Reception Conditions Research Articles

Preventing the mental health consequences of war in refugee populations.

The refugee experience is associated with several potentially traumatic events that increase the risk of developing mental health consequences, including worsening of subjective wellbeing and quality of life, and risk of developing mental disorders. Here we present actions that countries hosting forcibly displaced refugees may implement to decrease exposure to potentially traumatic stressors, enhance subjective wellbeing and prevent the onset of mental disorders. A first set of actions refers to the development of reception conditions aiming to decrease exposure to post-migration stressors, and a second set of actions refers to the implementation of evidence-based psychological interventions aimed at reducing stress, preventing the development of mental disorders and enhancing subjective wellbeing.

Development and operation of track condition monitoring system using in-service train

Monitoring the condition of railway tracks effectively increases the safety of railways. A system that uses a compact on-board sensing device was previously developed for monitoring the track condition of railways. The system's position identification method uses GPS map-matching.However, this system had an error of several tens of meters depending on GPS reception conditions. In this study, the position correction method was tested using curvature calculated from yaw angular acceleration. The results of the test study indicated that it is possible to diagnose the location of track irregularities more clearly.

A “Brilliant Talk” and a “Stirring Appeal”: How Women of Grand Rapids, Michigan, Built an Audience for the Ballets Russes in 1917

A “Brilliant Talk” and a “Stirring Appeal”: How Women of Grand Rapids, Michigan, Built an Audience for the Ballets Russes in 1917

Assessment of Galileo E6B Data Demodulation Performance at High Latitudes: A Norwegian Vessel Case Study

The Galileo High Accuracy Service (HAS) is currently in its testing phase, in which actual corrections are transmitted along with standard dummy messages. The dissemination of Precise Point Positioning (PPP) corrections is performed using an innovative scheme based on a Reed–Solomon code, which allows the reconstruction of the original navigation message from a subset of received pages. This approach introduces robustness to the reception process and aims at reducing the Time-to-Retrieve Data (TTRD); that is, the time to retrieve the HAS message. This study investigated the HAS demodulation performance considering Galileo signals collected at high latitudes. In particular, a Galileo E6-capable receiver was mounted on a vessel sailing from Bergen to Kirkenes, Norway, and reaching up to 71 degrees North. The trajectory of the vessel was at the border of the Galileo HAS service area and high-latitudes impact reception conditions, potentially leading to poor satellite geometries. Three months of data from January to March 2021 were analyzed, considering several metrics including Bit Error Rate (BER), Page Error Rate (PER), and TTRD. The analysis shows that the Reed–Solomon scheme adopted for data dissemination is also effective at high-latitudes, with daily PER below one percent and mean TTRD in the order of eight seconds when three satellites are broadcasting valid HAS corrections. Lower values of the TTRD are achieved with an increased number of satellites. These values are significantly lower than the update rate of the corrections broadcast by the Galileo HAS.

Des solidarités in extenso pour un asile in extremis. Dégradation des conditions matérielles d’accueil à Marseille

En France, le devoir « de protection des personnes menacées dans leur pays » repose sur un examen impartial de la demande d’asile, un droit au maintien sur le territoire ainsi, qu’à des conditions d’accueil dignes pendant la durée de l’examen. Or, les témoignages recueillis par l’Observatoire Asile de Marseille montrent qu’il existe des « défaillances systémiques » dans le traitement administratif et logistique, qui contreviennent « à la dignité humaine » et « à l’intégrité » des personnes. Nous analyserons les 60 récits collectés auprès des demandeurs d’asile et des accompagnants en 2017-2018 pour saisir les modalités de l’errance et du délaissement des personnes. En contrepoint, nous actualiserons les solidarités initiées par divers acteurs (salariés, militants, bénévoles et citoyens), qui s’exercent in extenso en maillant la ville d’informations vitales concernant l’accès aux besoins fondamentaux. Pour finir, nous choisirons cinq jugements émanant de la Cour administrative d’appel de Marseille et du Conseil d’État, qui confirment ou infirment le rejet des conditions matérielles d’accueil, tout en hiérarchisant et proportionnant les droits et les devoirs des hôtes.

