Rechargeable Research Articles

Performance analysis of different control models for smart demand–supply energy management system

Several features of innovative grid technologies can be deployed to improve the overall performance of the power system environment. This can be seen from the generation to the consumption of energy. The two-way communication of smart metering introduces the novel functionalities of the energy management system. This paper presents a practical implementation of using the intelligent metering system. It consists of implementing a nanogrid that optimally coordinates the energy from the solar panel, battery storage and utility grid to supply the end user. The developed model is validated with an optimal value of the state of charge of the distributed energy storage to maximise energy from the solar panel and battery storage while minimising the power received from the utility grid. A demand response scheme is employed to formulate the performance index of the energy management system using three optimal control models: adaptive open-loop control, adaptive closed-loop control and model predictive control schemes. The formulation of the performance index of each approach is a function of the energy flow from different resources depending on the power consumption. The three models have given different insights into the performance of the smart nanogrid, which may be used to the advantage of the grid owner or end user. Through the performance of the optimal strategies, it can be observed that energy management is ensured, and real-time monitoring of the entire system is guaranteed. The performance models facilitate the minimisation of the power from the utility, resulting in savings between 23.7% and 39.240% of the total energy demand from the end user. Besides, the system design is validated by an electrical system to form a real-world innovative nanogrid application in residential environments.

Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine interfaced to matrix converter

The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from grid-connected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover, using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the simulation results are addressed.

Investigation on implementing the swarm nano grid system for effective utilization of solar-powered agro-industries

The agro-industry is the backbone of the global economy, even in the twenty-first century. The agro-industry would not be what it is now without irrigation. The production and use of renewable energy in this sector of the agricultural economy have also expanded rapidly in recent years. Base-load power production and conversions dominate the literature. This research examines user concerns. The swarm nano grid system fixes this. The pulse width modulation (PWM) sinusoidal inverter converted stable DC power from the bidirectional DC-DC converter into sinusoidal AC voltage for the irrigation pump induction motor. Solar panels, batteries, and converters are costly, but they pay off. The nano grid distributes excess power generated during low demand to local loads. This technique works well when the load can be disconnected from the power grid. MATLAB is used to keep an eye on the reliability and efficiency of the induction motor. In the first simulation, solar power generation is modeled using the MATLAB Simulink software in two distinct modes. A PWM sinusoidal inverter that is driven by solar energy is what provides power to the 5.67 kW induction submersible motor. The simulation result provides a conceptual model of how induction motors powered by renewable energy sources function in practice.

Molecular dynamics simulations and FTIR Spectroscopy investigations on the hydration, transport, and dielectric properties of the NaF(aq) system at various concentrations

Sodium fluoride has many applications in various fields, such as dentistry, geochemistry, and rechargeable battery technology. Indeed, the determination of the hydration structures, dynamics, and dielectric properties of the NaF electrolyte in aqueous solutions is a crucial element in order to optimize its performance and predict its intervention mechanisms in industrial processes. In this study, we used the molecular dynamics approach to study the NaF(aq) binary system at different concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 mol.kg−1 using the OPLS-AA force field combined with the extended simple point load water model (SPC/E). Thus, the ions were represented as charged Lennard-Jones particles. The radial distribution functions (RDF) have been calculated to analyze the hydration shell structures of different ion pairs. The microstructures, self-diffusion coefficient, and dielectric constant were determined by molecular dynamics at various concentrations. Moreover, our FTIR spectroscopy data confirm the results obtained from molecular simulations.

