Recidivism Research Articles

Zinc levels in severe eating disorders

PurposeSevere eating and feeding disorders including Anorexia Nervosa of both restricting (AN-R) and binge-purge (AN-BP) subtypes and Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID) lead to multiple macronutrient and micronutrient deficiencies, including zinc, in the setting of inadequate dietary intake. We investigated whether zinc levels correlated with severe malnutrition, with particular subtypes of eating disorders (EDs), and the effect of the refeeding process.MethodsThis prospective study included 92 adult patients with severe AN or ARFID hospitalized in a medical stabilization unit. Denver Health staff were recruited as controls. Blood samples were drawn within four days of admission and 72 h of discharge. All inferential analyses were performed using general linear models.ResultsAdmission zinc levels were statistically significantly lower in cases compared to controls. Admission zinc levels were significantly higher for patients with AN-R than patients with AN-BP. Zinc levels decreased significantly during treatment in cases, compared to controls. ED diagnoses and percent ideal body weight (%IBW) did not appear to predict changes in zinc levels during admission.ConclusionsGiven zinc’s pervasive roles in metabolism throughout the body as well as common symptoms of deficiency including impaired taste and smell, decreased appetite, and depression, zinc levels could be relevant to the high relapse rate in severe ED. The observed decrease in zinc, which was larger in cases than controls, during refeeding suggests the possibility of a “refeeding hypozincemia” which may present a new therapeutic target. These characteristics make zinc an intriguing focus of future study that could impact the recidivism rate in severe ED.Level of evidence IIIEvidence obtained from well-designed cohort or case-control analytic studies.

Testing DeLisi and Vaughn’s temperament theory on a non-delinquent sample: a two-wave cross-sectional analysis

ABSTRACT Since the introduction of DeLisi and Vaughn’s (2014) temperament-based theory of antisocial behavior [temperament theory], multiple empirical tests have been conducted to determine its efficacy. These tests have demonstrated temperament’s meaningful ability to predict the likelihood that an adjudicated individual will recidivate (both rearrest and readjudication) and how long it takes to recidivate. While these tests have showcased temperament’s effectiveness, their findings are not generalizable beyond the recidivism of juvenile and adult offenders. The present study attempts to fill this gap by testing temperament theory using logistic regression modeling on a nationally representative dataset, the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health [Add Health]. Specifically, the present study examines whether an individual’s temperament during adolescence can predict offending behavior during adolescence and adulthood. Findings demonstrate that the combination of effortful control and negative emotionality significantly predicts adolescent and adult offending behaviors. Limitations and implications of this study are discussed.

The Interplay Between Negative Alcohol Expectancies and Locus of Control and Its Association with Motivation to Change Alcohol Use Among Repeat Alcohol-Impaired Drivers

Background Alcohol-impaired driving is a costly public health problem with a high rate of recidivism. Objectives This investigation aimed to examine the associations among negative alcohol expectancies (NAE), locus of control (LoC), and motivation to reduce alcohol use among repeat alcohol-impaired drivers. Methods Fifty-nine participants with ≥ 2 previous driving under the influence (DUI) arrests were recruited from a correctional treatment facility or the community. Participants completed NAE, LoC, Motivation to Change alcohol use, and psychiatric disorders (e.g., alcohol and/or substance use disorder) assessments. Results Both proximal (β = −0.37, p = 0.022) and distal (β = −0.40, p = 0.011) NAE were negatively associated with Motivation to Change. External LoC was associated with lower Motivation to Change among repeat alcohol-impaired drivers (β = −0.42, p = 0.006). The association of distal NAE with Motivation to Change was moderated by LoC (β = −0.48, p < 0.002): those with greater internal LoC had greater Motivation to Change when they focused more on distal NAE, whereas those with greater external LoC exhibited weaker Motivation to Change as they perceived more distal NAE. Conclusion The relationship between NAE and motivation to change among repeat alcohol-impaired drivers can be better explained by considering their association with LoC. Distal NAE can help repeat alcohol-impaired drivers have stronger motivation to change especially when they have greater internal LoC. Treatment programs for repeat alcohol-impaired drivers can be improved when they focus on the enhancement of both internal LoC and the awareness of long-term negative outcomes of alcohol use.

