Rechargeable Lithium Batteries Research Articles

Cu2ZnSnS4‐Based Electrode as an Improvement Strategy for Lithium Rechargeable Batteries: A Status Review

Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) is seen as a microstructure electrode due to its high energy density when applied in lithium rechargeable batteries such as lithium‐ion batteries (LIB) and lithium sulfur batteries (LSB). This review provides a systematic observation to evaluate the CZTS electrode capabilities from the perspective of electrode composition and its performance in lithium rechargeable batteries. This review starts by focusing on state‐of‐art lithium rechargeable batteries using common sulfur/sulfide‐based materials reported from literature. The relation between the LSB performance with the active materials ‐ sulfur, binder, solvents, electrolytes, and conducting additive used for lithium sulfide (Li2S) formation required for charge transfer properties is discussed critically. The following section discusses the current progress on CZTS‐based electrode in lithium rechargeable batteries and it is found that the highest capacity obtained with improved interfacial compatibility is 1802 mAh g−1 by hydrothermal techniques using 1 m LiPF6 in EC/EMC/DMC electrolyte. These properties have made sulfide component in CZTS structure as a great substitute to conventional sulfur/sulfide‐based active materials. Therefore, CZTS has become a promising and huge potential electrode in lithium rechargeable batteries.

Investigation of Charging Technologies for Electric Vehicles

In today's world, internal combustion engine vehicles are widely used. These vehicles cause harmful emissions as they use fossil fuels for engine propulsion and vehicle movement. To address this issue, electric vehicles have been considered as a solution. In electric vehicles, electric motors are used instead of traditional internal combustion engines and the necessary electrical energy is supplied from battery packs. In this way, electric vehicles do not cause harmful emissions to the environment. If the energy required for electric vehicle charging stations is obtained from renewable energy systems, electric vehicles will be zero-emission vehicles. Battery packs, that provide energy for electric vehicles, typically consist of rechargeable Lithium-ion battery groups and they can be charged using fast charging technology. In this study, the future of transportation, electric vehicles and the standards and technologies used in electric vehicle charging stations have been examined. Additionally, an electric vehicle system has been designed using MATLAB/Simscape.

Designer Lithium Reservoirs for Ultralong Life Lithium Batteries for Grid Storage.

The minimization of irreversible active lithium loss stands as a pivotal concern in rechargeable lithium batteries, particularly in the context of grid-storage applications, where achieving the utmost energy density over prolonged cycling is imperative to meet stringent demands, notably in terms of life cost. Departing from conventional methodologies advocating electrode prelithiation and/or electrolyte additives, a new paradigm is proposed here: the integration of a designer lithium reservoir (DLR) featuring lithium orthosilicate (Li4SiO4) and elemental sulfur. This approach concurrently addresses active lithium consumption through solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation and mitigates minor yet continuous parasitic reactions at the electrode/electrolyte interface during extended cycling. The remarkable synergy between the Li-ion conductive Li4SiO4 and the SEI-favorable elemental sulfur enables customizable compensation kinetics for active lithium loss throughout continuous cycling. The introduction of a minute quantity of DLR (3 wt% Li4SiO4@S) yields outstanding cycling stability in a prototype pouch cell (graphite||LiFePO4) with an ampere-hour-level capacity (≈2.3 Ah), demonstrating remarkable capacity retention (≈95%) even after 3000 cycles. This utilization of a DLR is poised to expedite the development of enduring lithium batteries for grid-storage applications and stimulate the design of practical, implantable rechargeable batteries based on related cell chemistries.