Performance evaluation of bridgeless isolated SEPIC-Luo converter for EV battery charging using PI and ANN controller

Electric vehicle (EV) rechargeable battery packs that employ traditional power factor correction (PFC) circuit design have performance limitations due to their substantial conductivity loss that ensures at the input of a diode bridge rectifier (DBR). This study suggests a bridgeless (BL) isolated single ended primary inductance converter (SEPIC) - Luo converter to address the problem. As a result, the input current exhibits a power factor operation of unity throughout the charging process. DBR elimination and current conduction through a remarkably small number of circuits both significantly reduce conduction losses. The use of an artificial neural network (ANN) and proportional integral (PI) controller enhances the converter's performance with a stable DC link voltage. The suggested converter overall operation is thoroughly described in terms of variety of operating modes and simulation-based effectiveness. Here, with the assistance of the hysteresis current controller (HCC), the input current disruptions are reduced. Constant current and voltage management is used to successfully charge the EV battery, resulting in improved efficacy and inherent PFC. By utilizing simulation outcomes achieved from MATLAB, the performance of proposed BL isolated SEPIC-Luo in boosting the power quality of EV charger system is examined.

Novel control of PV-wind-battery powered standalone power supply system based LSTM based ANN

Integrated wind-photovoltaic (PV) based standalone electric power supply systems are widely used for various applications. A battery storage system is needed to provide continuous power supply to loads despite changes in loads, wind speed, and solar irradiance. Power quality is crucial in these hybrid systems, as the battery needs to charge from surplus power when generation exceeds the load and discharge to meet load demand. A bidirectional DC to DC converter is used to connect the battery to the network, and maximum power point tracking devices with proper algorithms are incorporated for optimal utilization of PV and wind turbines. Multiple PV systems and wind turbines are considered for proper power supply system ratings. Long short-term memory (LSTM) based artificial neural network (ANN) controllers are implemented for various control units in the hybrid standalone power system. The proposed control techniques improve power quality under various situations. Results are presented using MATLAB/Simulink to evaluate the performance of the proposed method.

Switchable Solar Powered Batteries for Electric Vehicles

Abstract: This paper explores the concept of utilizing solar power for charging batteries that can be switched as per need while operating an electric vehicle. The paper discusses the advantages of solar power as a renewable energy source and its potential to revolutionize the way we charge batteries. By examining the current technology and trends in solar power and battery storage, the paper highlights the feasibility and benefits of using solar power for charging batteries that can be easily switched based on demand. The potential applications and implications of this technology in various industries are also discussed. Overall, this paper aims to shed light on the innovative approach of combining solar power and battery technology for sustainable and efficient energy storage solutions.

E-Bicycle for Food Delivery

Abstract: The rise of urban food delivery services has led to an increased demand for efficient and environmentally sustainable transportation methods. This study explores the implementation of sustainable electric bicycles (e-bikes) for food delivery, examining their potential to reduce carbon emissions, traffic congestion, and operational costs. E-bikes, powered by rechargeable batteries, offer a viable alternative to traditional delivery vehicles, particularly in densely populated urban areas. Key factors influencing the adoption of e-bikes include battery life, charging infrastructure, load capacity, and regulatory support. The research also highlights successful case studies from various cities, demonstrating the environmental and economic benefits of integrating e-bikes into delivery fleets. The findings suggest that with proper investment and supportive policies, ebikes can significantly contribute to more sustainable urban logistics, promoting a greener and more efficient food delivery ecosystem.

Energy Harvesting System

Abstract: This paper presents a novel energy harvesting system designed to harness ambient mechanical energy using piezoelectric sensors, with the Arduino Uno microcontroller serving as the central processing unit. The system's primary objective is to convert mechanical vibrations into electrical energy, storing it for potential use in powering low-energy electronic devices. The proposed setup incorporates piezoelectric materials strategically positioned to capture mechanical vibrations from various sources. The core of the system is an Arduino Uno microcontroller, programmed to efficiently manage the energy harvesting process. The harvested energy is stored in a rechargeable battery, ensuring a consistent power supply for applications with intermittent energy demands. To validate the effectiveness of the system, a light bulb is employed as a demonstrative load, allowing for real-time observation of the energy harvesting capabilities. The paper details the experimental setup, including the placement and configuration of piezoelectric sensors, the Arduino Uno programming logic, and the integration of a light bulb for visual confirmation of the generated current. Performance metrics such as voltage output, current production, and power generation efficiency are thoroughly analyzed under varying environmental conditions and mechanical vibrations. Results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed energy harvesting system, showcasing its potential as a sustainable power source for low-power electronic devices. The combination of piezoelectric materials, Arduino Uno control, and a practical load application illustrates a promising approach to energy harvesting, paving the way for advancements in self-sufficient and ecofriendly power solutions

