Recidivism Research Articles

Challenges and Successes in Introducing Coronary CT Angiography in an Emergency Medicine-Run Observation Unit.

This study was designed to analyze the departmental changes in transitioning the Emergency Department (ED)-run Observation Medicine Unit's routine noninvasive cardiac evaluation from the traditional standard-of-care procedures to coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA). While the routine use of CCTA for the evaluation of chest pain has been deemed feasible and safe, provider confidence appears apprehensive, and ordering patterns appear reluctant to change. We conducted a retrospective analysis of data from two risk-matched cohorts of EDpatients who presented with symptoms suggestive of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) but without ischemic electrocardiogram (ECG) changes or positive troponin. Endpoints included length of stay, major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE) rates at 28 days, recidivism rate, and downstream findings on coronary catheterization. The adoption of CCTA led to a significant reduction in the length of stay for patients in the ED-run Observation Medicine Unit. Provider and nursing education initiatives were crucial in overcoming initial resistance and improving the implementation of CCTA. Post-education, there was a marked increase in the volume of CCTA performed and a decrease in the length of stay, enhancing overall departmental throughput. The results suggest that CCTA offers a reliable and efficient diagnostic alternative to traditional noninvasive tests, with high diagnostic accuracy contributing to faster decision-making and reduced need for invasive procedures. Continuous education for providers and nursing staff was essential to ensure adherence to the new protocol and improve clinical outcomes. Transitioning to CCTA for routine noninvasive cardiac evaluation in the ED-run Observation Medicine Unit demonstrated significant efficiency and diagnostic accuracy benefits. Successful implementation requires targeted educational efforts to ensure competency and confidence among healthcare providers. The findings support the integration of CCTA into standard clinical practice for the evaluation of chest pain in the emergency setting, with future research needed to validate these results in broader patient populations and assess long-term outcomes.

Exploring the landscape of academic retractions in medicine: a comprehensive umbrella review.

The escalating trend of academic article retractions over the last decades raises concerns about scientific integrity, but heterogeneity in retractions and reasons for them pose a major challenge. We aimed to comprehensively overview systematic reviews focusing on retractions in the biomedical literature. We abstracted salient features and bibliometric details from shortlisted articles. The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Checklist for Systematic Reviews and Research Syntheses was used for validity appraisal. A total of 11 reviews were included, published between 2016 and 2023, and reporting on a total of 1851 retracted studies. Several major reasons for retractions were identified, spanning both misconduct (e.g., falsification, duplication, plagiarism) and non-misconduct issues (e.g., unreliable data, publishing problems). Correlates include author-related factors (number of authors, nationality) and journal-related factors (impact factor), with repeat offenders contributing significantly. Impacts of retractions is profound, affecting scholarly credibility, public trust, and resource utilization. In order to prevent retractions and amend their adverse effects, rigorous and transparent reporting standards, enhanced training in research ethics, strengthened peer review processes, and the establishment of collaborative and integrated research integrity offices are proposed.

Роль современной юридической науки в жизни российского общества

The article makes an attempt to show the role of legal science in the life of Russian society using the example of criminal law science. For this purpose, the state in which criminal law science finds itself is considered. It has been established that legal science is represented by two unequal groups of people: some actually engage in scientific research, others imitate scientific activity. At the same time, publications that are imitative in nature are subject to fair criticism and are considered as a manifestation of a crisis in science. Despite the existence of negative factors, the scientific community directly or indirectly has a positive impact on the life of Russian society. In particular, criminal law science determines the ways of development of criminal legislation that performs protective and regulatory functions, thereby harmonizing conflict relations. The scientific community of law universities and faculties, being part of Russian society, not only produces and reproduces scientific knowledge, but also involves students, graduate students and doctoral students in its development in various forms. A significant role in the development and implementation of scientific knowledge into public practice is played by scientific and qualifying works in criminal law disciplines, including those not free from certain shortcomings. This study shows that the works of criminologists are also of interest among previously convicted persons and repeat offenders. In conclusion, it is concluded that the organization of legal science is far from perfect and requires significant reorganization in order to meet the expectations of society.

Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Kejahatan Berulang

This research aims to identify factors that influence repeat crime and explore prevention strategies that can reduce this tendency. Through a case study approach, this research analyzes several recidivism cases involving repeat offenders in Indonesia. Findings suggest that internal factors such as weak self-control and intimacy with religion, as well as external factors such as economic problems and negative social environments, play an important role in increasing the risk of recidivism. Criminological theories such as Social Structure Theory, Becker's Economic Theory, Opportunity Theory, and Social Learning Theory are used to understand the phenomenon of recidivism and identify effective prevention strategies. Based on the case analysis, comprehensive efforts are needed from various parties, including government agencies, communities, and non-profit organizations, to provide effective rehabilitation, increase supervision and social control, and provide social support to former drivers in order to reduce the risk of recidivism and strengthen community security overall.

ПРЕВЕНТИВНА ДІЯЛЬНІСТЬ ОРГАНІВ ПРОБАЦІЇ В РОБОТІ З НЕПОВНОЛІТНІМИ ПРАВОПОРУШНИКАМИ

The development of probation in Ukraine is one of the main directions of reforming the penitentiary system. Probation helps to solve a number of issues in the field of correction and re-socialization of persons who have committed certain offenses and who have been given the opportunity by the state to reform and avoid being placed in places of detention. Among the subjects of probation, the category of “juveniles” requires special attention, as the results of the study confirm that probation authorities should intensify their work with them to prevent repeat offenses. While studying it was found that a number of measures should be added to the existing tasks of probation authorities to strengthen their preventive activities in working with juvenile offenders. The results of the study can be used in lawmaking and law enforcement activities during the probation of juveniles. Key words: juvenile probationers, probation authorities, repeat offense, preventive activity, probation, system of preventive measures, social and educational work.

Patterns of company misconduct, recidivism, and complaint resolution delays: A temporal analysis of UK pharmaceutical industry self‐regulation within the European context

AbstractInterfirm self‐regulation through trade associations is common but its effectiveness is debated and likely varies by time, country, and industry. This study examines self‐regulation of pharmaceutical marketing, characterized by delegation of major regulatory responsibilities to trade associations' self‐regulatory bodies. In addressing critical research gaps, this study first analyzes 1,776 complaints against pharmaceutical companies in the UK over 18 years (2004–2021). Findings regarding severe, repeat, and complex offending, and delays in complaint resolution raise significant concerns about the adequacy of UK's self‐regulation in deterring wrongdoing. Second, the study conducts international comparisons using recent complaints data from 30 European pharmaceutical industry self‐regulatory bodies. Despite shortcomings of UK's self‐regulation, it appears more adept at identifying potential breaches compared to most other countries, suggesting significant underdetection or underreporting of drug company misconduct in Europe. On balance, our findings are concerning given the negative effects of poorly regulated pharmaceutical marketing on medical practice and health.

The impact of testosterone-lowering medication on recidivism in individuals convicted of sexual offenses.

Treatment of individuals who have committed sexual offences with Testosterone-Lowering Medication (TLM) is a comparatively intrusive kind of intervention, which regularly takes place in coercive contexts. Thus, the question of efficacy, but also the question of who should be treated, when and for how long, are of great importance. Recidivism rates of TLM-treated high-risk individuals (+TLM; n = 54) were compared with high-risk individuals treated with psychotherapy only in the same forensic outpatient clinic (-TLM; n = 79). Group differences suggested a higher initial risk of + TLM (e.g. higher ris-assessment, previous convictions). Despite the increased risk, after an average time at risk of six years, +TLM recidivated significantly less often and significantly later than - TLM (27.8% vs. 51.9%). Such an effect was also found for violent (1.9% vs. 15.2%), but not for sexual (5.6% vs. 10.1%) and serious recidivism (5.6% vs. 10.1%), which could be explained partly by the small number of cases. In the course of treatment, TLM proved to be a significant variable for a positive process, whereas a high risk-assessment score indicated a rather negative course. In total, n = 19 individuals had stopped their TLM treatment, of these 31.6% recidivated. The results support the efficacy of TLM, particularly in the group of high-risk offenders.

