated species and strains, which seem worth putting on record.

The Reaction of Complement Fixation in Foot-and-Mouth Disease as a means of identifying the Different Types of Virus

Notwithstanding several efforts, a satisfactory method of serological diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease has not been arrived at. This uncertainty of serological methods delayed the discovery of the plurality of type of the virus, although the observations of epizootics and the irregular results obtained by active and passive immunisation suggested multiplicity of type. Stimulated by such observations, Vallée and Carré (1922) experimented with two viruses of foot-and-mouth disease, one of which was of German and the other of French origin. They were able to show by experimental infection, confirmed by subsequent testing for active immunity, that cases of foot-and-mouth disease with the same clinical course and symptoms could be caused by two distinct types of virus. These they called A (Allemand) and O (Oise). The only difference between these two types was their inability to produce reciprocal immunity. The existence of more than one type of virus has been confirmed in England by Stockman and Minett (1926), and by Bedson, Maitland and Burbury (1927); in Germany, by Waldmann and Trautwein (1926), and Trautwein (1927); in France, by Lebailly (1926), Olitsky (1927), and in Sweden, by Magnusson and Hermansson (1926).

ETIOLOGY OF YELLOW FEVER

The majority of guinea pigs inoculated with the blood of yellow fever patients escaped a fatal infection. There were a number of instances in which the inoculation of yellow fever blood induced in these animals a temporary febrile reaction on the 4th or 5th day, followed in some cases by slight jaundice, but with a rapid return to normal. Most of these guinea pigs when later inoculated with an organ emulsion of a passage strain of Leptospira icteroides resisted the infection. On the other hand, the animals which had previously been inoculated with the blood of malaria patients or normal guinea pigs died of the typical experimental infection after being inoculated with the infectious organ emulsion. It appears from the results just described that a number of nonfatal, mild, or abortive infections follow the inoculation of blood of yellow fever patients into guinea pigs. The fact that such animals manifested refractoriness to a subsequent attempt to infect with a highly virulent passage strain of Leptospira icteroides is an indication, judging from the reciprocal immunity reaction, that they actually passed through an infection with the same organism, or a strain closely related to it, as that which was used for the second infection experiment.

THE PROBLEM OF TYPHUS IN THE UNITED STATES

In a paper presented before this Association in 1911, Dr. Morris Lewis 1 reported a study of thirteen cases of so-called Brill's observed by him in Pennsylvania Hospital. He stated that he was not convinced that the disease was not an atypical typhus, but that it remained for the laboratory worker to settle the question definitely. Not long after Lewis' paper was published the identity of the disease, described by Brill and referred to by Lewis, with typhus was definitely determined by the work of Anderson and Goldberger. 2 These workers found that the monkey was susceptible to infection with blood from patients with Brill's disease; and, by a series of crossimmunity tests, showed that monkeys that had recovered from Brill's disease could not be infected with Mexican typhus and, conversely, that monkeys resistant to Mexican typhus could not be infected with Brill's disease. This reciprocal immunity showed conclusively