Reciprocal Differences Research Articles

50 Awardee Talk: The role of non-traditional inheritance patterns among Bos indicus-Bos taurus crosses for global beef value chain considerations

Abstract Bos indicus-Bos taurus crosses have been effectively used in many production environments globally. Substantially higher amounts of hybrid vigor have been reported in these F1 crosses as compared with those involving only Bos taurus or only Bos indicus breeds. However, for many years, and in many environments, “unusual” aspects of calf growth have been documented among these crosses. Among F1 crosses, Bos indicus-sired calves (Bos indicus x Bos taurus) have birth weight 8 to 12 kg heavier than contemporary Bos taurus-sired calves (Bos taurus x Bos indicus); additionally, pronounced sexual dimorphism occurs where males may weigh 5 to 10 kg more than females from Bos indicus sires (Bos taurus dams) but 1 kg or less from Bos taurus sires (Bos indicus dams) in both natural service and embryo transfer calves. These reciprocal differences have been reported for fetal and placentome size mid gestation. Reciprocal differences in birth weight have also been reported among backcrosses and F2 calves, and also exist for longer gestation length from Bos indicus sires (Bos taurus dams). Increased birth weight and gestation length occur when more Bos indicus is present in the sire vs. the dam, and when Bos indicus influence is inherited through the sire vs. the dam. There is speculation that sex-specific genomic imprinting may be involved for reciprocal birth weight differences that are analogous to mouse interspecific crosses for litter weight. Reports of hybrid vigor retention among inter se matings after the F1 have been variable historically, and this variation may relate to how the foundational F1 parents were produced (Bos indicus- vs. Bos taurus-sired). Breed-of-origin haplotype on BTA5 has been shown to affect heifer pregnancy and rebreeding among F2 Nellore-Angus cows where Nellore-derived haplotypes had much lower performance compared with Angus-derived and hybrid haplotypes. Disproportionate calf sex has been reported among reciprocal F2 Nellore (Bos indicus)-Angus (Bos taurus) with 66.6% male calves from Nellore x Angus F1 sires. When retrospectively evaluating historical literature for reciprocal crosses, it appears that several instances occur with disproportionate calf sex percentage, and this phenomenon warrants further study. The extent that potential reciprocal differences may affect post-weaning growth and carcass traits has not been widely evaluated. Recent investigations have shown reciprocal F1 differences for some cell-mediated immune responses regarding T-lymphocyte proliferation, but no differences for humoral response. There needs to be additional research that completely characterizes the X chromosome of Bos indicus and Bos taurus origins and their roles for multiple production traits. There also needs to be more investigation of non-additive and parent-of-origin effects in genetic evaluations of Bos indicus-Bos taurus composites, particularly with desired first-generation breed percentage. Improved utilization of Bos indicus cattle and crosses will be instrumental in meeting global dietary protein demands.

Cross-neurotype communication from an autistic point of view: Insights on autistic Theory of Mind from a focus group study.