Validity and reliability of the Violence Risk Scale-Sexual Offense version in a community sexual offense outpatient setting.

The present study examined the convergent, structural, and predictive properties of Violence Risk Scale-Sexual Offense version (VRS-SO) scores in a sample of 200 men on community supervision for sexual offenses, attending forensic community outpatient services and followed up an average 8.6 years. The VRS-SO and two additional dynamic sexual recidivism risk measures-STABLE 2007 and Sex Offender Treatment Intervention and Progress Scale (SOTIPS)-were coded archivally from clinic files; Static-99R ratings were extracted. Recidivism data were captured from Royal Canadian Mounted Police records. VRS-SO static, dynamic, and total scores demonstrated expected patterns of convergence with total and subscale scores of the risk measures. Moreover, a confirmatory factor analysis of the VRS-SO dynamic item scores demonstrated acceptable model fit for a correlated three-factor solution consistent with prior confirmatory factor analyses. Discrimination analyses demonstrated that VRS-SO dynamic and total scores and STABLE 2007 scores had large prediction effects for 5-year sexual recidivism (area under the curves [AUCs] = .71-.72) while SOTIPS had a medium effect for this outcome (AUC = .67); the measures yielded medium to large effects for nonsexual recidivism. Cox regression survival analyses demonstrated that VRS-SO dynamic, Sexual Deviance factor, and SOTIPS scores each incrementally predicted sexual recidivism controlling for Static-99R or VRS-SO static factor scores. VRS-SO calibration analyses demonstrated that expected or predicted 5-year sexual recidivism rates showed generally close correspondence to the rates predicted or observed in the present community sample. Results support the psychometric properties of the VRS-SO, a sexual violence risk assessment and treatment planning measure, to a community outpatient sample. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

A tailored approach in cholesteatoma surgery.

In recent years, new techniques have been added to cholesteatoma surgery, and established microsurgical approaches are being reconsidered. This study aims to present the importance of individualized decision-making for the selection of an intact canal wall (CWU) or canal wall down (CWD) surgical procedure for each patient. Using the "ChOLE" classification we categorized 264 operations retrospectively. 162 CWU and 102 CWD surgeries were performed. We focus to determine why a CWD procedure was chosen quite frequently despite some low-stage cases. Furthermore, we evaluated recidivism and hearing outcomes. Smaller cholesteatomas (Ch-stage 1a, 1b & 2a) were found in 182 patients (70%), ossicular chain status feasible for straightforward reconstruction (O-stage 0, 1 & 2) was present in 186 patients (70%), minor complications due to the cholesteatoma (L-stage 1) were infrequent with 28 cases (11%) and a well-pneumatized mastoid was found in 144 cases (55%). Recidivism rates were low (7%) without any difference in both groups and a mean follow-up time of 4 years and 8 months. In primary surgeries there was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in postoperative mean air-bone gap (ABG) between CWU (17dB) and CWD (27dB). The main goals of cholesteatoma surgery remain the avoidance of recidivism and optimal hearing rehabilitation. We recommend a tailored approach in the treatment of cholesteatomas and not a dogmatic one. Surgeons should not hesitate to perform a CWD procedure if required. Performed correctly it results in a dry ear and CWD surgery should remain in the skill set of the otologic surgeon.

Clinical Characteristics of Offspring Born to Parents with Type 2 Diabetes Diagnosed in Youth: Observations from TODAY.

Diabetes exposure during pregnancy affects health outcomes in offspring; however, little is known about in utero exposure to preexisting parental youth-onset type 2 diabetes. Offspring born to participants during the Treatment Options for Type 2 Diabetes in Adolescent and Youth (TODAY) study were administered a questionnaire at the end of the study. Of 457 participants, 37% of women and 18% of men reported 228 offspring, 80% from female participants. TODAY mothers had lower household income (<$25,000) compared to TODAY fathers (69.4% vs. 37.9%, p = 0.0002). At 4.5 years of age (range 0-18 years), 16.7% of offspring were overweight according to the parental report of their primary care provider, with no sex difference. Offspring of TODAY mothers reported more daily medication use compared to TODAY fathers (50/183, 27.7% vs. 6/46, 12.2%, [p = 0.04]), a marker of overall health. TODAY mothers also reported higher rates of recidivism (13/94) than TODAY fathers (0/23). An Individualized Education Plan was reported in 20/94 (21.3%) offspring of TODAY mothers compared to 2/23 (8.7%) of TODAY fathers. This descriptive study, limited by parental self-reports, indicated offspring of participants in TODAY experience significant socioeconomic disadvantages, which, when combined with in utero diabetes exposure, may increase their risk of health and educational disparities.