A Simple Method for Identifying Appropriate Areas for Onsite Wastewater Treatment

Onsite Domestic Wastewater Treatment Systems (ODWTS) are increasingly important for treating domestic wastewater in metropolitan contexts, especially in suburban sectors isolated from sewer networks and centralized treatment plants. When ODWTS are not correctly planned and located in suitable places, or are not properly designed, they can cause groundwater contamination and generate risks for human health. This work presents a Spatial Decision Support System (SDSS) to zone specific areas based on a few simple parameters. The proposed tool can be easily adapted to different contexts, even where institutional capacities are low. Results obtained in the metropolitan area of the Lerma Valley (Salta, Argentina) show strong contradictions between our zoning and current urbanization features in the study area. As a result, environmental impacts and health hazards are likely to manifest in the short or medium term. The sectors with the best receptivity conditions were found in the southern sector of the study area. We argue that ODWTS can be safely implemented in many areas as long as this concept is embedded in urban planning initiatives, which usually also require the consolidation or development of appropriate institutions and control systems.

Crisis in the Public Sphere

In unserem Beitrag werden zunächst grundsätzliche Überlegungen zur medialen Konstitution der Covid-19-Krise sowie zum Begriff der Krise selbst vorgenommen. Im Anschluss daran wird ein umfangreiches Korpus von Aushängen und anderen Kommunikaten aus vier europäischen Ländern – Frankreich, Deutschland, Österreich und Schweden – unter dem Aspekt ihrer Materialität, Medialität und Lokalität sowie der jeweiligen diskursiven Funktionen analysiert. Unter zeitlichem Aspekt werden drei Phasen der Verwendung von Kommunikaten in der Pandemie angenommen. In grundsätzlicher Perspektive geht es sodann um die Eigenschaft der Arealität, die für öffentliche Kommunikate der untersuchten Art charakteristisch ist. Unter Arealität wird die Reichweite oder der Geltungsbereich der Kommunikate mit den jeweils spezifischen Rezeptions- und Befolgungsbedingungen verstanden. Die von uns verfolgte Hypothese lautet, dass eine Typologie der Kommunikate unter dem Aspekt ihrer Arealität aufgestellt werden kann, wodurch vertiefte Einsichten in ihre sozialen und kommunikativen Funktionen ermöglicht werden.

La fiction Doc in onda sul canale francese TF1. Analisi di un evento mediatico.

Between January 6th and February 24th, 2021, TF1, France’s first private channel and Europe’s first channel in terms of ratings, broadcasts the Italian television series Doc every Wednesday evening in prime time, with two episodes per week. A very rare event in France, a popular RAI drama, which is also a non-American medical drama with a subtle italian flavour, finds its audience and manages to keep them interested throughout the eight weeks of broadcasting: through different methodological issues suggested by the vast field of cultural/television/media studies, with the analysis of the contents and conditions of diffusion, reception and transnational circulation of Doc, the article proposes an reading of a media event in the French audiovisual panorama to try to understand if the programming of the Italian TV series on TF1 allows us to believe in positive perspectives for future transalpine productions on French screens, outside the platforms – traditional or new – of SVOD or niche channels.

Editors' Introduction

Editors' Introduction

Estimation of the synchronization error for spaced-apart ground points of satellite communication

A significant number of patents and publications in the open press show the intensity of the ongoing research to create new methods of synchronization and specialized ground-based equipment for frequency-time synchronization. The article considers the implementation of an autonomous synchronization system between ground-based satellite communication points, which is used in conditions of unfavorable reception or absence of signals from global navigation satellite systems. The paper presents studies on the assessment of the error of time synchronization of geographically separated ground points of satellite communications. The basics of constructing the receiving equipment of a radio engineering system are considered and the mutual correlation of the reference signal of the receiving equipment and the received input synchronization signal is calculated. The results of field tests of mutual synchronization equipment are presented, where the potential synchronization accuracy of equipment at ground objects with previously unknown coordinates was determined, while the synchronization equipment provided measurement of the signal propagation time from one ground object to another with the formation of universal time scales on points. The method of mutual synchronization of linked points is carried out by the duplex method at a frequency of 1065 MHz (request) and 625 MHz (response) by phase-code-manipulated signals with a base equal to 1023 and a duration of 0,1 ms.