The conceptualisation of autism as a disorder where Theory of Mind (ToM) and pragmatics are fundamentally impaired has prompted a wealth of research on autistic deficits, most of which is characterised by two main assumptions: first, that autistic people would display said deficits, if present, with any conversation partner and in any situation; second, that neurotypical people do not present these deficits, regardless of the conversation partner. However, this is not necessarily reflected in autistic accounts of the way they experience social cognition and pragmatics. The present paper aims to investigate the autistic experience of communication with both autistic and neurotypical people, with a particular focus on their perception of the ability of autistic and neurotypical people to understand their communicative intentions. Participants, 23 adult Italian autistic people without intellectual disability or language disorders, were recruited online. Two virtual focus groups of 2 hours each were conducted, transcribed and analysed through thematic analysis with a descriptive phenomenological approach by two independent researchers. Six themes were developed from the analysis, the most relevant being Autistic-Autistic communication and Autistic ToM. The results, in line with the Double Empathy theory, suggest there seem to be important differences between neurotypical and autistic people's ToM. These appear to make it easier for autistic people to communicate with one another, as well as to create difficulties for neurotypical people to understand autistic people, not just the other way around. These results seem to confirm that challenges in cross-neurotype communication are better interpreted as mutual miscomprehension and reciprocal differences in ToM rather than deficits on the autistic part. This calls for a reframing of ToM and/or the need for autistic ToM as a construct, of which neurotypical people seem to be lacking. Moreover, these insights should be taken into account for speech and language therapy and clinical practice in general, advocating for a neurodiversity-informed view of co-constructed communication as well as for a broader societal change in which therapists can play a crucial role, through participatory approaches or raising awareness in their daily practice. What is already known on the subject Autism is conceived as characterised by social cognition and communication difficulties, often linked to Theory of Mind (ToM) deficits. However, recent research suggested variations in ToM abilities within the autistic population and proposed alternative theories like the Double Empathy theory. Nevertheless, only a few studies examined how autistic individuals perceive communication across neurotypes. What this study adds Autistic individuals seem to find it easier to communicate with other autistic people, and they identify specific characteristics of neurotypical communication that hinder successful communication. Moreover, neurotypical people are perceived as having difficulties in autistic ToM, which seems to emerge as a relevant and needed construct in light of the Double Empathy problem. What are the clinical implications of this work? These findings can inform speech and language therapy and clinical practice about the potential gains of raising awareness on the Double Empathy problem and the higher communication ease inside the autistic community, alongside individualised support. Participatory approaches and closer collaboration with the autistic community also seem to be crucial for therapists to help improve communication experiences for autistic individuals.

História em Espinosa pela confrontação de seis leituras

To deal with the theme of History in Spinoza, we compared six readings, defining conveniences, differences and oppositions between them, in order to explain the relevance, scope and difficulties of this theme. We observe that the relation between metaphysics and history is the common basis of the considered readings, with their reciprocal differences to be measured from the different conceptions of this relation. By this criterion, we divided the authors into two groups: Cassirer, Strauss and Gueroult separated metaphysics and history in Spinoza; Matheron, Althusser and Negri link them. We spent more time reading Negri, because, among these readers, the Italian philosopher took further the proposition according to which History – in his terms, as the production of the real and as the ontology of the social – is at the heart of this philosophy and, therefore, constitutes it. Our basic argument, however, involves highlighting that none of these interpretations satisfactorily discerned the accordance, in Spinoza’s philosophy, between the geometric and historical methods, or even between metaphysics and the interpretation of experience.

Maternal effects, reciprocal differences and combining ability study for yield and its component traits in maize (Zea mays L.) through modified diallel analysis.

Combining ability status of the inbred lines is crucial information for hybrid breeding program. Diallel or line × tester mating designs are frequently used to evaluate the combining ability. In the current study a modified diallel model was used, wherein the Griffing's combining ability effects were further partitioned to understand the effects due to maternal and reciprocal. To do this, eight parental lines of maize were crossed in full diallel method and the generated hybrids along with parents were phenotyped. The field data on the quantitative traits was analyzed using both Griffing's and the modified model to determine how well the parents' and the F1 hybrids combined. For each of the traits, a sizable reciprocal and maternal variance was observed. The number of kernel rows per cob variable had a ratio of additive variance to dominance variance greater than one. All other traits including grain yield had a ratio close to zero, suggesting that non-additive gene action was primarily responsible for the genetic control of most of the traits. The narrow sense heritability was low to moderate for majority of the variables, except for number of kernel rows per cob. With the help of the improved model, it was possible to choose superior parents and cross-parent pairings with accuracy. Based on the modified general combining ability effects and maternal effects, the parental line P5 was recognized as a potential female parent and P7 as a good male parent for grain yield and yield-attributing characteristics. The cross combination of P8×P1 had the highest specific combining ability effect on grain yield. P5×P6 cross had the highest reciprocal effect. The correlation analysis implies that the Griffing's general combining ability effects and specific combining ability effects were found to be less efficient in predicting F1 performance as compared to the modified model.