Examining the Impact of Social Workers on Overcoming Rehabilitation Challenges for Individuals Undergoing Community Service Sentences in Butimba Central Prison, Tanzania

Globally, there is an increasing outcry on the congestion of prisoners on their welfare and human rights. To deal with such congestion, the government of Tanzania introduced the community service, intending to reduce the number of prisoners and, ultimately, the congestion of prisoners. This study aimed to examine the Impact of Social Workers on Overcoming Rehabilitation Challenges for Individuals Undergoing Community Service Sentences in Butimba Central Prison, Tanzania," The specific objectives were to investigate the specific rehabilitation challenges faced by individuals undergoing community service sentences in Butimba Central Prison, Tanzania, and to explore how social workers address these challenges. Social cognitive theory guides the study, and the study design is qualitative. Data was collected using interviews with 20 participants, observations, and document analysis. Findings highlighted pervasive stigma, discrimination, reintegration struggles, and employment difficulties among individuals in community service sentences. Social workers' interventions included counselling, family mediation, advocacy for societal acceptance, successful reintegration, reduced recidivism rates, and a more inclusive environment not adequately addressed. Social workers' challenges, including limited resources, community resistance, and legal barriers, hindered rehabilitation programs' effectiveness. The study recommended developing targeted training programs, enhancing stakeholder collaboration, and implementing evidence-based practices. The conclusion emphasised ongoing support, policy reforms, and holistic interventions in correctional settings for positive outcomes during the transition to community life

Changes in Probation Officer Behavior and Caseload Recidivism Following Training in Cognitive-Behavioral Techniques

Implementation of risk-need-responsivity principles in probation has fostered the development of programs that train probation officers (POs) to directly address clients’ criminogenic needs during office visits. This study examined changes in PO office visit behavior and changes in caseload recidivism rates, following participation in the Forensic Cognitive-Behavioral Techniques (CB t) training program. Training was delivered to 39 POs over 10 sessions. PO behavior and skills were assessed using pre- and posttraining audio-recorded office visits. Coders blind to the pre/post nature of the recordings rated them on multiple variables across three domains: (1) Use of CB t, (2) Office Visit Content, and (3) Communication/Relationship Building skills. At posttraining, POs demonstrated increased use of CB t, greater focus on criminogenic needs, and improved communication skills. Overall, caseload recidivism rates declined posttraining. Despite challenges, training programs like Forensic CB t are associated with more skilled interactions during office visits and reductions in recidivism.

Doubling down on dosage: exploring the interplay between dosage effects, antisocial traits, treatment attitudes, and recidivism-related therapy outcomes

PurposeStudies evaluating the external validity of theoretically informed (risk-need-responsivity [RNR]) cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) programs have not systematically assessed antisocial personality traits as a source of variability in outcomes. The purpose of this brief report is to examine antisocial traits as a potential source of variability in outcomes.Design/methodology/approachUsing longitudinal, program-evaluation data (a sample of incarcerated men who were exposed to RNR-informed CBT), the authors examined how antisocial personality traits, attitudes toward treatment and dosage impacted treatment outcomes. A linear regression assessed the relationship between antisocial personality traits and attitudes toward treatment. A latent profile analysis identified participants with elevated antisocial traits and negative attitudes toward treatment. Treatment dosage groups (0, 5, 10 and 15 weeks) were used to assess treatment response per pro-criminal attitudes, skills and rates of recidivism.FindingsAntisocial traits predicted negative attitudes toward treatment. Elevated antisocial traits and negative treatment attitudes predicted less change in criminal attitudes among those who completed 15 weeks of treatment; higher dosage did not significantly improve rates of recidivism. Variable-centered post hoc analyses largely corroborated these findings. These results suggest RNR-informed CBT may need to be modified for justice-involved persons with elevated antisocial traits.Originality/valueFew studies have empirically examined the sources of variability in treatment effects for justice-involved persons with antisocial personality traits. This brief report provides a structured examination of factors that may impact treatment outcomes in this population, and therefore aims to inform future research on the effectiveness of empirically supported interventions for people in the legal system.