Experimental Research on Recidivism Prediction

The regression model and random forest model have been used to research recidivism prediction. The purpose of the research is firstly, to determine the crucial factors influencing recidivism rates among gender, ethnicity, prior crime record, misdemeanor status, and age. The second purpose is to discuss potential bias among the raw data. The third one is determining the pros and cons of machine decisions. With the work of data processing, analysis, and modeling, we had come to our result that factor terms that have a significant impact on the recidivism rate include: gender, priors, priors interact with age range, gender interact with age range. Through a variety of modeling methods, we established logistic regression models and random forest models to predict the crime rate through variables such as gender, age, and so on. Both models show decent accuracy, and two different models can be adapted to different situations. Some limitations have been admitted after comparison to other papers, such as the usage of only static variables, and at the same time, potential future improvements regarding the work are proposed in accordance with the limitations found.

In Tempore Repetito: The Crafting Style of Crime Narratives and Its Role in Recidivism and One-Time Offending

ABSTRACT This study examines how the structural composition of crime narratives shapes patterns of criminal behavior, including recidivism and one-time offending. Drawing on Spector-Mersel and Ben-Asher’s (2018) concept of crafting styles, the narratives of 60 participants—one-time and repeat offenders—were analyzed. Bead-threading was used by one-time offenders to emphasize the singularity of their crime, reinforcing a non-criminal identity, while repeat offenders framed their actions as justified and ongoing, supporting a persistent criminal identity. Weaving intertwined conflicting identities, where resolution toward non-criminal roles supported desistance, while unresolved contradictions sustained offending. These findings offer insights for targeted interventions.

Relative Impact of Underreporting and Desistance on the Dark Figure of Sexual Recidivism.

Sexual recidivism rates based on arrests or convictions underestimate actual reoffending due to underreporting. A previous Monte Carlo simulation estimated actual recidivism rates under various reporting and conviction assumptions but did not account for desistance-the decreasing likelihood of reoffending over time. This study addresses that gap by incorporating a 12.3% annual desistance rate (from a well-known empirical study) and exploring its impact alongside varying charge rates (100%-5%). The results showed that reductions in charge rates lead to disproportionately large increases in recidivism. For instance, lowering the charge rate from 50% to 25% results in a much larger increase in actual recidivism than reducing it from 100% to 75%, despite both being 25% reductions. This indicates that as charge rates decrease, actual recidivism grows more sharply. A sensitivity analysis also examined desistance rates of 0%, 5%, 12.3%, and 20%. Higher desistance rates cause reoffending to occur earlier but have little impact on long-term totals. Over 25years, reoffending rates remain similar across desistance rates, suggesting desistance affects the timing, but not the overall amount of reoffending.

Keywords: Serial Offender Profiling, Forensic Psychology, Technology Integration, Profiling Era Preferences, Familiarity, Perceived Effectiveness, Success Rates, Investigative Practices, Law Enforcement, Profiling Experts, Evolution.

Keywords: Serial Offender Profiling, Forensic Psychology, Technology Integration, Profiling Era Preferences, Familiarity, Perceived Effectiveness, Success Rates, Investigative Practices, Law Enforcement, Profiling Experts, Evolution.

Industry-specific Labour Demand, Post-prison Employment and Recidivism – Evidence from Finland

Abstract Objectives To test the effect of local, industry-specific labour demand on employment and recidivism following a person’s release from a prison in Finland. Methods This study was an observational study based on administrative data. The data included all working-aged men (N = 33,270) released from prison between 2007 and 2018 in Finland. We analysed the industry of the employers descriptively and studied the effect of labour demand on employment and recidivism rates post-release with a linear probability model. Labour demand was measured by counting new employments that began in the first 30 days post-release in the region the subject resided in at the time of release. Employment and recidivism were analysed with a 6- and 12-month follow-up. Results Of the study population, 11.1% were employed and 44.7% recidivated in the first 6 months. We found the most common employers to be the construction and manufacturing industries along with temporary work agencies. Our models indicated that the low-skill labour demand in construction increased the likelihood of employment (β = 0.0108, se = 0.0026) but did not reduce the risk of recidivism (β = 0.0030, se = 0.0045). Conclusions Higher labour demand may not lead to lower recidivism in all contexts. As the effect of labour demand may be driven by specific societal or labour market characteristics, further research should focus on identifying the characteristics that affect recidivism and post-prison employment. As this study may only be generalisable to the Finnish prison population, similar studies are needed from varied contexts.

Determinants for Drunk Driving Recidivism-An Application of the Integrated Prototype Willingness Model.

