Reception Hall Research Articles

VOC Contamination in Hospital, from Stationary Sampling of a Large Panel of Compounds, in View of Healthcare Workers and Patients Exposure Assessment

BackgroundWe aimed to assess, for the first time, the nature of the indoor air contamination of hospitals.Methods and FindingsMore than 40 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including aliphatic, aromatic and halogenated hydrocarbons, aldehydes, alcohols, ketones, ethers and terpenes were measured in a teaching hospital in France, from sampling in six sampling sites – reception hall, patient room, nursing care, post-anesthesia care unit, parasitology-mycology laboratory and flexible endoscope disinfection unit – in the morning and in the afternoon, during three consecutive days. Our results showed that the main compounds found in indoor air were alcohols (arithmetic means ± SD: 928±958 µg/m3 and 47.9±52.2 µg/m3 for ethanol and isopropanol, respectively), ethers (75.6±157 µg/m3 for ether) and ketones (22.6±20.6 µg/m3 for acetone). Concentrations levels of aromatic and halogenated hydrocarbons, ketones, aldehydes and limonene were widely variable between sampling sites, due to building age and type of products used according to health activities conducted in each site. A high temporal variability was observed in concentrations of alcohols, probably due to the intensive use of alcohol-based hand rubs in all sites. Qualitative analysis of air samples led to the identification of other compounds, including siloxanes (hexamethyldisiloxane, octamethyltrisiloxane, decamethylcyclopentasiloxane), anesthetic gases (sevoflurane, desflurane), aliphatic hydrocarbons (butane), esters (ethylacetate), terpenes (camphor, α-bisabolol), aldehydes (benzaldehyde) and organic acids (benzoic acid) depending on sites.ConclusionFor all compounds, concentrations measured were lower than concentrations known to be harmful in humans. However, results showed that indoor air of sampling locations contains a complex mixture of VOCs. Further multicenter studies are required to compare these results. A full understanding of the exposure of healthcare workers and patients to complex mixtures of chemical compounds can then be related to potential health outcomes.

Conservation of Islamia College Building in Pakistan

Abstract This paper presents the conservation of Islamia College Peshawar building, a century old brick masonry building of great heritage importance. The scope of work included, repair and rehabilitation of out of plumb domes and dome lets, cracked arches of reception hall, roof treatment and perforated bricks masonry parapet walls using hydrated lime, brick surkhi and jute as mortar. These materials were originally used in the building. The application of above mentioned materials improved both the strengthening capacity of the building as well as the aesthetic appearance.

A Study on the Actual Condition and the Needs of Townhouse Remodeling Designed by the Foreign Architect - Focused on Worlden Hills 2 in Pangyo Seongnam -

This study is carried out to investigate remodeling action in the town houses which were evaluated the innovated and challengeable housing type in the international competition. Research was done mainly through interviews and measurement and literature review. The intention of these housing design is to protect residents' privacy with promoting community activities. The similar remodeling action to the literary survey is the extending living room's and the other room's area by getting rid of adjacent balcony in the 1st and 3rd floor. But the remarkable remodeling actions are various devices for the privacy in the 2nd reception hall and the clearing away of bathroom in the 1st floor to adjust the unfamiliar housing type designed by foreign architect who doesn't know korean life style well. Still two problems exist. One is heating issue caused by using too many glass walls. The other is the lack of landscape in the granite finishing of public deck for the community. For these two problems special solution should be developed with mutual agreement of residents because of exterior matters.

TheQuadro da Portegoin Sixteenth-Century Venetian Art*

AbstractDuring the sixteenth century a symbiotic relationship developed between the form, use, and symbolic associations of the Venetian portego, the central reception and entertainment hall of Venetian palaces, and the paintings that were increasingly commissioned to ornament these spaces. The intended placement of the paintings affected their size, format, composition, subject matter, and contemporary interpretation. At the same time, the works of art themselves reflected upon and helped to define the social meanings of the space and the activities taking place there. Analyzing documentary sources and surviving paintings reveals the degree to which we can speak of thequadro da portegoas a distinctive type of Venetian painting.