Employment of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Techniques in Battery Management System (BMS) for Electric Vehicles (EV): Issues and Challenges

Rechargeable Lithium-ion batteries have been widely utilized in diverse mobility applications, including electric vehicles (EVs), due to their high energy density and prolonged lifespan. However, the performance characteristics of those batteries, in terms of stability, efficiency, and life cycle, greatly affect the overall performance of the EV. Therefore, a battery management system (BMS) is required to manage, monitor and enhance the performance of the EV battery pack. For that purpose, a variety of Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques have been proposed in the literature to enhance BMS capabilities, such as monitoring, battery state estimation, fault detection and cell balancing. This paper explores the state-of-the-art research in AI techniques applied to EV BMS. Despite the growing interest in AI-driven BMS, there are notable gaps in the existing literature. Our primary output is a comprehensive classification and analysis of these AI techniques based on their objectives, applications, and performance metrics. This analysis addresses these gaps and provides valuable insights for selecting the most suitable AI technique to develop a reliable BMS for EVs with efficient energy management.

Design of Organic Cathode Material Based on Quinone and Pyrazine Motifs for Rechargeable Lithium and Zinc Batteries.

Despite the rapid expansion of the organic cathode materials field, we still face a shortage of materials obtained through simple synthesis that have stable cycling and high energy density. Herein, we report a two-step synthesis of a small organic molecule from commercially available precursors that can be used as a cathode material. Oxidized tetraquinoxalinecatechol (OTQC) was derived from tetraquinoxalinecatechol (TQC) by the introduction of additional quinone redox-active centers into the structure. The modification increased the voltage and capacity of the material. The OTQC delivers a high specific capacity of 327 mAh g-1 with an average voltage of 2.63 V vs Li/Li+ in the Li-ion battery. That corresponds to an energy density of 860 Wh kg-1 on the OTQC material level. Furthermore, the material demonstrated excellent cycling stability, having a capacity retention of 82% after 400 cycles. Similarly, the OTQC demonstrates increased average voltage and specific capacity in comparison with TQC in aqueous Zn-organic battery, reaching the specific capacity of 326 mAh g-1 with an average voltage of 0.86 V vs Zn/Zn2+. Apart from good electrochemical performance, this work provides an additional in-depth analysis of the redox mechanism and degradation mechanism related to capacity fading.

Reviewing metal fluorides as the cathode materials for high performance Li batteries

AbstractExploring high‐energy density rechargeable lithium (Li) batteries is urgently needed to meet the demand of the large‐scale electric vehicle market. Conversion‐type metal fluorides (MFx) have been considered as desirable cathode materials for next‐generation rechargeable batteries because of their high operational voltages, environmental non‐toxicity, low cost, and high thermal stability. In this review, we present the most promising and feasible MFx applied in rechargeable Li batteries in terms of capacity, discharge potential, volume change, fabricated methods, crystal structure, and cost/abundance. The electrochemical performance is briefly illustrated, and the recent advances in mechanisms focused on MFx cathodes upon cyclic processes are noted and discussed in detail. Finally, prospects for the current challenges and possible research directions, with the aim to provide some inspiration for the development of MFx‐based cathodes are presented.

Theoretical prediction of two-dimensional CrSi2N4 as a potential anode material for Na-ion batteries

Efficient anode materials are critical for high-performance rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and sodium-ion batteries. This paper systematically investigates the potential of the CrSi2N4 monolayer as anode material for LIBs and sodium-ion batteries by first-principles density functional theory calculations. It was found that CrSi2N4 exhibits outstanding performance in sodium-ion batteries, with a low diffusion energy barrier of 0.10 eV and a high theoretical specific capacity of 490 mAh g−1. Meanwhile, the average open circuit voltage is 0.47 V, comparable to the typical anode materials. In addition, a small lattice constant change of 0.3%–3.1% ensures the cycling stability of CrSi2N4 in sodium-ion batteries. This work suggests a promising candidate anode material for sodium-ion batteries.

Facile Synthesis of Diazaanthraquinone Dimers as High-Capacity Organic Cathode Materials for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries.