Genetic Causes and Genomic Consequences of Breakdown of Distyly in Linum trigynum.

Distyly is an iconic floral polymorphism governed by a supergene, which promotes efficient pollen transfer and outcrossing through reciprocal differences in the position of sexual organs in flowers, often coupled with heteromorphic self-incompatibility. Distyly has evolved convergently in multiple flowering plant lineages, but has also broken down repeatedly, often resulting in homostylous, self-compatible populations with elevated rates of self-fertilization. Here, we aimed to study the genetic causes and genomic consequences of the shift to homostyly in Linum trigynum, which is closely related to distylous Linum tenue. Building on a high-quality genome assembly, we show that L. trigynum harbors a genomic region homologous to the dominant haplotype of the distyly supergene conferring long stamens and short styles in L. tenue, suggesting that loss of distyly first occurred in a short-styled individual. In contrast to homostylous Primula and Fagopyrum, L. trigynum harbors no fixed loss-of-function mutations in coding sequences of S-linked distyly candidate genes. Instead, floral gene expression analyses and controlled crosses suggest that mutations downregulating the S-linked LtWDR-44 candidate gene for male self-incompatibility and/or anther height could underlie homostyly and self-compatibility in L. trigynum. Population genomic analyses of 224 whole-genome sequences further demonstrate that L. trigynum is highly self-fertilizing, exhibits significantly lower genetic diversity genome-wide, and is experiencing relaxed purifying selection and less frequent positive selection on nonsynonymous mutations relative to L. tenue. Our analyses shed light on the loss of distyly in L. trigynum, and advance our understanding of a common evolutionary transition in flowering plants.

Adaptive shell-morphological differences and differential fitness in two morphospecies of Lanistes (Gastropoda: Ampullariidae) from the northern region of the Malawi Basin

Abstract Environment–phenotype correlations are a central pattern of adaptive radiations, but such correlations and the expected associated reciprocal differences in fitness of divergent phenotypes in their respective niches are rarely demonstrated. Ecophenotypic plasticity may result in environment–phenotype correlations too, however, so that certain observed morphological differences, even in adaptive radiations, may result from plasticity instead of differential adaptation. Here, we examine the nature of observed morphological differences in two morphospecies of Lanistes gastropods from the northern region of the Malawi Basin that are part of an ongoing adaptive radiation. We subjected experimental populations of each of these two morphospecies, i.e. L. sp. (solidus-like), which occupies intralacustrine habitats with comparatively stable environmental conditions, and L. sp. (ovum-like), which occurs in satellite waterbodies with fluctuating environmental conditions, to a common garden experiment in the laboratory. Our experimental conditions approximated those of stable, intralacustrine habitats. We monitored fecundity and subjected wild-caught parents and intraspecific F1 offspring to semilandmark geometric morphometrics. L. sp. (solidus-like) exhibited higher fecundity than L. sp. (ovum-like). Whereas wild-caught parents of both morphospecies had similar shell sizes, 9-month-old F1 offspring of L. sp. (solidus-like) were significantly smaller than those of L. sp. (ovum-like), indicating slower growth. Substantial shell-morphological differences were observed between the two morphospecies in the wild-caught parents as well as in F1 offspring, indicating that shell-morphological differences are genetically inherited. Our results also indicate differential fitness but fully reciprocal transplant experiments would be required to demonstrate local adaptation.