TO STUDY THE POSSIBILITIES OF USING THE SEISMOLOGICAL NETWORK OF THE ALTAI-SAYAN REGION FOR REGIME VIBRO-SEISMIC OBSERVATIONS

The results of experiments on the study of the radiation characteristics of powerful vibrators and reception conditions at a number of seismic stations in the Altai-Sayan region in the range of distances of 50-450 kilometers in the problem of selecting points for active vibro-seismic monitoring are presented. It is shown that the real effective range of the CV-40 vibrator can be significantly increased by using multiple and semi-multiple harmonics. A method for assessing the applicability of stations for vibration monitoring using special programs for assessing the seismic background and seismic resonances within the boundaries of the location of seismic stations is proposed and tested.

Unaccompanied Minors in Greece and Italy: An Exploration of the Challenges for Social Work within Tighter Immigration and Resource Constraints in Pandemic Times

The number of unaccompanied minors (UAMs) arriving in the European Union (EU) has been increasing dramatically over recent years resulting in the formulation of EU policy directives around safeguarding and well-being. Notably, the majority of UAMs enter Europe irregularly through two main gateways to the European continent: via Italy, using the Central Mediterranean Sea route; or through Greece, transiting through the Eastern Mediterranean route from Turkey, mostly via sea. Profiles of UAMs travelling via the two different routes are significantly diverse, reflecting Italy’s and Greece’s geographical proximity to North Africa and the Middle East, respectively. Although Italy has witnessed a decline since 2018 (Todaro and Romano 2019), the two countries have faced a significant increase in UAMs, and this has required a considerable reorganisation of the reception systems and, more generally, of their welfare systems. However, difficulties in securing adequate reception for UAMs seeking protection have persisted in both countries. Through an analysis of the impact of the pandemic on the Italian and Greek reception systems and social interventions with UAMs, we utilised a multiple embedded case study approach within a comparative analysis, to identify key changes in the main services which should be guaranteed to minors—namely, hosting/housing, guardianship, foster care, family/relatives reunification, school integration, language, job training for care leaving, and preparation for leaving care after 18 years (Di Rosa 2017; Buchanan and Kallinikaki 2018; Barn et al. 2020). Against a background of critical reviews of the main issues related to policies and reported social work practice in a context of COVID-19 precarity, set within a wider EU framework, this paper contributes to the literature with an analysis of the current situation and the tightening of the conditions of reception, inclusion and integration that await UAMs in these gateway countries today. We conclude that with the suspension of key services and amenities, and with a practical halt to the due process of immigration and asylum, social workers are facing a difficult challenge to prevent the deterioration of UAMs’ mental health and well-being.

Human Dignity and a Dignified Standard of Living: The Judgment of the Court of Justice in the Case of Zubair Haqbin (C233/18)

Abstract Directive 2013/33/EU (the Reception Conditions Directive) lays down the reception conditions that should be granted to asylum seekers and also their rights of documentation, to education and to access to the labour market and health care. In the judgment of the Court of Justice of 12 November 2019 in Case C233/18 concerning Zubair Haqbin, the Court of Justice holds that the withdrawal – even if only temporary – of the full set of material reception conditions or of material reception conditions relating to housing, food or clothing would be irreconcilable with the requirement to ensure a dignified standard of living for Mr Haqbin. After all, such a sanction deprives him from being allowed to meet his most basic needs.

Situated Listening: Toward a More Just Rhetorical Criticism

AbstractUsing the murder of Magdiel Sanchez as a case study, we argue that rhetoric’s future must embrace practices of situated listening. While much of the field’s work has focused on speakers and practices of invention, we argue that a more just study of public deliberation must position this approach in conversation with an acknowledgment of situated reception. We follow scholars of color, feminist theorists, and disability advocates who have long argued for the practices of ethical listening, adding that the imperative to listen extends beyond the listening ear, accounting for the totality of the body and its environmental and contextual positions. By reaching beyond the demands of race to consider the intersecting axis of (dis)ability, we push the fields of rhetoric, sound studies, and critical/cultural communication studies to consider embodiment as a whole condition of rhetorical reception.