The paper applies the prototype willingness model (PWM) and incorporates components of the theory of planned behavior (TPB), along with deterrence factors, to understand the behavioral intentions, willingness, and recidivism behaviors of individuals penalized for drunk driving. It explores psychological and social factors influencing repeat offenses, focusing on attitudes, subjective norms, prototypes, and deterrence. The PWM outlines two pathways-reasoned (based on intentions) and social reactive (based on willingness). The model helps predict risky behaviors like drunk driving. Thirteen hypotheses are proposed in this study to examine how various factors, such as attitudes, subjective norms, and deterrence, influence willingness, intentions, and behavior. Surveys were conducted among individuals attending road safety classes after being penalized for drunk driving. A total of 1156 individuals participated in the survey, with 855 valid responses collected. The results indicate that behavioral willingness had a stronger impact on recidivism than intention. On the other hand, subjective norms did not significantly affect the intent to reoffend, but attitudes, deterrence, and PBC did. The findings suggest that focusing on behavioral willingness, deterrence, and educational interventions could help reduce repeat drunk driving offenses. The paper offers insights for policymakers to improve prevention strategies, by focusing on the psychological motivators of repeat offenders.

The role of criminal liability for illegal possession of a vehicle

The aim of the study is to analyse the impact of criminal liability on the prevention of and counteraction to illegal acts. The article identifies legal problems and challenges associated with the application of criminal liability for the type of offences under research. The work employs the methods of legal audit, comparative and statistical analysis, research of the case law and court decisions in the EU countries. The results of the study demonstrate that the strengthening of criminal liability helps to reduce the number of cases of illegal possession of a vehicle and increase citizens’ legal awareness. The article defines the principles of legality, humanity, and justice in accordance with the introduction of criminal liability, and offers recommendations for its improvement. Special attention is paid to the development of measures for increasing the effectiveness of law enforcement in the Eastern European countries. The study also explores the role of public awareness campaigns in reducing instances of illegal vehicle possession and fostering a culture of lawfulness. It highlights the importance of integrating technological advancements into preventive strategies, such as vehicle tracking systems and digital reporting platforms. Additionally, the article examines the correlation between the severity of penalties and the recidivism rates, proposing adjustments to sentencing policies to balance deterrence and rehabilitation. The practical significance of the study is to identify opportunities for improving legal regulation and to make proposals for authorities and interested parties in order to optimize criminal legal processes. Further research should be focused on finding effective means of regulating legal liability and improving rehabilitation programmes to reduce crime rates

Repeat offenders: PRRSV-2 clinical re-breaks from a whole genome perspective

Repeat offenders: PRRSV-2 clinical re-breaks from a whole genome perspective

Formation process of serial offenders’ crime area and prediction of future crime locations: An examination of residential burglaries

Formation process of serial offenders’ crime area and prediction of future crime locations: An examination of residential burglaries

INTERACTION BETWEEN STATE POLICY IN THE FIELD OF PROBATION AND CRIMINAL LEGAL POLICY

The article considers the state policy in the field of probation as a component of the criminal law policy of Ukraine, its role in the implementation of alternative punishment measures that meet modern international standards. Particular attention is paid to the interaction of these policies aimed at implementing the principles of justice, proportionality of punishment and humanization of justice. The author analyzes the regulatory and legal foundations of probation, in particular its consolidation in the Criminal Code of Ukraine and the draft of the new Criminal Code. It is determined that probation provides not only control over convicts, but also active social and educational work, which contributes to their social adaptation, maintenance of social ties and employment. The article states that probation allows to avoid excessive isolation of offenders, which reduces social stigmatization and increases the chances of successful integration into society. Probation is considered an effective mechanism for ensuring a balance between the interests of society and offenders. On the one hand, it guarantees the safety of citizens by preventing recidivism and social rehabilitation of offenders. On the other hand, it implements the principle of humanity, allowing convicts to correct themselves without isolation, reducing the level of social stigmatization and supporting their adaptation to living conditions in the community. The advantages of probation for both the state and offenders are separately considered. For the state, probation provides a reduction in the cost of maintaining prisoners, a decrease in the number of people in penitentiary institutions and an increase in trust in the judicial system. For offenders, it is an opportunity to change without isolation, maintain work, family relationships and a chance to fully return to the community. Special attention is paid to the importance of implementing international standards in the probation system of Ukraine. Analyzing European experience, the author demonstrates that probation is becoming an important factor in reducing the level of crime due to the emphasis on rehabilitation and restorative justice.