176 Relationships Among Early Life Weight and Growth Among Halfblood Bos Indicus Male Calves and Associations with Carcass Weight

Abstract Nellore-Angus steers (n = 572) born in 2009-2013, 2015, and 2019 and Brahman-Angus reciprocal steers (n = 73) born in 2019 and 2020 were evaluated for calf and carcass weights (HCW). Calves were born and reared at the McGregor Research Center and included F2, F3, F4, and F5 Nellore-Angus and F1 Brahman-Angus. Calves were weighed at 4 approximate times: within 48 h of birth (BWT), 50 d age (spring-working, SWWT, not available for 2009-2010), 180 d age (pre-weaning, PRWWT), and approximately 210 d age (weaning, WWT). Animals born in the same year were managed similarly, and cow herds were managed together in most cases except during annual natural service, multi-sire breeding seasons. Animals born in the same year were managed as contemporaries post-weaning and for feedlot finishing. Mixed model analyses of variance for calf traits included genetic type (nested within calf birth year), calf birth year, age of dam category, and covariates of Julian birth date (BWT, SWWT) or calf age (PRWWT and WWT) as fixed effects. In each year at least 2 genetic types were present; however, because of imbalance across years, only genetic types produced in the same years were compared following significant F-tests. For these analyses cow age category did not affect calf BWT or SWWT, but showed influence for PRWWT (P = 0.006) and WWT (P < 0.001); cow age category did not affect calf ADG. Differences in calf weights (P < 0.001) and calf ADG (P < 0.001) due to the genetic type were driven by reciprocal differences between Brahman-Angus crosses and potential maternal hybrid vigor advantages for F2 Nellore-Angus calves from F1 dams vs. other genetic types. Brahman-sired F1 (B × A) males were 12.7 to 14.1 kg heavier for BWT (P < 0.001) and 14.9 to 19.2 kg heavier for SWWT (P < 0.001) than Angus-sired F1 males (A × B), but persistence to weaning varied across years. It appears in these data that some genetic types may be more sensitive to individual year effects, but it is uncertain why. Correlations of calf weight traits with HCW were inconsistent across genetic types. No calf weight was associated with HCW in A × B crosses, and only PRWWT in B × A related to HCW (r = 0.44, P = 0.007). Among Nellore-Angus crosses, BWT showed small to moderate correlation to HCW (0.23 < r < 0.46); however, among the F4 and F5 calves, later weights (SSWT, PRWWT and WWT) had large correlations with HCW (0.50 < r < 0.79) whereas these correlations ranged from 0.24 to 0.37 in F2 and F3 steers. It appears animals of similar Bos indicus percentage may have quite different calf growth patterns related to HCW.

Investigation of Reciprocal Cross Effects in F2 Nellore–Angus Calves

The objectives of this study were to analyze calf performance traits and sex ratio frequencies in reciprocal Bos indicus–Bos taurus F2 Nellore–Angus calves (n = 539). The F2 calves were produced using reciprocal Angus-sired (AN) and Nellore-sired (NA) F1 sires and F1 dams, resulting in four F2 cross types. Calf weight traits were analyzed using mixed models. Deviations from 50% calf sex ratios were tested against expected binomial thresholds. Dam type influenced Julian birth date (p < 0.05) with calves from AN cows born 5 to 6 days earlier than calves from NA cows. Sire type and dam type affected birth weight (p < 0.05) with calves from NA parents approximately 2.5 kg heavier than those from AN parents; weaning weight did not differ for parent F1 type. However, an interaction between sire and dam types affected weaning weight (p = 0.038) where AN x AN calves were 5 to 8 kg lighter than other crosses. Sire type influenced calf sex distribution at birth (p = 0.036) and at weaning (p = 0.026) with NA sires producing over 66% male calves. These results suggest birth weight reciprocal differences due to parental line of descent typically observed among F1 Bos indicus–Bos taurus crosses can persist in subsequent generations.