Based on multi-antenna multi-channel wireless signal separation

Wireless signal separation under the condition of multi-antenna and multi-channel reception is a process of estimating the source signal component by using the observed signal vector. Under the condition of multi-antenna and multi-channel reception of wireless mixed signals, in view of the problem that the stability of FastICA algorithm will be affected, it is proposed to increase the number of iterations to improve the FastICA algorithm. The experimental comparison and simulation results of FastICA algorithm and FastICA improved algorithm It shows that for the separation of wireless mixed signals, the improved FastICA algorithm can achieve a better separation effect.

Reception of law as a form of cultural interaction

The study’s objective is to identify factors contributing to the positive results of legal reception and generalize the concept of legal reception, revealing the close relationship of law with the culture. During the research, various scientific approaches and methods of knowledge contributed to the achievement of the intended objective. The research is based on dialectical, systemic methods and the comparative legal approach. The result of the study was the conclusion that the result of intercultural interaction is not always favorable and can have both positive and negative consequences: when the national legal system becomes inconsistent, illogical, loses the character of self-execution, up to the fatal outcome – the destruction of the legal culture of society. As the most important condition for the successful reception of law, the authors highlight the compatibility of the cultures of the donor country and the recipient country (interacting cultures). It is argued that the formation of a single global cultural, legal space does not reflect the objectively existing patterns of development of societies, and the incompatibility of different types of legal cultures is the main factor preventing the creation of global legal order in general and hindering the success of the reception of law in particular. The novelty of the research is determined by the fact that the reception of law is one of the forms of intercultural interaction and plays a significant role in the mutual penetration of legal cultures. Although the topic is one of the most popular for domestic and foreign legal science, as a rule, its study is reduced to the description of the facts of reception, in most cases of Roman law, and the number of general theoretical studies of this issue is insufficient.

Dispersion distortions of wide spectrum signals during their propagation in the Earth ionosphere

The current trend in the development of radio engineering systems (RES) is to use wide spectrum signals, the application of which provides an increase in the resolution and secrecy of the radar operation, an increase in the speed and volume of transmitted information for communication and telemetry systems. The class of such signals includes ultrashort pulses (USP signals), radio pulses with linear frequency modulation (chirp signals). Also of interest are ultra-wideband (UWB) noise signals (UWBN signals), which have high electromagnetic compatibility, stealth and noise immunity. When designing promising ground-based and space-based RES using wide spectrum signals, an important task is to determine the distortions of their envelope shape and distortions of spectrum, as well as the change in the polarization of the emitted wave when passing through the Earth's ionosphere, since taking these distortions into account will provide conditions for optimal reception. This article presents the numerical assessment results of the expected distortions of the wide spectrum signals main types of the decimeter wavelength range, for middle latitudes at heights from 100 km to 1000 km. The conversion of the emitted pulse into a frequency modulated radio pulse is typical for the USP signal. For a chirp radio pulse with a monotonically increasing frequency, an initial decrease in duration with an increase in amplitude and subsequent stretching in time with further spread is typical (the amplitude change is estimated due to a change in the signal shape without taking into account spread). For a chirp radio pulse with a monotonically falling frequency and a UWBN signal, dispersion distortions manifest themselves as an increase in their duration with a decrease in amplitude. For all signal types under consideration that have passed through the ionosphere, a leading edge lag is observed, the dependences of frequency on time at an altitude of 1000 km are repeated and are close to hyperbolic character, the energy spectra envelope shape of the considered signals is almost not distorted. The polarization plane rotation for signals with a spectrum concentrated in the frequency range above 0.7 GHz does not exceed 45

Demodulation and Recognition of Image Transmission Signals for Small Uav Under Non-Cooperative Conditions

According to the characteristics of CP-OFDM signals, analyzed and studied the subcarrier number estimation, timing synchronization and frequency offset compensation algorithms of CP-OFDM signals under non-cooperative reception conditions, and verified the feasibility of these algorithms based on UAV image transmission signals. As the results show, the algorithm proposed in the article can complete blind demodulation of the CP-OFDM signal and finally complete the sensing and recognition of small UAV signals under the condition of unknown CP-OFDM signal format by means of analysis and estimation algorithms.

