Reception Centres Research Articles

Dangerous fields: Existentiality, humanity and musical creativity in German refugee camps

This article focuses on the role of music in the context of humanitarian and existential crisis. It argues that the ethnographic field of the refugee camp is everything else than an unproductive space, a “waiting room” of the undesirables, an in-between space where social lives are suspended and where cultural life ceases to exist. It presents in a first part the particular spatial and temporal dimensions of a specific refugee reception center in Germany, in which the author has both volunteered for 6 months organizing music room sessions, and in which he has worked as an engaged anthropologist in the framework of a 4-month grassroots music theater project. In a second part, individual biographies of musicking asylum-seekers are presented: seen from the standpoint of an anthropology of emotions and an anthropology of absence, it will be discussed in which way the experience of marginalization, social exclusion and continuous waiting has influenced the texts and musical pieces created by them. In more general terms, this article looks at the ethnomusicologists’ dilemma of whether and how to make visible and audible such cultural creativity in an empathetic way without detaching it from the precarious and existential situations under which it unfolds.

Self-Practice of Stabilizing and Guided Imagery Techniques for Traumatized Refugees via Digital Audio Files: Qualitative Study.

BackgroundRefugees have an increased risk of developing mental health problems. There are insufficient psychosocial care structures to meet the resulting need for support. Stabilizing and guided imagery techniques have shown promising results in increasing traumatized refugees’ emotional stabilization. If delivered via audio files, the techniques can be practiced autonomously and independent of time, space, and human resources or stable treatment settings.ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the self-practice of stabilizing and guided imagery techniques via digital audio files for traumatized refugees living in a reception and registration center in Germany.MethodsFrom May 2018 to February 2019, 42 traumatized refugees participated in our study. At T1, patients received digital audio files in English, French, Arabic, Farsi, Turkish, or Serbian for self-practice. Nine days later, at T2, a face-to-face interview was conducted. Two months after T2, a follow-up interview took place via telephone.ResultsAt T2, about half of the patients reported the daily practice of stabilizing and guided imagery techniques. At follow-up, the average frequency of practice was once weekly or more for those experiencing worse symptoms. No technical difficulties were reported. According to T2 and follow-up statements, the techniques helped the patients dealing with arousal, concentration, sleep, mood, thoughts, empowerment, and tension. The guided imagery technique “The Inner Safe Place” was the most popular. Self-practice was impeded by postmigratory distress factors, like overcrowded accommodations.ConclusionsThe results show that self-practice of stabilizing and guided imagery techniques via digital audio files was helpful to and well accepted by the assessed refugees. Even though postmigratory distress factors hampered self-practice, “The Inner Safe Place” technique was particularly well received. Overall, the self-practiced audio-based stabilizing and guided imagery techniques showed promising results among the highly vulnerable group of newly arrived traumatized refugees.

Patterns and predictors of PTSD in treatment-seeking African refugees and asylum seekers: A latent class analysis.

Despite the empirical and clinical relevance of understanding posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) heterogeneity in refugees and asylum-seekers, very few studies have examined the manner in which PTSD symptoms manifest in such populations. This study sought to investigate patterns and predictors of DSM-5 PTSD in a treatment-seeking sample of African refugees. Participants were 122 African refugees and asylum-seekers living in Italy who completed measures of trauma exposure and PTSD symptoms. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to identify PTSD symptom profiles, and predictors of class membership were identified via multinomial logistic regression. Among participants, 79.5% had a probable diagnosis of PTSD. Three PTSD classes were identified by LCA: Pervasive (32.0%) with high probabilities of all symptoms, high-Threat (45.9%) with higher probabilities of intrusions and avoidance symptoms, moderate-Avoidance (22.1%) with high probability of thoughts/feelings avoidance. None of the examined variables (legal status, gender, age, education, months spent in Italy, number of traumatic events, employment) significantly predicted class membership with the relevant exception of reception conditions. Specifically, living in large reception centres (over 1,000 people) significantly predicted Pervasive PTSD class membership compared to high/Threat PTSD class and to moderate/Avoidance class. This study provides evidence for distinct patterns of PTSD symptomatology in refugees and asylum seekers. We identified three classes which present both qualitative and quantitative differences in symptoms: Pervasive class, high-Threat class and a new moderate class, characterised by avoidance symptoms. Reception conditions contributed to the emergence of the Pervasive PTSD profile characterised by the symptoms highest severity. These findings highlight that stressors in the post-migration environment, as inadequate reception conditions in large facilities, may have detrimental effect on refugees' mental health. We emphasise the importance for host countries to implement reception models that provide effective protection and integration to this vulnerable population.