Organic cathode materials (OCMs) have tremendous potential to construct sustainable and highly efficient batteries beyond conventional Li-ion batteries. Thereinto, quinone/pyrazine hybrids show significant advantages in material availability, energy density, and cycling stability. Herein, we propose a facile method to synthesize quinone/pyrazine hybrids, i.e., the condensation reaction between ortho-diamine and bromoacetyl groups. Based on it, we have successfully synthesized three 1,4-diazaanthraquinone (DAAQ) dimers, including 2,2'-bi(1,4-diazaanthraquinone) (BDAAQ) with an exceptional theoretical capacity of 512 mAh g-1 based on the eight-electron reaction. It can be fully utilized in Li batteries in a wide voltage range of 0.8-3.8 V, at the cost of inferior cycling stability. In an optimal voltage range of 1.4-3.8 V, BDAAQ exhibits one of the best comprehensive electrochemical performances for small-molecule OCMs, including a high specific capacity of 366 mAh g-1, an average discharge voltage of 2.26 V, as well as a respectable capacity retention of 59% after 500 cycles. Moreover, the in-depth investigations reveal the redox reaction mechanisms based on C═O and C═N groups as well as the capacity fading mechanisms based on dissolution-redeposition behaviors. In brief, this work provides an instructive synthesis method and mechanism understanding of high-performance OCMs based on a quinone/pyrazine hybrid structure.

Nanohoneycomb rGO foam as a promising anode material for unprecedented ultrahigh Li storage and excellent endurance at ampere current stability

Most rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) exploit bulk carbon (e.g., graphite with low interlayer spacing of 0.335 nm) as an anode material despite its low theoretical capacity of 372 mAh/g because it has a high coulombic efficiency, good cycling performance, and low production costs. However, it is difficult to increase the specific capacity of graphite-based anodes without sacrificing these inherent advantages. In the present study, we developed reduced graphene oxide nanohoneycomb foam (H-rGO) as an anode material with higher surface area, porosity, and interlayer spacing for the rapid and efficient lithiation-delithiation of Li-ions. The combination of the hierarchical three-dimensional sponge-like mesoporous structure with highly efficient Li-ion conduction pathways and enlarge active surface area leads to a significantly improved specific capacity (1031 mAh/g at 0.1 A/g) and rapid charging with exceptional stability over 5,000 cycles. The H-rGO anode achieves an outstanding reversible capacity of ∼534 mAh/g over 2,500 cycles at 1.0 A/g, with a capacity retention of 87 and 84 % at high current densities of 10 and 20 A/g, respectively. Our approach is fully compatible with current LIBs technology and offer a simple and efficient strategy to significantly increase Li-storage capacity of under current graphite-based anode technology.

Principles and Requirements of Battery Membranes: Ensuring Efficiency and Safety in Energy Storage

This critical review highlights the latest improvements and special features regarding the membrane separators available for lead-acid, alkaline, metal-metal, metal-gas, and metal-ion batteries such as lithium-ion. In the recent years, there has been a surge in the intensive work aimed at developing innovative separators for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, for example, electric vehicles (EVs), portable electronics and for energy storage in power grid. The separator finds itself in a very important place as it provides physical separation between two electrodes. It also acts as an electrical insulator. This separator is known as an electrolyte gateway which helps the movement of ions during charge/discharge cycles. This review addresses the requirements for battery separators and explains the structure and properties of various types of membrane separators; there are several types of membranes such as microporous membranes, modified microporous membranes, nonwoven mats, composite membranes and electrolyte membranes. Similarly, each type of separator has inherent advantages and disadvantages which in turn directly affects the performance of batteries. This review article systematically deals with the structures and working principle of separators, properties and main requirements and their characterization method of separators, generation, improvements, and function assessments of these separators. Furthermore, this study also enlightens the emerging research path and future prospects.