Direct Provision in a Time of Pandemic

Direct Provision in a Time of Pandemic Patricia Brazil Introduction Direct provision was introduced in April 2000 as a system for meeting the basic welfare needs of asylum seekers by providing full bed and board in designated accommodation units and a weekly financial payment of €19.10 per adult and €9.60 per child. While it was not mandatory to live in direct provision, under the Refugee Act 1996 asylum seekers were prohibited by law from working while their applications were being processed. This meant that many had little choice but to live in the direct provision system, unless they had significant funds available to cover their accommodation and living expenses for the often lengthy duration of their asylum applications. From the time of its introduction, the system of direct provision was the subject of criticism across a range of areas. There were concerns about the living conditions in some direct provisions, including lack of privacy, overcrowding in some shared rooms, food quality, social isolation, and lack of access to services. Other issues included the length of time spent by some people living in direct provision and the impact of extended stays on people’s mental and physical health. Particular concerns were expressed about the impact on children of living long-term in direct provision. The McMahon Report in 20151 made a number of recommendations for reform of the direct provision system including in relation to living conditions in designated centres, improvements in supports available for protection applicants, and speeding up the determination process. Two high-profile court cases also impacted on the direct provision system: the High Court decision in CA v Minister for Justice2 led to the introduction of an independent complaints mechanism for persons living in direct provision, while the decision of the Supreme Court in NHV v Minister for Justice3 struck down the absolute prohibition on the right to work for asylum seekers. The Supreme Court decision in NHV ultimately led to Ireland’s decision to opt into the Recast Reception Conditions Directive, which sets out minimum standards for the reception of applicants for international protection. Despite some improvements to the direct provision system as a result Studies • volume 110 • number 440 407 of these developments, many criticisms remained. The weekly financial payment to those living in direct provision was not increased at all between 2000 and 2017, which meant that the value of the already minimal payment had actually decreased when inflation was taken into account. A report by NASC in 20174 highlighted that not all of the McMahon recommendations were implemented, including measures to address the backlog in processing protection applications and improvements in physical conditions in some direct provision centres. The Ombudsman’s Annual Report for 20195 noted a number of complaints related to the use of emergency accommodation as part of the direct provision system, sometimes in remote locations with limited access to services and supports. Direct provision and the pandemic As of March 2020, there were approximately 7400 people living in direct provision and emergency accommodation in Ireland. Concerns were quickly expressed about the impact of the pandemic on those living in direct provision, including the ability to maintain social distancing guidelines in light of the sometimes overcrowded living conditions. Direct provision was described by one infectious disease specialist as a powder keg for COVID-19, with calls from NGOs, including the Irish Refugee Council, to move people in at-risk categories to alternative locations in order to enable self-isolation and cocooning. The HSE extended access to temporary accommodation for healthcare workers living in direct provision, and the Department of Justice introduced a number of measures in light of the pandemic, including off-site self-isolation facilities. Nevertheless, MASI (Movement of Asylum Seekers in Ireland) issued a statement criticising the department’s response on the basis that the measures did not adequately address the situation of asylum seekers having difficulty observing social distancing. These concerns were brought into sharp relief when it emerged in April 2020 that a number of residents at the Skellig Star Hotel in Cahersiveen, a recently opened direct provision facility, had tested positive for COVID-19. There were reports that residents at the Skellig Star were...

Creeping Crimmigration in CEAS Reform: Detention of Asylum-Seekers and Restrictions on Their Movement under EU Law

Abstract This article analyses freedom-restricting measures set forth in the Reception Conditions Directive and its proposed recast; it does so through the lens of the concept of crimmigration, understood as convergence between criminal and (administrative) immigration and asylum law. To tackle “secondary movements” within the European Union (EU), the proposed amendment of the Directive establishes a broad understanding of the risk of absconding, which can justify detention, and expands the restrictions on asylum-seekers’ freedom of movement. The article argues that asylum detention under EU law pursues penal law objectives, such as deterrence and retribution. Restriction on freedom of movement, on its part, may amount to systematic surveillance. This observed crimmigration phenomenon is detrimental to migrants and refugees because the incorporation of criminal law objectives into asylum law has an asymmetric form. Although states subject non-citizens to increasingly punitive measures, the administrative label of immigration detention and restrictions on movement allows them to evade due process guarantees, which typically accompany criminal law proceedings. As the article proposes, appropriate interpretation and application of the principles of lawfulness and proportionality with respect to detention and restrictions on freedom of movement will help circumscribe the scope of the phenomenon of crimmigration under the EU asylum legislation.