“Do you understand (me)?” negotiating mutual understanding by using gaze and environmentally coupled gestures between two deaf signing participants

Abstract In this paper we explore the use of multimodal and multilingual semiotic resources in interactions between two deaf signing participants, a researcher and an asylum seeker. The focus is on the use of gaze and environmentally coupled gestures. Drawing on multimodal analysis and linguistic ethnography, we demonstrate how gaze and environmentally coupled gestures are effective semiotic resources for reaching mutual understanding. The study provides insight into the challenges and opportunities (deaf) asylum seekers, researchers, and employees of reception centres or the state may encounter because of the asymmetrical language competencies. Our concern is that such asymmetrical situations may be created and maintained by ignoring visual and embodied resources in interaction and, in the case of deaf asylum seekers, by unrealistic expectations towards conventionalized forms of international sign.

Contesting language policy for asylum seekers in the Northern periphery: the story of Tailor F

This article is about navigating asylum, employment and language policy in a new country as an asylum seeker. Through the story of one individual, we show that profound inequalities are exacerbated when forced migrants are limited in their choice of language they might study or use. The individual is Tailor F, an Iraqi man seeking asylum, and the country is Finland, officially bilingual, with a majority language (Finnish) and a minority language (Swedish). Finland’s official bilingualism does not extend evenly to language education provided for asylum seekers, who are taught Finnish regardless of the region where they are placed. Upon arrival, Tailor F was housed in a reception centre for asylum seekers located in a Swedish-dominant rural area of the country. Through our linguistic ethnography we examine how he navigates multilingually in his early settlement, his current work and his online life. We relate his story to explicit and implicit official bilingualism in Finland and discuss his lived experiences in relation to the contexts of asylum policy and employment. Tailor F’s story shows how, through his practices, he has contested implicit language policy for asylum seekers in order to gain membership of the local Swedish-dominant community, achieve a sense of belonging, and potentially realise his aspirations for the future.

Prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and syphilis among newly arrived unaccompanied minors living in reception centers in Rome

ObjectiveThis study aimed to address the prevalence of infectious diseases in a population of unaccompanied immigrant minors living in reception centres of Rome, Italy. MethodsThe study was carried out from January 2013 to January 2019. All unaccompanied immigrant minors were screened for hepatitis B, hepatitis C, syphilis and latent tuberculosis infection. ResultsA total of 879 unaccompanied immigrant minors, 858 males and 21 females, aged 13–18 years old were studied. Of these, 615 were from Africa, 179 from Asia and 84 from Eastern Europe. A low prevalence of HBsAg carriage (2.5%) was observed as was very low prevalence of hepatitis C (0.72%) and latent syphilis (0.4%); latent tuberculosis, defined as tuberculin skin test (TST)+ X-ray case, was diagnosed in 102 (12%) minors. ConclusionsSimilar to previous studies, these data demonstrate that migrant minors are generally healthy. However, given the relatively high prevalence of hepatitis B and latent tuberculosis, systematic screening for these diseases among immigrant minors immigrants is highly recommended for early detection and treatment of potentially transmissible diseases.

‘Not in my Backyard!’: The 2015 Refugee Crisis in Germany

This paper exploits the sudden mass arrival of refugees to Germany in 2015 to study potential price penalties suffered by residential property in vicinity of refugee reception centers (RRCs). Using novel data on exact locations of publicly-run RRCs in 2014 and 2015 and monthly offers of single-family homes for sale from Germany’s leading online property broker ImmobilienScout24, we find strong evidence in spatial DiD regressions for a sizeable negative effect on house price growth in proximity to such sites. Detached and semi-detached houses located within a 15-minute walking distance of RRCs exhibit, on average, 13 percentage points lower price growth than comparable dwellings beyond this threshold. We corroborate our finding in a battery of robustness tests and additional explorations, including sample restrictions that consider exclusively property on offer for sale within 40 minutes walking distance to RRCs and exogenous variation in the exposure to such sites. ‘Not in my backyard’ (NIMBY) stances among the resident population may explain our finding.