Prilog poznavanju kasnoantičkih vila s područja provincije Dalmacije - slučaj vile u Strupniću kraj Livna

Cilj je ovoga rada usmjeriti pozornost na mogućnosti koje se otvaraju u interpretaciji i dataciji kasnoantičkih ladanjskih zdanja kada se podvrgnu metodama što su zaživjele u proučavanju kasnoantičkih vila tijekom posljednjih desetljeća širom Europe. Za primjer je odabrano kasnoantičko zdanje kod sela Strupnić u Livanjskom polju, koje nije bilo podrobnije razmatrano otkad je početkom 20. stoljeća zabilježeno i djelomično istraženo. Kako analiza pokazuje, radi se o vrlo karakterističnom arhitektonskom rješenju koje ukazuje na svezu s podunavskim ladanjskim gradnjama s kraja 3. i početka 4. stoljeća. Iako je formalna analiza zdanja u Strupniću iznjedrila nove zaključke o dataciji i namjeni građevine i njezinih dijelova, primjer je prvenstveno poslužio za iznošenje novih prijedloga za tipološku obradu kasnoantičkih ladanjskih zdanja s područja Dalmacije, za koja se čini da su ostala nedovoljno problematizirana.

Dandiacal Conversation in Oscar Wilde’s Comedies of Manners: Conventions, Conversions and Reconfigurations of Phallogocentrism

Wilde’s comedies of manners stage dandies enjoying relative freedom in the parlours, ballrooms and reception halls where the scenes usually take place. From a marginal position, the characters progressively conquer centerstage. They are not only accepted but sought after, as ultra-refined figures of conventional gentlemanliness and masters of ceremonies of sorts.Their presentability is matched by their power to convince whoever engages in controversies with them. Their strong reliance on rhetoric ensures their supremacy in polite conversation, even if their intellectual and cultural edge does a lot to secure their domination. What is more, their mastery of codes and norms enables them to destabilize the semantics of the age, a gesture which can be equated to a reconfiguration of Victorian patriarchy and even a dismissal of Victorian grand narratives.

塵埃感染の疑われたノロウイルスによる集団感染性胃腸炎事例

A norovirus gastroenteritis outbreak at a wedding reception hall in Nagano Prefecture in April 2008 affected that hall's reception participants and waiters, but not waiters or food handlers at another hall. To determine the infection route, dust in three vacuum cleaners used to clean the venue were tested for norovirus using real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), with norovirus RNA detected from all three. Sequencing analysis of a 280-nt portion of the capsid region showed that 9 specimens from infected reception participants and waiters and dust samples had 100% nucleotide identity. This suggests that the infection route was dust transmission, that the reception venue floor had been contaminated with norovirus, and that participants and staff had been exposed to norovirus in dust during the wedding reception. Dust thus requires specific attention as a potential infection source because norovirus cDNA copies were 1.7 x 10(4) to 1.6 x 10(5) per gram in dust specimens.

Le biblioteche nella tarda antichità: l’apporto dell’archeologia

In the earlier studies devoted to the architecture and fitting out of ancient libraries, little attention was paid to their late antique phases. As often with Greek and Roman monuments, they were studied mainly from the architectural point of view, therefore only the original structure of the buildings and possibly their major transformations (as in the case of the library of Hadrian in Athens) were investigated, without taking into account their becoming in the course of time. Based on a misinterpretation of a passage in Ammianus Marcellinus, and the premise of a widespread cultural decay, it is generally taken for granted that libraries were abandoned by the middle of the fourth century. The aim of this paper is to verify the correctness of this picture, reconsidering both the archaeological and the textual evidence. The basic data on the main public and private Roman libraries are presented, with reference to the excavations reports; they show that public libraries follow either a standardized, elaborate architectural scheme (the rectangular room, with rows of niches in the walls) or simpler solutions, where free wooden shelves are used to store the books. This seems to be the case also with most of the private libraries; on the other hand the wide use of niches made by the residential architecture starting from the 1th c. A.D. makes it difficult to identify with certainty any specific function. As far as late antiquity is concerned, recent archaeological investigations show that the picture is far from homogeneous; there is no evidence of an early neglect, and in the case that the library buildings are damaged by external causes at the end of the 4th c. (Ephesus, Sagalassos), they were taken care of as civic monuments. The written sources confirm that the cultural life remained active up to the 5th-6th centuries, manifestly in Athens, but also in Rome, where one of its settings was the area of the Trajan’s Forum and of its libraries. They also attest the major role of libraries in the aristocratic style of life; however, as in previous centuries, the architectural setting of private libraries, as well as their possible distinctive features, remain hardly perceptible. Equally, very little is known from the archaeological point of view of the ecclesiastic libraries, the only possible cases being the scanty rests of the scrinium Lateranense; the identification as libraries of the two side chambers of Saint John the Evangelist in Ravenna, although suggestive, should be cautiously received, while the attribution to the bibliotheca Agapeti of a late antique hall on the Celio in Rome has been finally discarded, since it has been proved that the large apsis still standing is the reception hall of a domus.