Design and Development of Solar Operated Fodder Cutting and Collecting Machine

Abstract: This paper describes the design, manufacture and performance evaluation of a small modified forage cutter and harvester built with a very simple mechanism that is cheap and simple. Harvesting fodder is a necessary farming activity that requires considerable work. Labor costs and availability pose significant challenges during the cutting season. Due to shortage of labor and unpredictable weather during harvesting, farmers must use mechanized methods to ensure speed of harvesting and collection. We have used various techniques to analyze and design a very low-cost fodder cutter and harvester with solar system and battery. This machine is designed for small farmers who have less than 2 acres of agricultural land. This small machine can cut up to two stacks of fodder at once. The feed is cut by reciprocating blades that cut it like scissors. It uses a 12V electric motor for propulsion. This power is supplied to the cutter by an electric motor. After sowing, the feed is collected in a storage tank using a collection system. Because it was built using spare parts readily available in the area, this small machine is easy to maintain and operate. Small farmers can find this machine the answer to their labor and implementation cost problems

Review on Design and Analysis of Battery Management System for Electric Vehicles

Abstract: In order to ensure effective functioning, the Batteries Management System (BMS) plays a crucial role in supervising and controlling the charging and discharge procedures of rechargeable battery packs within electric cars. Protection of the battery, preserving its dependability, and increasing its whole life are its fundamental goals. A range of monitoring methods, including as ambient temperature, voltage, and current monitoring, are used to maintain ideal battery conditions in order to do this. The use of microcontrollers in combination with analogue and digital sensors allows for efficient monitoring. In addition, this study investigates variables including battery maximum capacity, health condition, and charge state in an effort to offer thorough understandings of BMS features. Through the examination of these techniques, the research aims to anticipate and prepare for future difficulties related to BMS, while also addressing current concerns. An essential component of BMS functioning is evaluating the battery's state, involving factors like charge status, condition, and overall life status. The study provides a comprehensive analysis of state-of-the-art battery condition evaluation approaches, highlighting impending issues for BMS and offering workable solutions

Working Principles of High-Entropy Electrolytes in Rechargeable Batteries

Working Principles of High-Entropy Electrolytes in Rechargeable Batteries

Enhancing Performance and Longevity of Solid-State Zinc-Iodine Batteries with Fluorine-Rich Solid Electrolyte Interphase

Abstract Rechargeable zinc-iodine (ZnI2) batteries have gained popularity within the realm of aqueous batteries due to their inherent advantages, including natural abundance, intrinsic safety, and high theoretical capacity. However, challenges persist in their practical applications, notably battery swelling and vulnerability in aqueous electrolytes, primarily linked to the hydrogen evolution reaction and zinc dendrite growth. To address these challenges, this study presents an innovative approach by designing an all-solid-state ZnI2 battery featuring a solid perfluoropolyether (PFPE)-based polymer electrolyte. The results demonstrate the formation of a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer on zinc, promoting horizontal zinc growth, mitigating dendrite penetration, and enhancing battery cycle life. Moreover, the solid electrolyte hinders the iodine ion shuttle effect, reducing zinc foil corrosion. Symmetric batteries employing this electrolyte demonstrate excellent cycle performance, maintaining stability for approximately 5000 hours at room temperature, while all-solid-state ZnI2 batteries exhibit over 7000 cycles with a capacity retention exceeding 72.2%. This work offers a promising pathway to achieving reliable energy storage in solid-state ZnI2 batteries and introduces innovative concepts for flexible and wearable zinc batteries.