Developing the health examination protocol for asylum seekers in Finland: project results

Abstract Issue Initial health assessment is crucial for identification of healthcare needs and screening of acute health problems among new asylum seekers. As in other countries, practices across reception centres in Finland varied and health data was inconsistently recorded, making systematic monitoring through the electronic health record system (EHR) challenging. Description of the issue The main objectives of the national Developing the health examination protocol for asylum seekers in Finland project (TERTTU, 2017-2019) were to unify practices across reception centres through development of health assessment content and the quality of EHR recordings. The project consisted of three phases: 1) baseline evaluation; 2) conduct of a population-based health examination survey among asylum seeking adults and children; 3) development work guided by findings of stages 1 and 2, supplemented with thematic qualitative interviews with end-users (reception centre nurses, asylum seekers and authorities supervising services). Results The project exceeded expectations. Altogether 1087 adults and children participated in the survey (participation rate 76 %). Survey findings were published in a national report, providing the main evidence-base for development work. This was complemented by thematic interviews with 15 reception centre nurses, 19 asylum seekers and 3 authority representatives. Health assessment protocol was piloted and further developed based on feedback from end-users and transferred into the reception centres EHR. A handbook for the health assessment was published, supported with educational short videos. Lessons Successful implementation required close collaboration with authorities responsible for providing services for asylum seekers and involvement of end users at all stages. Results of this project benefit all other countries receiving asylum seekers. The study protocol is available in English, Somali, Kurdish (Sorani), Dari, Arabic, Russian, French and Finnish. Key messages The initial health assessment protocol for asylum seekers and supporting materials developed in the TERTTU project benefits all receiving countries. Systematic recording of health data was also developed, which will be used for planning health system response according to the health care needs of new asylum seekers.

Do food skills protect from food insecurity? A study among asylum seekers living in Norway

Abstract Background Food insecurity has a high prevalence among asylum seekers living in Western countries. Previous studies suggest that food skills can protect against food insecurity. This study investigates the impact of food skills on food security and dietary diversity among refugees living in Norwegian reception centers. Methods The study has a cross-sectional research design. Eight asylum reception centers where selected and 205 asylum seekers (131 men and 74 women) were recruited through convenience sampling among the largest asylum seeking groups. We measured food skills by adopting questions from the Canadian Community Health Survey 2013 Rapid Response on Food Skills. Food skills were divided into cooking skills (ability to prepare meals) and shopping skills (ability to plan meals and budgeting). Food security was measured with the 10-item version of the Radimer/Cornell Hunger and Food Insecurity Scale. Dietary data was collected via a 24-hour recall, and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) dietary diversity score was calculated to assess dietary quality. Data were analyzed with bivariate logistic analysis. Results Cooking skills and shopping skills contribute differently to food security and dietary diversity. Higher cooking skills were associated with higher dietary diversity but not with food security. Shopping skills were not associated with either food security or dietary diversity. Women had better cooking skills then men, but there were no gender differences in shopping skills. Married asylum seekers had better shopping skills than those who were not married. Conclusions Cooking skills have an impact on dietary diversity, initiatives promoting cooking skills should be encouraged. Further research is needed on what kind of purchasing skills can be useful for asylum seekers coping. Despite high food skills the level of food insecurity remained high. Initiatives addressing the multiple causes of food insecurity are needed. Key messages Food skills alone do not protect from food insecurity. Cooking skills are easier to transfer in a new food environment than shopping skills.

Barriers and facilitators to surveying asylum seekers: reflections of the fieldwork personnel