Exposure to second-hand smoke in primary health care centres in Catalonia, Spain (2006)

The aim of this study was to assess the exposure to second-hand smoke (SHS) in 90 primary health care centres in Catalonia, Spain. We conducted a cross-sectional study between March and October 2006. We measured vapour-phase nicotine as a marker of SHS in main halls, staff rooms, direction areas, and continued care. Sampler devices were exposed for 7 days, and samples were analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. We compared the median airborne nicotine concentrations with the non-parametric test for medians by sanitary region, sampled location, affiliation to the Smoke-free Primary Health Care Programme, and urban-rural area. From 300 sampler devices installed, 4 were lost, and detectable levels of nicotine were found in 89 samples (30.0%) in 48 different centres (53.3%). The overall median was 0.01 microg/m(3), with an interquartile range (IQR) of 0.01-0.07 microg/m(3). Median nicotine levels by locations were: reception hall 0.01 microg/m(3) (IQR: 0.01-0.06); staff room 0.01 microg/m(3) (IQR: 0.01-0.08); direction area 0.01 microg/m(3) (IQR: 0.01-0.01); continued care 0.01 microg/m(3) (IQR: 0.01-0.07). Results showed that airborne nicotine levels were very low, with 46.7% of primary health centres being free of SHS.

DOMESTIC SPACE IN LATE ANTIQUITY

Household organisation in Antiquity was flexible and several rooms were used for a wide range of daily activities, even though they were designed and decorated for one specific purpose. Hoards of household implements, often found away from houses themselves, frequently provide a better idea of house contents. Most evidence of late antique dining is obtained from iconographic and textual evidence describing or representing dining scenes in high society. Apart from textual sources, most evidence for the reception of guests is to be found in the large reception halls which were incorporated into the houses of the elite during Late Antiquity. An important ritual for women, especially the wealthy, associated with bathing in particular. Dress and personal objects (and jewellery) carried with an individual make up the most stable objects configurations in any person?s life. Keywords: household; Late Antiquity; reception; textual sources

The Transplantation of Soka Gakkai to Brazil: Building "the Closest Organization to the Heart of Ikeda-Sensei"

Up to the 1980s, Buddhist influence in Brazil was, at best, exiguous and marginal. The Buddhist Society of Brazil, established in 1923 by Theosophists, was short-lived, and was only reestablished in 1955 with little public visibility and activity. In areas with a high concentration of Japanese-Brazilians, temples, and monks of different denominations were the closest contact some Brazilians had with this religious tradition. Still, it was chiefly a thing or an alien practice for Japanese. Zen's appeal to some intellectuals from the 1960s was a limited phenomenon, somehow related to the counterculture movement in the country. From the 1980s on, the media was instrumental in popularizing Buddhism in Brazil, particularly Zen and the newcomer Buddhism. This follows a trend in the United States called Tibetan chic. Against this background, Soka Gakkai International (SGI) is becoming familiar to many Brazilians as it receives more social visibility and legitimacy. This article initially presents the history of SGI expansion from Japanese immigrants to Brazilians. The focus then changes to its organizational structure and activities. Finally, some remarkable aspects of are highlighted to show the particular trajectory of the movement. keywords: Soka Gakkai - SGI - Nichiren Buddhism - Ikeda Daisaku - NSB - ecology - literacy - Ichijoji Just five months after being inaugurated as the third Soka Gakkai president in 1960, Ikeda Daisaku (born 1928) traveled abroad to launch the world diffusion of Nichiren Buddhism (kosen rufu) and, simultaneously, collect material to built the Grand Reception Hall (Daikyakuden) at Taisekiji. During his first trip, he opened the first overseas branches later reported to Soka Gakkai International, which was established in 1975. In so doing, Ikeda was imprinting an international orientation to his movement. SGI started off in Brazil as a loose movement of postwar Japanese immigrants. Its systematic diffusion in the country came later in the context of the global agenda imposed by Ikeda. The movement faced different sources of hindrances and challenges but overall has been successful. Its history in Brazil can be divided into six distinct periods as follows:1 PIONEERING PERIOD (LATE 1950S) The first SGI members arrived in Brazil in the late 1950s, after the movement was rebuilt in Japan from what survived following the Japanese government's repression. When Ikeda visited the country in 1960, he was informed that the membership numbered some one hundred households, spread throughout the country, and the members there had held several discussion meetings (Ikeda 1998, 232). These pioneers were newcomers in the country and were thus still settling in on the occasion of Ikeda's visit. They counted on published materials from Japan to keep up their practice and activities, which were basically limited to the family circle and/or a few neighbors and friends. PERIOD OF STRUCTURING AND LEGALIZATION (1960-1965) On 2 October 1960, the thirty-two year old Ikeda Daisaku left Japan to visit nine cities in three different countries: the United States (CUSA and Hawai'i), Canada, and Brazil. Ikeda and his entourage arrived in Sao Paulo in the first hours of 19 October, a date came to be celebrated as the Brazil-SGI Foundation Day. Between twenty and thirty people welcomed the group at the airport. The next day, Ikeda held a discussion meeting with approximately one hundred and forty members in a Japanese restaurant hall in Liberdade, the most important Japanese neighborhood in the city of Sao Paulo. This meeting is considered to be the first convention in which the creation of the first chapter outside Japan was announced. The Brazilian was initially composed of three districts and included a Young Men's Division (YMD) and a Young Women's Division (YWD). In January 1962, the Chapter already counted eight districts. …