Analysis of the Impact of Therapeutic Measures Instead of Punishment in Reducing Recidivism in Criminal Law

Recidivism is one of the fundamental challenges in the criminal justice system, indicating the inefficiency of some traditional punishment methods in rehabilitating and reforming offenders. This study aims to examine the impact of therapeutic measures instead of conventional punishments on reducing the recidivism rate, analyzing the factors contributing to the success of this approach. The results show that therapeutic measures, including psychotherapy, addiction treatment, and social empowerment, can play a significant role in reducing crime by addressing the root causes of crime and facilitating the reintegration of offenders into society. These methods, in addition to reducing the burden on prisons, help strengthen restorative justice and crime prevention. For the successful implementation of this approach in Iran's legal system, strengthening therapeutic infrastructure and social culture is essential

Chemical castration in the criminal law system: A study of effectiveness and toxicological impact

Chemical castration is an additional punishment in Indonesia's criminal law system that is applied to sex offenders, especially against children, with the main objective of reducing recidivism rates and protecting the public from the threat of repeated sexual violence. However, this policy also raises various challenges and serious impacts, especially in the toxicology aspect. Medically, chemical castration can cause significant side effects, such as metabolic disorders, decreased bone density leading to osteoporosis, and the risk of cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this study is to examine the effectiveness of castration policy, the impact of castration from the toxicology aspect and policy recommendations for equitable chemical castration. This research uses normative juridical with statutory, case study and conceptual multidisciplinary approaches. The results of the study explain that chemical castration is legally effective, but the impact of castration implementation can cause several side effects for the perpetrator. A policy recommendation for chemical castration that is equitable is needed. This research can provide an overview of the implementation of chemical castration from the legal and toxicological aspects. So that the application of castration needs to be evaluated against toxicological and ethical impacts is very important to create a balance between the protection of society and respect for human rights. So as to create justice in the policy of chemical castration.

Reconstruction Discourse Justice Criminal Law as an Ideal Model for Implementing Restorative Justice

T The criminal justice system in Indonesia faces various challenges, including legal inefficiency, high recidivism rates, and inadequate victim protection. The punishment-oriented system often neglects the need for victim recovery and social recovery. This study aims to develop an ideal model for implementing restorative justice within the Indonesian legal framework by considering the principles of customary law that have long been practiced in society. This study uses a normative legal approach by analyzing legislation, literature studies, and comparative assessments of restorative justice practices in various countries. Primary and secondary legal materials are used to explore the application of restorative justice at the police, prosecution, and court levels. The findings reveal several barriers to implementing restorative justice in Indonesia, such as regulatory misalignment across law enforcement agencies, limited human resource training, and lack of public awareness. However, the study highlights significant potential for adopting the restorative justice model through integrating local values, law enforcement training, and a comprehensive regulatory framework. The implications of this study emphasize the need for more inclusive policy reforms, strengthening collaboration between legal institutions, and public education to increase the acceptance of restorative justice as an alternative method of resolving criminal cases. Proper implementation is expected to create a more just, more humane, and socially restorative legal system.

Online Sexual Offending Against Children: Recidivism Rates and Predictors.

Recidivism among individuals who have sexually offended poses a significant public health and safety concern. It is crucial to assess the predictive validity of traditional risk factors in individuals engaged in online child exploitation. This study examines recidivism rates and risk factors among individuals involved in online child sexual exploitation, analyzing data from a sample of 228 adult males who had committed sexual and nonsexual offenses at their index crime. The findings suggest that offense-supportive cognitions (Harrell's C = .73-.75) and emotional congruence with children (Harrell's C = .77) serve as predictors for contact sexual recidivism. Consumption of child sexual exploitation material and bestiality pornography are linked to online sexual recidivism (.69 and .75, respectively) and negatively related to sexual recidivism (.29 and .32, respectively). Overall, this research contributes to a more nuanced understanding of recidivism patterns and risk factors among individuals engaged in online sexual offenses against children, emphasizing the need for tailored intervention strategies in this population.

Engagement and access to support for oral health, substance use, smoking and diet by people with severe and multiple disadvantage: A qualitative study.