Abstract Background There is scarcity of representative data on the health and service needs of asylum seekers in Europe due to numerous practical and methodological challenges in planning and implementation of studies among this population group. Yet such data is acutely needed for development of health system response to meet the needs of asylum seekers. The aim of this study was to examine barriers and facilitators for conducting a population-based study among asylum seekers in Finland. Methods Semi-structured face-to-face individual interviews (n = 7) were carried out with the fieldwork personnel of the Asylum Seekers Health and Well-being Survey (TERTTU). Interviews contained four themes of which two will be presented in this abstract: the recruitment of the survey participants and carrying out the interviews and health examinations of the survey. Interviews of the fieldwork personnel were recorded and transcribed in verbatim. Data were analysed qualitatively using thematic analysis. Results Recruitment was substantially easier in reception centers than in private accommodations. Face-to-face and written information in participant's own language reduced misunderstandings and confidentiality concerns. Certain characteristics of the fieldwork personnel (mature age, female sex, and common cultural background) were facilitators for both recruitment and carrying out the survey appointments. Family and community members' perceptions influenced participation. Reception center personnel's attitudes influenced logistics of the recruitment process and the conduct of the survey. Incentives for participation were perceived both as facilitators and barriers. Conclusions It is feasible to obtain a high response rate among asylum seekers through investing in planning and dissemination of information about the study. Findings of this study can be benefited by other countries planning a survey among asylum seekers. Key messages Challenges in data collection among asylum seekers can be solved with careful planning and flexible fieldwork protocols. Sharing good practices about data collection among asylum seekers on a European level will inform researchers intending to conduct health surveys among asylum seekers and other forced migrants.

Factors Influencing the Frequency of Airway Infections in Underage Refugees: A Retrospective, Cross Sectional Study.

Background: Infections are a leading cause of refugee morbidity. Recent data on the rate of airway infections and factors influencing their spread in refugee reception centers is scarce. Methods: A retrospective, cross-sectional study of de-identified medical records with a focus on respiratory infections in underage refugees was conducted at two large German refugee reception centers. Results: In total, medical data from n = 10,431 refugees over an observational period of n = 819 days was analyzed. Among pediatric patients (n = 4289), 55.3% presented at least once to the on-site medical ward with an acute respiratory infection or signs thereof. In 38.4% of pediatric consultations, acute airway infections or signs thereof were present. Airway infections spiked during colder months and were significantly more prevalent amongst preschool and resettled children. Their frequency displayed a positive correlation with the number of refugees housed at the reception centers. Conclusions: We show that respiratory infections are a leading cause for morbidity in young refugees and that their rate is influenced age, season, status, and residential density. This illustrates the need to protect refugee children from contracting airway infections which may also reduce the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) during the current pandemic.

Testing the Mig-HealthCare Algorithm in Greece

Abstract The Mig-HealthCare Algorithm is a tool, comprising a set of questions developed with the aim to (a) guide the user on how to access all the categories and tools that are available through the Roadmap & Toolbox (b) help the user identify the health issues of importance when providing care to a specific migrant/refugee. At the end of a series of questions, a brief report summarizing the main outcomes is generated. The algorithm was tested in Greece in two mainland reception centres and a local hospital in an area serving migrants/refugees. Results discuss the usefulness of the algorithm for improving the delivery of appropriate health services to migrants/refugees and its importance in raising awareness about the health conditions which are crucial for migrants/refugees and are expected to pose a significant burden on the health care systems of host countries unless dealt with adequately at an early stage.

Caring for refugees: Training the health workforce towards structural competence and responsibility

Abstract Background Providing high-quality health care to superdiverse populations of newly arrived refugees poses specific structural, organisational, communicative, ethical and medical challenges that medical students in Europe are often not systematically prepared for. We created a clinical elective, to enable future doctors to identify and address the needs of refugee-patients and deliver high quality care to this population. Objectives We provided medical, structural, administrative, communicative and socio-cultural knowledge and skills training through seminars (24 h) and field placements (2 days) in a reception centre clinic for refugees. The training aimed at stimulating a systematic professional, personal, scientific, and political reflection, to foster social accountability, and raise awareness for the special situation of vulnerable groups. The didactic concept built on multidisciplinary lectures, student centred teaching, and research-oriented learning. Mainly qualitative summative and formative evaluations were applied to improve the course and examine training outcomes. Results A total of 112 students completed the elective over four terms, 50 evaluated it, of which 80% considered it worthwhile. Self-reported competencies in caring for refugee patients were low at the beginning and increased after course completion. The most important learning outcomes were knowledge of the asylum-law, gaining a multi-perspective view through multiple disciplinary lenses as well as professional, ethical, interpersonal and political insights during practical experience and reflection. Conclusions A multidisciplinary course that combines theory, practice and reflection, can prepare students for the complex challenges medical professionals face in caring for refugees. This could help strengthen their professional role as advocates of health equity. Our innovative didactical approach, course and evaluation concept can inspire the creation and implementation of similar courses elsewhere. Key messages The health workforce needs training to identify, address and help compensate respective barriers to health care and foster equal opportunities to health for refugees. A multidisciplinary teaching concept, tailored to specific target groups can help make future doctors and nurses in Europe fit for their responsibility and work in plural and ever changing societies.