Assessment of reliability measures and cost optimization of a solar seed sowing machine

PurposeIn this research work, the general form of reliability measures, which include availability, mean time to failure (MTTF), and sensitivity analysis, are investigated with their graphical representation, which would help designers and engineers improve the reliability of the system. Along with reliability assessment, a mathematical model is developed and solved to achieve the minimum cost of the system as well as maximum reliability.Design/methodology/approachIn the proposed work, a general model of a solar seed sowing machine is considered for reliability evaluation using the Markov model process. The proposed system is a series-parallel arrangement of components where three components, namely the solar panel, batteries and direct current (DC) motor, are connected in series while all the operators are connected in parallel. The implemented Markov model approach assesses several parameters of reliability, which opens the scope for improvement in reliability and other measures like mean time to failure (MTTF) and sensitivity of the proposed system. So that the machine can deliver the desired output on the field. Also, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is applied to optimize the cost of the system with the desired level of reliability.FindingsImplementation of PSO provides the optimal cost for the proposed system with a predetermined level of reliability, which shows the relationship between reliability and cost of the system. Also, the Markov process approach provides the availability function, reliability function, reliability at different time values, MTTF and sensitivity of the proposed system.Originality/valueThis work evaluates the crucial characteristics of reliability for the proposed solar seed sowing machine using the Markov model which is a stochastic model. The assessment of reliability measures such as MTTF, availability and sensitivity plays a vital role in measuring and improving the performance of the machine in the actual environment. Examining the data obtained in this research is of great importance for the manufactures and system designers. Also, the powerful optimization technique PSO is implemented to solve a non-linear mixed-integer programming problem that provides the optimal cost for the system with desired reliability.

GREENER IS CHEAPER: AN EXAMPLE FROM OFFSHORE WIND FARMS

Abstract Offshore wind farms (OWF) are now in operation and increasingly under construction as scalable, sustainable energy sources. In fact OWFs are currently the cheapest form of new energy projects in Europe. The levelized cost of energy (LCOE) for OWF has fallen drastically due to decades of innovation facilitated by both taxpayer and private sector funding. This emerging industry is experiencing massive worldwide growth with the potential to accelerate the decarbonization of regional and the global economy as well as bring a reliable source of green hydrogen into commercial use, all with minimal disruption to ecosystems and impacts on biodiversity. This paper provides a historical perspective of wind energy harnessing and shows that wind turbines are the oldest, largest and one of the smartest machines. We also highlight the potential of offshore wind energy to provide new solutions to (a) meet clean energy demand for a growing world population, (b) improve energy security of nations through other downstream technologies such as production and storage of dispatchable fuel (such as green hydrogen battery storage) and (c) through supply complementarity improve resilience of nuclear power plants in high-seismic-activity areas. Offshore wind industry can also become a gold standard for future industries, and the paper provides insights into the new green economics and jobs and factories for the future. We show that environment-friendly regulation is driving innovations even further to enhance sustainability of OWF. Examples include material recycling, landfill ban on blade disposal and ecofriendly low-noise offshore construction to protect biodiversity.

MeGT2.6 increases cellulose synthesis and active gibberellin content to promote cell enlargement in cassava.

Cassava, a pivotal tropical crop, exhibits rapid growth and possesses a substantial biomass. Its stem is rich in cellulose and serves as a crucial carbohydrate storage organ. The height and strength of stems restrict the mechanised operation and propagation of cassava. In this study, the triple helix transcription factor MeGT2.6 was identified through yeast one-hybrid assay using MeCesA1pro as bait, which is critical for cellulose synthesis. Over-expression and loss-of-function lines were generated, and results revealed that MeGT2.6 could promote a significant increase in the plant height, stem diameter, cell size and thickness of SCW of cassava plant. Specifically, MeGT2.6 upregulated the transcription activity of MeGA20ox1 and downregulated the expression level of MeGA2ox1, thereby enhancing the content of active GA3, resulting in a large cell size, high plant height and long stem diameter in cassava. Moreover, MeGT2.6 upregulated the transcription activity of MeCesA1, which promoted the synthesis of cellulose and hemicellulose and produced a thick secondary cell wall. Finally, MeGT2.6 could help supply additional substrates for the synthesis of cellulose and hemicellulose by upregulating the invertase genes (MeNINV1/6). Thus, MeGT2.6 was found to be a multiple regulator; it was involved in GA metabolism and sucrose decomposition and the synthesis of cellulose and hemicellulose.