History of cardiac pacemaker therapy in Germany

Cardiac pacemaker therapy began with successful stimulation of human hearts already in the first half of the 20thcentury. Complete implantation of apacemaker by the cardiac surgeon Åke Senning on October 8, 1958 at the Karolinska Hospital in Stockholm is considered the actual birth of today's pacemaker therapy. The first pacemaker implantation in Germany was performed by Hans-Joachim Sykosch on October 6, 1961 at the Surgical Clinic of the University of Düsseldorf. Two years later, the first implantation in East Germany (GDR) was carried out by Friedrich Flemming on September 2, 1963 at the Charité in East Berlin. The first pacemaker manufactured in West Germany arrived on the market 1963; East Germany started device production in 1978. In 1974, pacemaker therapy in West Germany showed a50% survival rate after 6.3years compared to < 1year with drug therapy. After initially using bare metal wires, pacemaker leads have significantly improved in both quality and reliability. Development culminated in the leadless pacemaker. Battery development led to avariety of inventions: rechargeable pacemakers, biogalvanic cells, bioenergy sources, nuclear generators and lithium batteries, the latter ultimately prevailed. In the beginning, only fixed-rate ventricular pacemakers were available. Subsequently, systems adapted to physiological requirements were developed: on-demand pacemakers, atrial-based pacing and rate-adaptive systems. However, it was not until the return to direct stimulation of the conduction system that truly physiological stimulation of the heart became possible.

Preparation and Properties of Gel Polymer Electrolytes with Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3 and Li6.46La3Zr1.46Ta0.54O12 by UV Curing Process.

Poly (vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP)-based gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) are considered a promising electrolyte candidate for polymer lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) because of their free-standing shape, versatility, security, flexibility, lightweight, reliability, and so on. However, due to problems such as low ionic conductivity, PVDF-HFP can only be used on a small scale when used as a substrate alone. To overcome the above shortcomings, GPEs were designed and synthesized by a UV curing process by adding NASICON-type Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3 (LAGP) and garnet-type Li6.46La3Zr1.46Ta0.54O12 (LLZTO) to PVDF-HFP. Experimentally, GPEs with 10% weight LLZTO in a PVDF-HFP matrix had an ionic conductivity of up to 3 × 10-4 S cm-1 at 25 °C. When assembled into LiFePO4/GPEs/Li batteries, a discharge-specific capacity of 81.5 mAh g-1 at a current density of 1 C and a capacity retention rate of 98.1% after 100 cycles at a current density of 0.2 C occurred. Therefore, GPEs added to LLZTO have a broad application prospect regarding rechargeable lithium-ion batteries.

Dual modification of phosphate toward improving electrochemical performance of LiNiO2 cathode materials

Lithium nickel oxide (LiNiO2) cathode materials are featured with high capacity and low cost for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries but suffer from severe structure and interface instability. Bulk doping together with surface coating has been proven to be an efficient approach to improve the inner structure and interfacial stability of the LiNiO2 cathode material. Nevertheless, the role of anion doping seems to be quite different from that of cation doping, and a deep insight will be desirable for the structure design of the LiNiO2 cathode material. In this paper, PO43−-doped and Li3PO4-coating of dual modification of LiNiO2 are achieved via a facile approach. It is demonstrated that the PO43− anions are doped into the tetrahedron vacant sites of the crystal structure, alleviating the phase transition and improving the reversibility of crystal structure. Besides, the Li3PO4 coating layer ameliorates the interface stability to restrain the side reactions. Therefore, the dual modification enhances overall structural stability of the material to provide excellent performance. Moreover, the consumption of the Li residues by the formation of Li3PO4 coating layer, and the enlarged interlayer spacing of the crystal structure by PO43− doping can facilitate the Li+ ions diffusion, resulting in a superior rate capability.