Heterosis and reciprocal hybrid differences in bacterial wilt resistant intraspecific hybrids of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L. var. Grossum) under north western himalayan conditions of india

Heterosis and reciprocal hybrid differences in bacterial wilt resistant intraspecific hybrids of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L. var. Grossum) under north western himalayan conditions of india

Continued Fraction Interpolation of Preserving Horizontal Asymptote

The classical Thiele‐type continued fraction interpolation is an important method of rational interpolation. However, the rational interpolation based on the classical Thiele‐type continued fractions cannot maintain the horizontal asymptote when the interpolated function is of a horizontal asymptote. By means of the relationship between the leading coefficients of the numerator and the denominator and the reciprocal differences of the continued fraction interpolation, a novel algorithm for the continued fraction interpolation is constructed in an effort to preserve the horizontal asymptote while approximating the given function with a horizontal asymptote. The uniqueness of the interpolation problem is proved, an error estimation is given, and numerical examples are provided to verify the effectiveness of the presented algorithm.

30 Calf Performance and Sex Ratios in Second Generation Reciprocal Nellore-angus Crosses

Abstract The objectives of this study were to analyze calf weight and sex distribution differences in reciprocal F2 Nellore-Angus calves (n = 559) born 2010–2015 and calves out of these F2 females through 4 yr age (n = 469) born 2012–2018. The F2 animals were produced by 4 F1 parent type combinations from Nellore-sired (NA) vs. Angus-sired (AN) sires and dams. Weight traits were analyzed using mixed models, and sex distribution was analyzed through PROC GLIMMIX in SAS. Sire type and dam type affected birth weight (P < 0.05) but not weaning weight of the F2 calves. However, the interaction between sire type and dam type accounted for weaning weight differences (P = 0.038). Birth weight averaged 3.5 kg heavier from NA vs. AN sires, and 2.4 kg heavier from NA vs. AN dams. Weaning weight displayed a different pattern than observed in birth weight with the heaviest calves being NAAN (224.5 ± 3.7 kg) and lightest being ANAN (215.9 ± 3.9 kg). Sire type accounted for important variation (P = 0.036) in the calf sex distribution at birth among F2 calves. Percentage males at birth exceeded the expected ratio for NA-sired calves (66.6%, n = 168) but not for AN-sired calves (49.9%, n = 105). The sire and dam type main effects in the F2 females did not influence weight traits or sex distribution in their calves (from predominantly Angus sires). However, the interaction of sire type x dam type x sex showed a trend in birth weight (P = 0.080) and importance for weaning weight (P = 0.010) where only from ANNA and NANA dams were males heavier than females. These results suggest that some of the calf weight reciprocal differences typically observed among F1 Bos indicus-Bos taurus crosses can persist in later generations.

Significant Parent-of-Origin Effects for Seed, Cotyledon, and Early Plant Growth Traits in Cucumber

Parent-of-origin effects have long been recognized and exploited in plant breeding and genetic studies. These effects can be conferred by preferential expression of an allele from one parent, organellar effects, or altered organellar-nuclear interaction. The goal of this work was to evaluate parent-of-origin effects on seed, cotyledon, and early growth traits in cucumber using a full eight-by-eight diallel from crossing two doubled haploids (DHs) extracted from each of four cucumber populations. Significant general combining ability (GCA), specific combining ability (SCA), and reciprocal effects were observed for all traits, and direction and magnitude of effects were DH rather than population specific. Transcriptome analyses of reciprocal hybrids with and without significant reciprocal effects for early plant growth revealed that different pathways were associated with the significant reciprocal differences. These findings are consistent with the DH-specific nature of combining abilities and reciprocal effects across cucumber populations. Because reciprocal effects were DH and hybrid-combination specific, cucumber breeders should generate and evaluate both hybrids from reciprocal crossing for improved hybrid development.