Eating at the Buffet of Love: “Consummating” Tony n’ Tina’s Wedding in Vancouver

Food and the communal consumption and enjoyment of food are a focal point of Italian wedding receptions in North America as in Italy (Harney 265), but food and eating take centre stage only briefly in Hoarse Raven Theatre’s Vancouver production of Tony n’ Tina’s Wedding. Vinnie Black, the caterer character, introduces the wedding feast, his “Buffet of Love,” with silly pomp: accompanied by dramatic music from 2001: A Space Odyssey, Vinnie lopes through the reception hall wrapped in an Italian flag and waving a plastic light-sabre toy and effuses into the microphone about how the buffet food has been lovingly prepared. But the fanfare quickly dies down. Even as the first table of audience members queues to load its plates with pasta, chicken, and salads, the antic, diffuse plot of Tony n’ Tina’s Wedding continues to unfold. The food, in its comforting abundance, quietly gives up the spotlight.

Fables, Ruins, and the "bell'imperfetto" in the Art of Dosso Dossi

❦In 1528 Bernardo Cles, the Prince Bishop and future Cardinal of Trent, began construction on the Magno Palazzo, a lavish extension of the medieval Castello del Buonconsiglio. The development of the Magno Palazzo transformed the seat of the bishop of Trent into a modern Renaissance palace. 1 The new building boasted such elaborate spaces as a grand reception hall, an impressive library, and a classically inspired courtyard complete with an open loggia. The palace rests on a small hill with a view of the city and Trentine mountains. Beginning in 1531 Cles employed a number of the north Italian artists, including Girolamo Romanino, Marcello Fogolino, and Dosso Dossi, to decorate nearly all the rooms in the new palace with expansive fresco cycles of secular and religious subjects. Although Cles was away in central Europe on diplomatic missions during most of the painting campaign, he kept in close contact with the project supervisors (soprastanti) and frequently wrote letters directly to the artists. As patron, he demanded regular progress reports on the development of his palace, scrutinizing and commenting upon I wish to thank Walter Stephens for inviting me to participate in this most welcome tribute to the late Salvatore Camporeale. Unless otherwise noted, all translations are my own. 1 For an overview of the palace, its decorations, and its patron, see Castelnuovo; and Chini and de Gramatica.