Geospatial Analysis in Responding to a Nuclear Detonation Scenario in NYC: The Gotham Shield Exercise

Abstract In April 2017, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) participated in the Gotham Shield Exercise, led by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and in collaboration with other federal agencies to test the federal, state and local government’s ability to respond to an improvised nuclear device (IND). With active engagement from CDC leadership, 266 scientific and support staff from across the agency participated in the Gotham Shield exercise. The scenario involved a 10-kiloton detonation near the Lincoln Tunnel in New Jersey. This nuclear detonation scenario provided CDC with the opportunity to test some of the all-hazards tools the agency uses during response to other national or international emergencies, such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and mapping tools, and apply these tools to a nuclear emergency. Geospatial analysis associated with real time data can provide near real time information for individuals and entities associated with response and recovery activities. This type of analysis can provide timely data in regard to maps and information used to properly place staging areas for Community Reception Centers (CRC), mass care locations, and other medical care and countermeasure related services. Maps showing locations of power loss, such as locations of lost or inoperable main electrical grid and substations, combined with real time data on where power is available provides valuable information for first responders and emergency managers as well as responders engaged in communicating critical public messages to affected populations in these areas. By using real-time information, response officials can direct the response, allocate scarce resources, aid in coordination efforts, and provide a more efficient means of providing critical public health and medical services. The results of the exercise highlight the importance of using geospatial analysis for response planning and effect mitigation before, during, and after a public health event of this magnitude, and the value they represent in informed decision making.

Reception Centres Above.The Mountain, Emblem of the Paradox of the Integration of Asylum Seekers in Switzerland

This article analyses “what the mountain does” to people seeking asylum in Switzerland. It focuses on their experiences while they are accommodated in collective reception centres at high altitudes. At the level of Swiss society, asylum seekers are subject to an « integration » injunction, despite the uncertain outcome of their application. When the waiting and uncertainty imposed by the asylum procedure is experienced at an altitude of more than 1300 metres, the feeling of being kept away from life in urban centres is reinforced and the emotional burden exacerbated.The specific experiences of collective accommodation in the mountains, experienced by asylum seekers - and by the professionals or volunteers accompanying them - are expressed in their story telling of the place. Far from the tourist and romantic representations of the mountains, the oppositions between the top and the bottom (the valley and the plain), between the periphery and the centre (the mountain and the town) run repeatedly through the collected narratives. They maintain a representation of the mountain as a non-place of social life, an isolated place, as opposed to cities on the plain. When the reception above lasts, it sustains a process of social effacement « below» which makes the injunction to integrate into Swiss society eminently paradoxical.

Patient satisfaction & use of health care: a cross-sectional study of asylum seekers in the Freiburg initial reception centre

BackgroundIn response to a high number of incoming asylum seekers and refugees (AS&R) in Germany, initial reception centres were established to provide immediate shelter, food and health support. This study evaluates the satisfaction with and use of the health care available at the Freiburg initial reception centre (FIRC) where an integrated health care facility (ICF) was set up in 2015.MethodsWe assessed use and satisfaction with health services available to resident AS&R within and outside the FIRC in a cross-sectional design. Data were collected in 2017 using a questionnaire with both open and closed ended items.ResultsThe majority of 102 included participants were young (mean age 24.2; 95%CI 22.9–25.5, range 18–43) males (93%), from Sub-Saharan Africa (92%). High use frequencies were reported from returning patients of the ICF; with 56% fortnightly use and 19% daily use reported. The summary of satisfaction scores indicated that 84% (CI95 76–89%) of respondents were satisfied with the ICF. Multivariate analysis showed female gender and non-English speaking as risk factors for low satisfaction. Outside the FIRC, the satisfaction scores indicated that 60% of participants (95%CI 50–69%) were satisfied with the health care received.ConclusionOur study shows that AS&R residing in the FIRC are generally satisfied with the services at the ICF, though strategies to enhance care for females and non-English speakers should be implemented. Satisfaction with health care outside of the FIRC was not as high, indicating the need to improve quality of care and linkage to regular health care services.