SEI-Coated Carbon Particles: Electrochemomechanical Fracture Mechanisms

By starting from fundamental physical principles, a generalized theoretical framework was developed to engineer the intercalation-induced mechanical degradation in SEI-coated carbon particles from the surrounding electrolyte in rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Six elemental regimes of fracture formation in spherical electrochemically active carbon particles of radius, r p , coated with an SEI layer of thickness, δ ≪ r p , have been identified: The pristine regime, the SEI debonding regime, the SEI surface flaw regime, the surface carbon flaw regime (delithiation), the internal circular carbon flaw regime (lithiation), and the carbon exfoliation regime (lithiation); as well as four combined regimes during delithiation and four combined regimes during lithiation. Results are summarized in terms of C-Rate versus particle size, degradation maps, to identify LIB operation conditions where the performance can be optimized, while suppressing the decrepitation of the SEI-coated carbon particle system. Improved porous electrode layers that deliver longer battery life are possible by selecting electrolytes that considering the design of SEI-coated carbon particles of tailored elastic stiffness and critical stress intensity factor, so that they are safe from developing a chemomechanically induced flaw, exfoliation, or carbon re-forming, during both lithiation or delithiation in the 1 to 10 μm size particle, and C-Rates < 1 C.

Hybrid Organosulfur Cathode Materials for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries

Hybrid Organosulfur Cathode Materials for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries

LiNO3 -Based Electrolytes via Electron-Donation Modulation for Sustainable Nonaqueous Lithium Rechargeable Batteries.

LiPF6 as a dominant lithium salt of electrolyte is widely used in commercial rechargeable lithium-ion batteries due to its well-balanced properties, including high solubility in organic solvents, good electrochemical stability, and high ionic conductivity. However, it suffers from several undesirable properties, such as high moisture sensitivity, thermal instability, and high cost. To address these issues, herein, we propose an electron-donation modulation (EDM) rule for the development of low-cost, sustainable, and electrochemically compatible LiNO3 -based electrolytes. We employ high donor-number solvents (HDNSs) with strong electron-donation ability to dissolve LiNO3 , while low donor-number solvents (LDNSs) with weak electron-donation ability are used to regulate the solvation structure to stabilize the electrolytes. As an example, we design the LiNO3 -DMSO@PC electrolyte, where DMSO acts as an HDNS and PC serves as an LDNS. This electrolyte exhibits excellent electrochemical compatibility with graphite anodes, as well as the LiFePO4 and LiCoO2 cathodes, leading to stable cycling over 200 cycles. Through spectroscopy analyses and theoretical calculation, we uncover the underlying mechanism responsible for the stabilization of these electrolytes. Our findings provide valuable insights into the preparation of LiNO3 -based electrolytes using the EDM rule, opening new avenues for the development of advanced electrolytes with versatile functions for sustainable rechargeable batteries.

Phenyl Tellurosulfides as Cathode Materials for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries.

Phenyl ditelluride (PDTe) as a cathode material for rechargeable batteries has a low specific capacity (130.9 mAh g-1) due to limited active sites (two). To increase its capacity, additional active species need to be added to the structure of PDTe, like sulfur. Here, phenyl tellurosulfide (PDTeS) and phenyl tellurodisulfide (PDTeS2) can be formed via addition reactions and have specific capacities of 242.8 and 339.6 mAh g-1, respectively. The products are characterized by mass spectrometry and Raman spectroscopy. The Li/PDTeSn (n = 1-2) cells exhibit high material utilization (>85%) and unique redox mechanism. They can be cycled stably for more than 1000 cycles at an areal mass loading of 1.1 mg cm-2 and maintain capacity retentions of >72% after 100 cycles with PDTeSn loading of ∼6 mg cm-2. Moreover, the Li/PDTeS2 cell achieves a specific energy of up to 695 Wh kg-1 even when the electrolyte/PDTeS2 ratio is as low as 2.5 μL mg-1. The successful synthesis and application of PDTeSn prove that they are promising cathode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries.

A Layered Organic Cathode for High-Energy, Fast-Charging, and Long-Lasting Li-Ion Batteries.