Fables, Ruins, and the "bell'imperfetto" in the Art of Dosso Dossi

In 1528 Bernardo Cles, the Prince Bishop and future Cardinal of Trent, began construction on the Magno Palazzo, a lavish extension of the medieval Castello del Buonconsiglio. The development of the Magno Palazzo transformed the seat of the bishop of Trent into a modern Renaissance palace. 1 The new building boasted such elaborate spaces as a grand reception hall, an impressive library, and a classically inspired courtyard complete with an open loggia. The palace rests on a small hill with a view of the city and Trentine mountains. Beginning in 1531 Cles employed a number of the north Italian artists, including Girolamo Romanino, Marcello Fogolino, and Dosso Dossi, to decorate nearly all the rooms in the new palace with expansive fresco cycles of secular and religious subjects. Although Cles was away in central Europe on diplomatic missions during most of the painting campaign, he kept in close contact with the project supervisors (soprastanti) and frequently wrote letters directly to the artists. As patron, he demanded regular progress reports on the development of his palace, scrutinizing and commenting upon [End Page S271] preliminary designs supplied by the artists. The wealth of written correspondence between Cles and his supervisors reveals that the decoration of the palace evolved through a dialogue between patron and artist. 2 There is no evidence that the artist's followed a preconceived or fixed program. Instead, the cardinal relied heavily on the painters he employed to devise their own pictorial inventions, and he frequently staged competitions among the artists for the most prestigious and lucrative commissions.

The Peace Café: A Safe Space for Change

The Peace Cafe1 is a venue providing an opportunity for Arabs and Jews and all those interested in a just peace to sit side by side and begin to create layers of understanding onto which a foundation for true peace can be built. It is a modest appeal to the human spirit based on the belief that both Arabs and Jews have legitimate and valid concerns and need an opportunity to express their points of view. The Peace Cafe hopes to create an alternative, non-threatening environment where those who have gathered can break bread together and share ideas and hopes. It is not a forum for policy statements or finger-pointing, but rather a place to share personal stories and thoughts and to listen to the stories of others. In most cases, a Peace Cafe event begins with a shared experience such as a play or a film dealing with the Middle East. The first Peace Cafe took place at Theatre J at the Washington DC Jewish Community Center following Via Dolorosa, a play written by David Hare which explores the lives of Israelis and Palestinians living in Israel and the West Bank and Gaza. In a reception hall outside the theater, tables were set with hummus, whole pita bread, olives and dates. The audience was given “menus” with “food for thought,” using excerpts from the play for discussion points. They were encouraged to mix with people they did not know and were asked to introduce themselves to one another. Each group started by breaking the pita bread and passing it around the table in a spiritual act of sharing. Simple, basic ground rules were put into place. The participants were reminded to listen more than speak. This opening ritual set the stage for an hour of intense dialogue within each group-ranging from 6 to 10 participants. The discussion was then opened to the whole room for another hour. For many participants, it was their first encounter with “the other.” The Peace Cafe has become the vehicle for bringing both communities together to listen to one another. So far, thousands of Washington area residents have participated in Peace Cafes. For many, it has become a way for dealing with and re-framing the current issues in the Middle East.

Le problème d’identification et de datation du monument de Centcelles, près de Tarragone

The article reviews the proceedings of a 1995 colloquium, published in 2002, concerning a building that has aroused a multiplicity of debates since Helmut Schlunk’s attempted reconstruction. Schlunk wished to demonstrate that it represented a mausoleum hurriedly created by Magnentius in 351 for Constans, whom he had had assasinated at Elne at the end of the previous year. Schlunk left a large unpublished volume on the mosaics (later published by A. Arbeiter). In this colloquium, A. Arbeiter defends his “imperial” interpretation against J. Arce, who sees in the mosaics allusions to the episcopal hierarchy, and R. Warland who prefers the idea of an iconography well suited to an aristocratic receptionroom. Many of Schlunk’s detailed arguments appeared to carry little credibility with accepted specialists (the funerary crypt, use in the mausoleum of a porphyry tank re used for a king of Aragon and Sicily at the monastery of Santes Creus, and an initiative b y Magnentius in honour of Constans and of the Concordia imperatorum). Above all, the collection of hunting scenes, of biblical depictions, and of the curious portraits of personages rather difficult to be identified leaves scope for imagination because of the considerable lacunae. In fact, in the absence of extensive excavations and a critical analysis, it has yet to be established whether the villa was finished, whether the rotunda could have served as a reception hall, and whether a radical modification to its function is conceivable.

SOME ASPECTS OF THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE ROMAN DOMUS BETWEEN LATE ANTIQUITY AND THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES

This essay concerns some aspects of the transformation of the Late Roman domus into the Early Medieval house and focuses on the spaces designed for reception and entertainment. First, I will consider the use and the development of the reception areas of wealthy houses, and their relationship with the growth in private patronage in Late Antiquity. Second, I will examine the transformation of this late antique model of elite housing into the new type of upper-class dwellings that emerged in Early Medieval Italy. In particular, I will focus on the transferral of reception halls and banqueting chambers to the upper story, and on the social and architectonic implications of this feature.