Severe and multiple disadvantage (SMD) is the combined effect of experiencing homelessness, substance use and repeat offending. People experiencing SMD have high burden of physical and mental health issues. Oral health is one of the most common health problems in people experiencing SMD which interacts with substance use, smoking, and unhealthy diet to create a cycle of harm and disadvantage. However, burden of these conditions is worsened by poor access to health services. This study aimed to identify pathways to improve engagement and access to health interventions, for oral health, substance and alcohol use, smoking and diet. Using a qualitative methodology, interviews/focus groups were conducted with: (a) people experiencing SMD in Newcastle Upon Tyne/Gateshead; and (b) frontline staff, volunteer workers, policy makers and commissioners from London, Plymouth and Newcastle Upon Tyne/Gateshead. Data was analysed iteratively using thematic analysis. Twenty-eight people experiencing SMD (age range: 27-65 years; 21% females) and 78 service providers (age range: 28-72 years, 63% females) were interviewed or included in focus groups. Data were organized into two overarching factors: barriers to accessing health interventions and improving access to health interventions. Barriers included: wider disadvantages of people experiencing SMD leading to low priority for support for oral health and associated health behaviours, psychosocial factors, waiting period and physical space. Factors that improved access to interventions included: positive relationships between service provider and person experiencing SMD, including a support worker, location of services and outreach services. The findings suggest the need for flexibility in offering services for oral health and related health behaviours for people experiencing SMD. Training health care providers and co-developing services with people with lived experience of SMD can help prevent (re)stigmatization. Systems-based approach to address factors on an environmental, organizational, inter-personal and individual level is needed. The results from this study could be extrapolated to other health intervention such as vaccinations and sexual and reproductive health.

The effect of differing operational definitions on sexual recidivism rates

ABSTRACT Whereas studies have operationalised sexual recidivism as a new arrest/charge or conviction, it is known that this definition underestimates the actual rate of reoffending. By utilising a sample of persons who were found to not meet the legal criteria for commitment under Wisconsin’s Sexually Violent Persons Law (N = 755), this study explored the extent to which three different definitions of sexual reoffending affected recidivism rates. The first level of analysis operationalised sexual reoffending as a new arrest/charge and/or conviction. The second level defined recidivism as a new arrest/charge and/or conviction but included supervision rule violations that could have been charged as a new sexual offence. The third level was comprised of the same elements as the first two with the addition of offence paralleling behaviours. Findings indicate that as the definitions of recidivism are expanded, the concomitant recidivism rates increase. PRACTICE IMPACT STATEMENT This study provided empirical information demonstrating the effect that different definitions of sexual recidivism have on risk estimates. Given this association, it is important that evaluators conducting risk assessments inform the trier of fact that the derived reported estimates are influenced by and contingent upon how sexually offending behaviours are defined. Moreover, it is suggested that recidivism risk assessments provide a range of estimated risk based upon differing definitions typically used within the applicable local jurisdictions.

Personality disorders, violence and antisocial behaviour: updated systematic review and meta-regression analysis.

Links between personality disorders and antisocial outcomes has not examined individual personality disorders, and the contribution of comorbidities remain uncertain. Previous systematic reviews are dated. To synthesise evidence from observational studies on the risk of antisocial outcomes and recidivism associated with personality disorders. We searched six bibliographic databases (up to March 2024) for observational studies examining the risk of antisocial behaviour, interpersonal violence and recidivism in individuals diagnosed with personality disorders, compared to controls. We explored sources of heterogeneity using subgroup analyses and meta-regression. We identified 21 studies involving 83 418 individuals with personality disorders from 10 countries examining antisocial and violent outcomes (Aim 1), and 39 studies of 14 131 individuals from 13 countries with recidivism (or repeat offending) as the outcome (Aim 2). We found increased risks of violence among individuals with any personality disorder (odds ratio 4.5, 95% CI 3.0-6.7), particularly antisocial personality disorder (odds ratio 7.6, 95% CI 5.1-11.5) and borderline personality disorder (odds ratio 2.6, 95% CI 1.8-3.9). Individuals with any personality disorder (odds ratio 2.3, 95% CI 2.0-2.6) and antisocial personality disorder (odds ratio 2.8, 95% CI 1.6-4.9) also demonstrated an elevated risk of recidivism. Personality disorder types and comorbid substance use disorder were associated with between-study heterogeneity. The assessment and management of personality disorders should be considered as part of violence prevention strategies. Improving identification and treatment of comorbid substance misuse may reduce adverse outcomes in individuals with personality disorders.