Boosting the Electrochemi,cal Performance of Primary and Secondary Lithium Batteries with Mn-Doped All-Fluoride Cathodes.

Transition metal fluorides are potentially high specific energy cathode materials of next-generation lithium batteries, and strategies to address their low conductivity typically involve a large amount of carbon coating, which reduces the specific energy of the electrode. In this study, MnyFe1-yF3@CFx was generated by the all-fluoride strategy, converting most of the carbon in MnyFe1-yF3@C into electrochemical active CFx through a controllable NF3 gas phase fluorination method, while still retaining a tightly bound graphite layer to provide initial conductivity, which greatly improved the energy density of the composite. This synergistic effect of nonfluorinated residual carbon (∼11%) and Mn doping ensures the electrochemical kinetics of the composite. The loading mass of the active substance had been increased to 86%. The theoretical and actual discharge capacity of MnyFe1-yF3@CFx composite was up to 765 mAh g-1 (pure FeF3 is 712 mAh g-1) and 728 mAh g-1, respectively. The discharge capacity at the high-voltage (3.0 V) platform was more than three times higher than that of the non-Mn-doped composite (FeF3@CFx).

Research Progress, Challenges, and Prospects of High Energy Density Aqueous Aluminum‐Ion Batteries: A Mini‐Review

Among emerging rechargeable batteries, rechargeable aluminum‐ion batteries (AIBs) stand out for their high specific capacities and the abundance of aluminum, positioning them as an attractive electrochemical energy storage option. Despite the superior electrochemical performance of non‐aqueous AIBs, aqueous aluminum‐ion batteries (AAIBs) have garnered extensive research interest for their low cost and enhanced safety. Yet, realizing high energy density in AAIBs poses significant challenges. This article systematically reviews strategies and recent advancements in cathodes, anodes, and electrolytes aimed at achieving high energy density in AAIBs. It concludes with a forward‐looking perspective on the design of AAIBs with high energy density and prolonged cycle life, highlighting promising directions for future researches.

Feasibility study of hybrid renewable energy systems for off-grid electrification in Kuwait’s rural national park reserve

ABSTRACT This study demonstrates the optimal design of a hybrid renewable energy system for the electrification of a potential rural national park reserve. The objective is to evaluate the feasibility of utilising renewable energy sources (RESs) to reduce GHG emissions. The core components studied are photovoltaic solar (PV) panels, wind turbines (WTs), diesel generators (DGs), and battery banks (BBs). The research involves estimating the reserve’s load profile, assessing the potentials of RESs, and designing various system configurations. Each configuration is evaluated to derive the most efficient option. For a building with an energy demand of 832,640 kWh/yr, it is found that PV-WT-BB is the best configuration which comprises of 500-kW PV, 200-kW WT, and 1424-kW BBs and contributes an annual generation of 1,821,732 kWh/year. With a net present cost of $2,206,308 for the lifetime of the project, it saves 757,162 kg/year of total GHG emissions if the reserve operated using DGs.

Solar Based Wireless EV Charging

This project describes the development and construction of an electric vehicle charging system that uses solar power to offset the costs associated with fuel and reduce pollution. The number of nations using electric cars on their roads is continuously increasing. Electric vehicles not only benefit the environment but also reduce transportation expenses by using considerably less expensive power instead of costly fuel. Here, by developing an infrastructure for charging electric vehicles, we provide a fresh and practical solution to this issue. Since the EV can charge while traveling and the system is fueled by solar energy, there is no need for a second power source. The solar panel, battery, IR sensor, regulator circuits, copper coils, relay, pico controller, and LCD display are all used in the system's construction. So, technology validates the feasibility of an EV wireless charging system that is embedded into the road and powered by solar energy. Key Words: Wireless Charging, Raspberry Pico, Solar energy.