Two powdery mildew fungi on the memorial trees planted in the garden of reception hall “Geihinkan", Tokyo

Two powdery mildew fungi on the memorial trees planted in the garden of reception hall “Geihinkan", Tokyo

The 1998 Kurt Hahn Address Dancing on the Shores of the Future

Rita Yerkes is the sixteenth recipient of the Kurt Hahn Award. The following is her Kurt Hahn address, delivered at the Association for Experiential Education International Conference held November 1998 in Tahoe, Nevada. Prior to the speech, each person in the reception hall was given a bead. The significance of the bead becomes evident at the close of Dr. Yerkes' speech.

Viterbo: Profile of a Thirteenth-Century Papal Palace by Gary M. Radke

738book reviews refers to the series of initials (Bks. XI, XIII, XV XVI, XXI, XXVII, XXXTV) which are often regarded as reflections of the artist's curiosity about the world around him. For Rudolph, however, the naturalism of these letters, real as it is, harbors an allegorical dimension which is for him their essential point, lending emphasis to the value attached by the Cistercians on manual labor and the avoidance of the temptations of the secular world. A second group of initials (Frontispiece , and Bks. X, XVIII, XIX, XX, XXIII, XXVIII, XXLX, XXX, XXXI, and XXXIII) refers, according to the author, to the theme of violence, a term not altogether well chosen by him to designate spiritual struggle. His method is to concede the lack of any literal basis in the text for the often fanciful imagery of these initials , and appeal for an explanatory premise to a generalized "sense" embedded in Gregory's commentary. Thus, the lean and long-frocked figure prying open the jaws of a submissive dragon which outlines the letter Q at the beginning of Book XX is said to have been inspired by a passage in this section of the text which declares that "the elect, while in this world, never become overconfident of their spiritual security; instead they are always on watch against the plots of the enemy" (p. 45). The weird collection of wild animals, composite creatures, including a bearded and balding figure riding on the back of a naked man, is held to evoke "in a generic way" Gregory's depiction in the same book of the soul's spiritual travails through such expressions as "a storm of temptation," or "a turbulent sea darkened by the confusion of its own restlessness," and similar phrases (p. 58). As these examples indicate, Rudolph's interpretations are ingenious , often suggestive, and many readers may well find them convincing. The author would perhaps admit their speculative nature,which the final chapter of the book justifies by analogy with the capacious allegorical resourcefulness fostered by the meditative and exegetical protocols of monastic reading. For this reviewer, they do understate the playful dimension in these exegetical procedures and the strong intimations of satire that cling in palpable fashion to these striking images. Walter Cahn Yale University Viterbo:Profile ofa Thirteenth-Century Papal Palace. By Gary M. Radke. (New York: Cambridge University Press. 1996. Pp. xx, 354. $85.00.) This volume is a study of the papal palace ofViterbo as an architectural artifact as well as in the context of the history and political ambitions of the city. The first half of the volume sets out the relationship between the commune of Viterbo and the papacy (Chapter 1), the various phases of construction of the papal palace (Chapter 2), the types and the allocations of space within the palace from the most exalted official reception halls to the latrines (Chapter 3), and, finally, the palace and its decoration in the context of local building traditions , papal architecture, and the influence of imported, "up-to-date" French book reviews739 architectural models. The second half of the book is a detailed archaeologicalarchitectural analysis of the monument section by section, with reconstructing drawings and a careful analysis of alterations and restorations. The volume concludes with an admirable series of plans, elevations, and sections, coded to represent the different areas and phases of construction. There are notes and an index, but no bibliography. As the title suggests, the volume is based on the tradition of architectural analysis established by one of the great masters in the field, Richard Krautheimer, whose volume, Rome: Profile of a City, 312-1308 (Princeton, 1980), hovers in the background as the acknowledged model for this study. The meticulous analysis of the structure, the careful description of the phases of construction and their dating, and the contextualization of all this in the setting of the (presumptuous) attempts on the part of the Viterbo city fathers, especially the Gatti family, to co-opt the papacy into permanent residence at Viterbo, reflect the splendid model of architectural analysis established by Krautheimer and his many students, among them Radke's own former advisor, Marvin Trachtenberg . The volume is in the tradition of...