Analysis of disperse composition of the dust in air of working zone of feed mills

In the compound feedstuff production, one of the main problems is the dust emission at all stages of production. The most significant dust emission occurs at the raw materials acceptance stage, where the concentration of dust can be many times higher than the maximum permissible values. The impact of dusts and their capture depends on the dispersed dust composition, and since the raw materials come in different types (bran, wheat, corn, sunflower meal, etc.), the dispersed dust composition is complex. For this reason, it becomes necessary to study their dispersed composition. The article presents the analysis results on some types of the dispersed dust, which generated in the air of the working area on feed mill reception center.

Teaching Italian SL to Adul Illiterate Students A Case Study Carried out in the Provincial Centres for Adult Education (CPIA), in the Protection System for Refugees and Asylum Seekers (SPRAR) and in the Extraordinary Reception Centres (CAS) in the Province of Venice

This article presents the results of a case study carried out in the Provincial Centres for Adult Education (CPIA), in the Protection System for Refugees and Asylum Seekers (SPRAR) and in the Extraordinary Reception Centres (CAS) in the province of Venice. The article aims at providing a picture of the Italian courses offered to CPIA illiterate students who are beneficiary of CAS and SPRAR. In particular, the article explores the teachers’ profiles, the materials, the contents and the methodologies, the assessment methods and the feedback strategies. Quantitative data were collected through questionnaires.

Food Skills and Their Relationship with Food Security and Dietary Diversity Among Asylum Seekers Living in Norway

ObjectiveTo investigate the impact of food skills on food security and dietary diversity among asylum seekers living in Norwegian reception centers. DesignCross-sectional study. SettingEight asylum reception centers. ParticipantsA total of 205 asylum seekers (131 men and 74 women) recruited through convenience sampling. Main Outcome MeasuresFood skills were measured using questions from the Canadian Rapid Response on Food Skills and divided into cooking skills and shopping skills. Food security was measured with the 10-item version of the Radimer/Cornell Scale. The dietary diversity score was based on a 24-h recall. AnalysisBivariate and multivariable logistic regression. ResultsCooking skills were associated with adequate dietary diversity (adjusted odds ratio, 2.12; 95% confidence interval, 1.04–4.31), but not with adult food insecurity (adjusted odds ratio. 0.63; 95% confidence interval, 0.26–1.53). Shopping skills were not associated with either measure of dietary diversity or adult food insecurity. Women had higher cooking skills than men, but there were no gender differences in shopping skills. Conclusions and ImplicationsFood skills had a limited association with food security and dietary diversity. Further research is needed to identify food skills beneficial for asylum seekers and to address the multiple causes of food insecurity.

‘Between heaven and hell’: Subjective well‐being of asylum seekers

Nearly 1.4 million asylum seekers arrived in Europe in 2015. With an unprecedented 822% increase in the number of asylum applicants, Finland experienced the largest increase in applicants than any other European country that year. In this study, we investigated asylum seekers’ experienced subjective well‐being (ExSWB) construct in comparison with their evaluated subjective well‐being (EvSWB) construct. A mixed methods approach with convergent design was adopted for the study, which combined quantitative data on asylum seekers’ (n = 181) ExSWB and EvSWB with qualitative data on the elements of ExSWB and EvSWB. The findings point at a limbus phase in asylum seekers’ livelihood transition between the borders for international protection in Finland. The Cantril self‐anchoring striving scale was used by the participants to describe this passage ritual of ambiguity. Furthermore, we also found gender differences related to coping and subjective well‐being, which supports previous findings on asylum seekers’ well‐being.Key Practitioner Message: • The concept of the limbus phase of the asylum seeker livelihood transition is useful for describing asylum seekers’ experiences while waiting for an asylum decision; • Asylum seeker SWB is closely related to status dissonance, separation and capitals, causing anxiety, worry and fear, and inflicting cognitive disruption; • Equal, institutional‐level functions should be organised in the reception centre for easing the anxiety related to the asylum‐seeking process.