Helmet Detection

Currently, there is a prevailing issue concerning the practice of riding motorcycles without helmets. Despite legislation mandating helmet usage for public safety reasons, there remains a significant number of individuals who disregard this requirement, leading to an alarming increase in accidents and fatalities. To mitigate this problem, we propose a method for the automated detection of helmetless motorcyclists through surveillance systems. Our approach utilizes the YOLO deep learning framework for detecting individuals without helmets, while a SM algorithm is employed recognition. This process involves several stages, including vehicle classification, pre-processing, and number plate identification, using images or videos captured by surveillance cameras. Implementing such a system is crucial for enhancing road safety and preventing accidents. By automatically identifying helmetless riders and extracting their vehicle numbers, law enforcement agencies can efficiently apprehend violators. This data can then be utilized to impose fines on repeat offenders, thereby reinforcing compliance with helmet regulations and reducing the occurrence of preventable accidents

Combating of Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated Fishing Activities Along Manila Bay

This study delves into the complexities of enforcing fishing regulations in Manila Bay, Philippines, where licensed fishing is a prevalent activity. The legal framework prohibits any fishing practices detrimental to the marine ecosystem, mandating penalties for infractions. The objective of this qualitative investigation was to uncover the challenges encountered by enforcement agencies and to delineate the strategies they employ. Employing random sampling, twenty-two (22) enforcement personnel from the provinces of Bataan, Pampanga, and Bulacan were selected for participation. A thematic analysis was conducted on the data gathered through in-depth interviews utilizing a semi-structured questionnaire, which facilitated the extraction of seven significant themes: inadequate equipment, an increase in false informants, adverse weather conditions, repeat offenses, joint operations, a reward system, and prosecution processes. The findings indicate a recurring issue of re-offense among violators, attributed to the inadequate monitoring, control, and surveillance capabilities of the law enforcement authorities. The lack of proper equipment further hampers the authorities’ ability to effectively enforce regulations, leading to a rise in illegal fishing activities. The study suggests the imperative need for developing a comprehensive and effective strategy to curb illegal fishing in Manila Bay, emphasizing the importance of collaborative efforts and a coordinated approach among law enforcement bodies. Keywords: Manila Bay, rewards, meeting, violent offenders, patrol boats, inclement weather, active gears

Exercise Influences the Brain's Metabolic Response to Chronic Cocaine Exposure in Male Rats.

Cocaine use is associated with negative health outcomes: cocaine use disorders, speedballing, and overdose deaths. Currently, treatments for cocaine use disorders and overdose are non-existent when compared to opioid use disorders, and current standard cocaine use disorder treatments have high dropout and recidivism rates. Physical exercise has been shown to attenuate addiction behavior as well as modulate brain activity. This study examined the differential effects of chronic cocaine use between exercised and sedentary rats. The effects of exercise on brain glucose metabolism (BGluM) following chronic cocaine exposure were assessed using Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and [18F]-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). Compared to sedentary animals, exercise decreased metabolism in the SIBF primary somatosensory cortex. Activation occurred in the amygdalopiriform and piriform cortex, trigeminothalamic tract, rhinal and perirhinal cortex, and visual cortex. BGluM changes may help ameliorate various aspects of cocaine abuse and reinstatement. Further investigation is needed into the underlying neuronal circuits involved in BGluM changes and their association with addiction behaviors.