Eliminating the use of critical metals in cathode materials can accelerate global adoption of rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. Organic cathode materials, derived entirely from earth-abundant elements, are in principle ideal alternatives but have not yet challenged inorganic cathodes due to poor conductivity, low practical storage capacity, or poor cyclability. Here, we describe a layered organic electrode material whose high electrical conductivity, high storage capacity, and complete insolubility enable reversible intercalation of Li+ ions, allowing it to compete at the electrode level, in all relevant metrics, with inorganic-based lithium-ion battery cathodes. Our optimized cathode stores 306 mAh g-1cathode, delivers an energy density of 765 Wh kg-1cathode, higher than most cobalt-based cathodes, and can charge-discharge in as little as 6 min. These results demonstrate the operational competitiveness of sustainable organic electrode materials in practical batteries.

A dicarbonate solvent electrolyte for high performance 5 V-Class Lithium-based batteries

Rechargeable lithium batteries using 5 V positive electrode materials can deliver considerably higher energy density as compared to state-of-the-art lithium-ion batteries. However, their development remains plagued by the lack of electrolytes with concurrent anodic stability and Li metal compatibility. Here we report a new electrolyte based on dimethyl 2,5-dioxahexanedioate solvent for 5 V-class batteries. Benefiting from the particular chemical structure, weak interaction with lithium cation and resultant peculiar solvation structure, the resulting electrolyte not only enables stable, dendrite-free lithium plating-stripping, but also displays anodic stability up to 5.2 V (vs. Li/Li+), in additive or co-solvent-free formulation, and at low salt concentration of 1 M. Consequently, the Li | |LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cells using the 1 M LiPF6 in 2,5-dioxahexanedioate based electrolyte retain >97% of the initial capacity after 250 cycles, outperforming the conventional carbonate-based electrolyte formulations, making this, and potentially other dicarbonate solvents promising for future Lithium-based battery practical explorations.

Tuning the electrochemical performance of Cr2B2 MBene anodes for Li and Na-ion batteries through F and Cl-functionalization: A DFT and AIMD study

In an era in which sustainable energy sources and electric vehicles are prevalent, the development of efficient anode materials is paramount to address the pressing demand for improved energy storage technologies. After the graphene revolution, many other 2D materials such as graphene, MXene (atomically thin layer of Transition Metal Carbide/Nitride/Carbonitride), TMDC (Transition Metal Dichalcogenide), and MBene (atomically thin layer of Transition Metal Borides) have emerged as potential high-performance anode materials. A recent study demonstrated the possibility of synthesizing chromium-based MBenes for the first time, and the electrochemical performance of Cr2B2 as a potential anode material has also been studied theoretically. Inspired by this, the current study utilized density functional theory and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations to probe the role of Cl and F-functionalization of Cr2B2 MBenes as anode materials for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIB) and sodium-ion batteries (NIB). The electronic structure, adsorption, diffusion, and storage capacity of Li (Lithium) and Na (Sodium) were systematically investigated. This study revealed that Cr2B2F2 and Cr2B2Cl2 exhibit excellent conductivity due to their intrinsic metallic properties. In addition, they have low diffusion energy barriers for Li and Na ions (0.13/0.14 and 0.20/0.20 eV for Cr2B2F2 and Cr2B2Cl2, respectively) facilitating rapid charge/discharge rates. The calculations further unveiled a notable Li-ion storage capacity of 818 mAh g-1 for 2D Cr2B2Cl2, accompanied by a moderate open-circuit voltage (OCV) range of 0.38 V to 0.98 V, illustrating its potential as a superior anodic material for LIBs. Similarly, Cr2B2F2 demonstrated a substantial Na-ion storage capacity of 655 mAh g-1, coupled with a reasonably ranged average OCV of 0.20 V to 0.71 V, positioning it as a compelling candidate for NIBs. In all, this investigation has identified two superior electrode materials for alkali-ion batteries, which can spark additional interest in exploring MBene as a promising candidate for advancing next-generation anode materials.