Reciprocal differences and combining ability for growth and yield components in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.): a case of recommended cacao varieties in Ghana

The inappropriate use of cacao clones either as female or male parents in seed gardens have been suggested as some of the reasons for the low yields of cacao hybrid varieties grown in West Africa. The concept of reciprocal effects in cacao crosses has not been well studied. To investigate the impact of maternal effect on growth and yield traits, reciprocal differences and combining abilities of recommended cacao parents in Ghana were evaluated. Six clones, comprising four important seed gardens clones used across West Africa and two clones previously used as standards in international breeding projects were crossed in a 6 × 6 complete diallel mating design to produce 30 F1 progenies. These progenies were tested in the field using a random block design with four blocks and elementary plots containing 20 plants. Growth and yield traits including stem cross-sectional area in juvenile stage, jorquette height, bean weight, number of beans per pod and bean yield were monitored over a 6-year period. Mean squares of general combining ability (GCA), specific combining ability (SCA) and reciprocal effects were significant for almost all the traits except jorquette height in SCA. This indicates that additive and non-additive gene effects are important in the inheritance of the traits. The presence of reciprocal differences for all traits suggests the influence of maternal effects in controlling the traits. Manual pollinations for commercial seed production should, therefore, follow established protocol and clones recommended as female and male parents used strictly as recommended. One of the standard clones, AMAZ15/15 had significant positive GCA effect for yield, and consistently produced progenies with high SCA values. It could be added to parental clones currently used in producing cacao varieties in the seed gardens in Ghana and other West African cacao growing countries.

MHC-II alleles shape the CDR3 repertoires of conventional and regulatory naïve CD4+ T cells

T cell maturation and activation depend upon T cell receptor (TCR) interactions with a wide variety of antigenic peptides displayed in a given major histocompatibility complex (MHC) context. Complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) is the most variable part of the TCRα and -β chains, which govern interactions with peptide-MHC complexes. However, it remains unclear how the CDR3 landscape is shaped by individual MHC context during thymic selection of naïve T cells. We established two mouse strains carrying distinct allelic variants of H2-A and analyzed thymic and peripheral production and TCR repertoires of naïve conventional CD4+ T (Tconv) and naïve regulatory CD4+ T (Treg) cells. Compared with tuberculosis-resistant C57BL/6 (H2-Ab) mice, the tuberculosis-susceptible H2-Aj mice had fewer CD4+ T cells of both subsets in the thymus. In the periphery, this deficiency was only apparent for Tconv and was compensated for by peripheral reconstitution for Treg We show that H2-Aj favors selection of a narrower and more convergent repertoire with more hydrophobic and strongly interacting amino acid residues in the middle of CDR3α and CDR3β, suggesting more stringent selection against a narrower peptide-MHC-II context. H2-Aj and H2-Ab mice have prominent reciprocal differences in CDR3α and CDR3β features, probably reflecting distinct modes of TCR fitting to MHC-II variants. These data reveal the mechanics and extent of how MHC-II shapes the naïve CD4+ T cell CDR3 landscape, which essentially defines adaptive response to infections and self-antigens.

The Resistance of Bean Yellow Mosaic Virus (BYMV) in Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) with Diallel Analysis

Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) has been recognized as one of the major economicdisease and reduced a considerable destructive in seed yield, particularly, when plants wereinfected at the beginning stage of faba bean growing regions of Egypt. Little geneticinformation is available on the resistance of Vicia faba to BYMV disease. Hence, this studywas conducted to determine the relative importance of general (GCA) and specific (SCA)combining ability, maternal and non-maternal reciprocal effects on resistance to BYMV inselected faba bean genotypes through mechanical transmation of BYMV. A complete diallelmating scheme including reciprocals of six faba bean genotypes varied in their resistant andsusceptible to BYMV were evaluated in the Experimental Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, SuezCanal University, Ismailia, Egypt during two seasons (2008/09 & 2009/010). The resultsshow that the combining ability analysis revealed that both additive and non additive geneeffects were present at this juncture and played a major role in the genetic resistance toBYMV. The crosses between the resistant and susceptible faba bean genotypes showedintermediate disease reaction to the BYMV, suggesting a polygenic system of resistance toBYMV. Significant maternal and specific reciprocal differences among the parents and theircrosses indicated that maternal inheritance is involved in the reaction of faba bean genotypesto BYMV. Also, significant genotype x years interaction suggested a deficient in stability inthe development of virus pathogen on faba bean plants. Therefore, recurrent selection wouldbe appropriate for accumulating genes for resistance to BYMV in V. faba and progenyperformance may be based on their parent's performance per se.