The Efficacy of Restorative Justice Programs in Reducing Recidivism Rates

Purpose: This study sought to assess the efficacy of restorative justice programs in reducing recidivism rates. Methodology: The study adopted a desktop research methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library. Findings: The findings reveal that there exists a contextual and methodological gap relating to restorative justice programs in reducing recidivism rates. Preliminary empirical review revealed that restorative justice interventions were effective in reducing reoffending and promoting positive outcomes for both offenders and victims. Through processes such as victim-offender mediation and family group conferencing, restorative justice provided opportunities for offenders to take responsibility, repair harm, and engage in rehabilitation. While acknowledging variations in effectiveness based on offender characteristics and program implementation, the study highlighted the importance of continued investment in restorative justice initiatives to create a more just and equitable criminal justice system. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Labeling theory, Social Learning theory and Routine Activities theory may be used to anchor future studies on restorative justice programs in reducing recidivism rates. The study offered recommendations that contributed to theoretical advancements, practical improvements, and policy developments in the field. It emphasized the importance of exploring underlying mechanisms, standardized training for practitioners, and integration of restorative principles into mainstream criminal justice policies. These recommendations were aimed at enhancing the effectiveness and sustainability of restorative justice interventions in promoting positive outcomes for victims, offenders, and communities.

Pathways for VA and community stakeholder management of military veterans with sexual offenses: Sexual and nonsexual recidivism rates and risk factors in military veterans released from California sexually violent predator (SVP) commitment.

Military veterans with sexual offenses committed after discharge are often eligible for Veterans Affairs (VA) services including health care. There are few, if any, studies of sexual recidivism among military veterans with sexual offense histories to guide clinical management. This study examined diagnostic and postrelease sexual and nonsexual recidivism among military sexual offenders released from California sexually violent predator (SVP) commitment. The sample consisted of 363 males; 131 were identified as military veterans and 232 as civilians. The rates of recidivism were assessed for two follow-up periods: a fixed 5-year and a total 21-year follow-up. Recidivism was operationalized as any new sexual, violent, or general criminal arrest or conviction occurring after discharge to the community in California. We found a low risk for sexual reoffense for both groups. Specific to veterans, the rates for sexual and nonsexual violent recidivism were under 7% for both follow-up periods. Diagnostically, veterans had a significantly higher rate of pedophilic disorder and lower rate of antisocial personality disorder than civilians; neither were predictive of sexual recidivism or any other recidivism. On average, veterans were 61 years old at discharge; and older age at discharge was associated with a significantly lower likelihood of recidivism of any type. A relatively high proportion of veterans had a history of childhood sexual abuse and head trauma. Trauma-informed care may be a particularly valuable treatment approach for veterans with sexual offenses. These data may aid the VA and other providers in forming evidence-based decisions regarding the management of veterans with sexual offenses. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Hospital Based Violence Intervention Programs Using Peer Support Specialists: A Concise Review.

Interpersonal violence remains a significant public health problem in the United States. The toll of violence has spurred the development of hospital-based violence intervention programs that use peer support specialists or navigators. Yet, their effectiveness remains uncertain. This study aims to concisely review the recent literature on the effectiveness of hospital-based violence intervention programs using the peer support specialist role. A systematic search of articles from PubMed, OVID, and Google Scholar was performed for this review. Peer reviewed studies addressing hospital-based violence intervention programs using peer support specialists between 2017 and 2022 were selected. Key data points were extracted and analyzed by consensus of the authors. Eight of the 232 studies reviewed met eligibility requirements. Across these studies, the recidivism rate was reduced between 43% and 95% in victims participating in hospital-based violence intervention programs with peer support specialists. The peer support specialist (navigator) role is central to the success of the violence intervention programs. This role guides and coordinates health services for victims of violence, extending after discharge into the community. Programs showed the most success with helping victims reach short-term goals focused on immediate basic needs but are more challenged meeting longer-term goals, such as education or relocation. This review reveals that hospital-based violence intervention programs using peer support specialists (navigators) lead to the achievement of meeting victim goals and reduce recidivism rates.

Factors affecting implementation of interventions for oral health, substance use, smoking and diet for people with severe and multiple disadvantage: a community-based qualitative study in England

BackgroundPopulations facing severe and multiple disadvantage (SMD), co-occurring homelessness, substance use and repeat offending have high levels of physical and mental ill-health. Poor oral health is one of the most...