Gambaran Pengetahuan Inter Professional Collaboration Pada Profesional Pemberi Asuhan Di Rumah Sakit Khusus Propinsi Jambi: Kajian

Interprofessional collaboration (IPC) between nurses and doctors is associated with good outcomes for patients, especially in hospitalizations. Different professional cultures can be a barrier to nurses and doctors in an IPC effective and efficient. Effective IPC is important to ensure patient safety. To analyze how the image of Professional Care Givers is different in implementing IPC at Jambi Special Hospital. The research was cross-sectional, the population were nurses, doctors, pharmacists and nutritionists in Jambi Province Special Hospital 105 samples. Sampling with total sampling. AITCS research instruments that have been modified as needed. Most of the application of IPC to Professional Care Givers in Jambi Province Special Hospital both on the partnership dimension, coordination, shared decision-making is only on the clearest reciprocal differences in the dimension of cooperation which is more than half less good. Conclusion: It is expected that the special hospital of Jambi Province will organize more integrated patient center care, which will have consequences for the implementation of the IPC, especially in terms of perceived cooperation.

아버지의 양육태도에 대한 아버지와 유아 자녀의 인식 차이

본 연구의 목적은 아버지의 양육태도에 대한 아버지와 유아 자녀의 인식 차이를 살펴보는 것이다. 연구 대상자는 G시에 소재한 유아교육기관 4곳의 만 4-5세 유아 260명과 그들의 아버지 총 260명이다. 연구를 위하여 ‘유아가 인식한 아버지의 양육태도’와 ‘아버지의 양육태도’ 설문지를 이용하여 설문조사를 실시하였다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS 22.0을 이용하여 일원변량분석 및 상관관계 분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과는 첫째, 아버지의 배경변인에 따른 아버지 양육태도에서 아버지의 연령과 직업에서 유의미한 차이가 나타났다. 둘째, 유아가 인식한 아버지의 양육태도에서 유아의 성별에 따라 여자아이가 남자아이보다 아버지의 양육태도 수준이 높게 인식하였다. 또한, 유아 연령에서는 만 4세 유아가 만 5세 유아보다 아버지의 양육태도 수준이 더 높게 나타났다. 셋째, 아버지가 인식한 양육태도와 유아가 인식한 아버지의 양육태도 간의 차이가 나타났다. 양육태도의 하위영역인 적대적, 자율적, 통제적 양육태도에서 유아가 인식하는 것보다 아버지가 인식하는 수준이 더 높은 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 아버지와 자녀가 서로 인식하는 정도가 차이가 있음을 의미하고 있으며, 이러한 차이를 줄일 수 있는 방안모색으로 아버지 교육프로그램 개발이 필요함을 시사한다.

Genetics of quantitative traits in barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacea (Roxb.) Link) – an underutilized crop

With an objective to identify potential parents and crosses for quantitative and nutrient related characters and to understand the gene action for different traits for further improvement, an investigation was carried out in barnyard millet with diallel analysis involving five parents (CO 2, ACM 145, ACM 161, ACM 331 and ACM 332). Five parents and twenty crosses were evaluated for thirteen quantitative and four nutrient traits. The GCA, SCA and RCA variances were significant for almost all the characters suggesting the importance of both additive and non-additive gene action with pre-ponderance of non-additive gene action and significant reciprocal differences indicating the inter action between cytoplasm and the nuclear gene effects. However, for single plant yield the gene action was additive as the ratio of GCA to SCA variances was more than one. In the evaluation of parents, taking per se performance and gca effects as criteria the parents in the order ACM 145, ACM 161 and CO 2 were identified as the best general combiners. The crosses ACM 145/CO 2 and ACM 145/ACM 161 were selected as superior over others based on per se performance, SCA effects and heterosis percent together and are suggested for utilization in heterosis breeding. Non-significant SCA effect was possessed by CO 2/ACM 145 and CO 2/ACM 161 and they could be used for improvement of grain yield by recombination breeding to isolate useful segregants.

Genetic Diversity and Population Structure Analysis of Citrus Germplasm with Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Markers

Citrus (Citrus sp.) germplasm collections are a valuable resource for citrus genetic breeding studies, and further utilization of the resource requires knowledge of their genotypic and phylogenetic relationships. Diverse citrus accessions, including citron (Citrus medica), mandarin (Citrus reticulata), pummelo (Citrus maxima), papeda (Papeda sp.), trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata), kumquat (Fortunella sp.), and related species, have been housed at the Florida Citrus Arboretum, Winter Haven, FL, but the accessions in the collection have not been genotyped. In this study, a collection of 80 citrus accessions were genotyped using 1536 sweet orange–derived single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, to determine their SNP fingerprints and to assess genetic diversity, population structure, and phylogenetic relationships, and thereby to test the efficiency of using the single genotype-derived SNP chip with relatively low cost for these analyses. Phylogenetic relationships among the 80 accessions were determined by multivariate analysis. A model-based clustering program detected five basic groups and revealed that C. maxima introgressions varied among mandarin cultivars and segregated in mandarin F1 progeny. In addition, reciprocal differences in C. maxima contributions were observed among citranges (Citrus sinensis × P. trifoliata vs. P. trifoliata × C. sinensis) and may be caused by the influence of cytoplasmic DNA and its effect on selection of cultivars. Inferred admixture structures of many secondary citrus species and important cultivars were confirmed or revealed, including ‘Bergamot’ sour orange (Citrus aurantium), ‘Kinkoji’ (C. reticulata × Citrus paradisi), ‘Hyuganatsu’ orange (Citrus tamurana), and palestine sweet lime (Citrus aurantifolia). The relatively inexpensive SNP array used in this study generated informative genotyping data and led to good consensus and correlations with previously published observations based on whole genome sequencing (WGS) data. The genotyping data and the phylogenetic results may facilitate further exploitation of interesting genotypes in the collection and additional understanding of phylogenetic relationships in citrus.

Ultrasonographic measurements in first trimester concepti identify predictors of birth weight and postnatal development in cattle.

The placenta is a major driver of prenatal growth and involved in programming of postnatal performance. We therefore determined placental and embryo-fetal ultrasonographic parameters in early pregnancy and their relationships with birth weight and postnatal weights in a Bos indicus-Bos taurus composite beef cattle population. Pregnancies were generated in 2-yr-old Droughtmaster heifers by artificial insemination after estrus synchronization in 2 consecutive years (2009, n = 36 and 2010, n = 57), with a subset of 2010 heifers used again as lactating 3-yr-old cows in 2011 (n = 24). Each cohort was managed as 1 contemporary group for measurements of Corpus luteum diameter, amnion length and width, placentome width and thickness, and embryo-fetal crown-rump length, at 7 and 8 wk of gestation. This was followed by recordings of birth weight, branding weight at 5 to 6 mo of age and weaning weight 2 mo later. At a significance threshold of P < 0.05, placentome thickness at week 7 was negatively correlated with weights at birth (r = -0.23), branding (r = -0.25), and weaning (r = -0.35), whereas placentome width at week 7 (r = 0.24) and thickness at week 8 (r = 0.29) were positively correlated with birth weight. Thicker placentomes in males at week 7 (7%) difference mirrored sex differences in weights at birth (7%), branding (10%), and weaning (6%). The sex difference trend for birth weight was not consistent across sire-year combinations, ranging from -3.2 to +4.7 kg (birth weight of males - females per sire). These results support the hypothesis that placental parameters at the transition from embryo to fetal stage are major predictors of fetal and postnatal growth, albeit with significant environmentally induced plasticity, in stabilized B. indicus-B. taurus composite populations, and suggest that elements of B. indicus-B. taurus reciprocal differences in birth weight persist in composite populations.