Recent Progressions Research Articles

Revolutionizing cancer immunotherapy: unleashing the potential of bispecific antibodies for targeted treatment.

Recent progressions in immunotherapy have transformed cancer treatment, providing a promising strategy that activates the immune system of the patient to find and eliminate cancerous cells. Bispecific antibodies, which engage two separate antigens or one antigen with two distinct epitopes, are of tremendous concern in immunotherapy. The bi-targeting idea enabled by bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) is especially attractive from a medical standpoint since most diseases are complex, involving several receptors, ligands, and signaling pathways. Several research look into the processes in which BsAbs identify different cancer targets such angiogenesis, reproduction, metastasis, and immune regulation. By rerouting cells or altering other pathways, the bispecific proteins perform effector activities in addition to those of natural antibodies. This opens up a wide range of clinical applications and helps patients with resistant tumors respond better to medication. Yet, further study is necessary to identify the best conditions where to use these medications for treating tumor, their appropriate combination partners, and methods to reduce toxicity. In this review, we provide insights into the BsAb format classification based on their composition and symmetry, as well as the delivery mode, focus on the action mechanism of the molecule, and discuss the challenges and future perspectives in BsAb development.

A critical review on therapeutic approaches of CRISPR-Cas9 in diabetes mellitus.

Diabetes mellitus (D.M.) is a common metabolic disorder caused mainly by combining two primary factors, which are (1) defects in insulin production by the pancreatic β-cells and (2) responsiveness of insulin-sensitive tissues towards insulin. Despite the rapid advancement in medicine to suppress elevated blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) and insulin resistance associated with this hazard, a demand has undoubtedly emerged to find more effective and curative dimensions in therapeutic approaches against D.M. The administration of diabetes treatment that emphasizes insulin production and sensitivity may result in unfavorable side effects, reduced adherence, and potential treatment ineffectiveness. Recent progressions in genome editing technologies, for instance, in zinc-finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effector nucleases, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR-Cas)-associated nucleases, have greatly influenced the gene editing technology from concepts to clinical practices. Improvements in genome editing technologies have also opened up the possibility to target and modify specific genome sequences in a cell directly. CRISPR/Cas9 has proven effective in utilizing ex vivo gene editing in embryonic stem cells and stem cells derived from patients. This application has facilitated the exploration of pancreatic beta-cell development and function. Furthermore, CRISPR/Cas9 enables the creation of innovative animal models for diabetes and assesses the effectiveness of different therapeutic strategies in treating the condition. We, therefore, present a critical review of the therapeutic approaches of the genome editing tool CRISPR-Cas9 in treating D.M., discussing the challenges and limitations of implementing this technology.

A Review on Micro-LED Display Integrating Metasurface Structures.

Micro-LED display technology has been considered a promising candidate for near-eye display applications owing to its superior performance, such as having high brightness, high resolution, and high contrast. However, the realization of polarized and high-efficiency light extraction from Micro-LED arrays is still a significant problem to be addressed. Recently, by exploiting the capability of metasurfaces in wavefront modulation, researchers have achieved many excellent results by integrating metasurface structures with Micro-LEDs, including improving the light extraction efficiency, controlling the emission angle to achieve directional emission, and obtaining polarized Micro-LEDs. In this paper, recent progressions on Micro-LEDs integrated with metasurface structures are reviewed in the above three aspects, and the similar applications of metasurface structures in organic LEDs, quantum dot LEDs, and perovskite LEDs are also summarized.

Surface Functionalised Parenteral Nanoemulsions for Active and Homotypic Targeting to Melanoma.

Despite recent progressions in cancer genomic and immunotherapies, advanced melanoma still represents a life threat, pushing to optimise new targeted nanotechnology approaches for specific drug delivery to the tumour. To this aim, owing to their biocompatibility and favourable technological features, injectable lipid nanoemulsions were functionalised with proteins owing to two alternative approaches: transferrin was chemically grafted for active targeting, while cancer cell membrane fragments wrapping was used for homotypic targeting. In both cases, protein functionalisation was successfully achieved. Targeting efficiency was preliminarily evaluated using flow cytometry internalisation studies in two-dimensional cellular models, after fluorescence labelling of formulations with 6-coumarin. The uptake of cell-membrane-fragment-wrapped nanoemulsions was higher compared to uncoated nanoemulsions. Instead, the effect of transferrin grafting was less evident in serum-enriched medium, since such ligand probably undergoes competition with the endogenous protein. Moreover, a more pronounced internalisation was achieved when a pegylated heterodimer was employed for conjugation (p < 0.05).

Investigation of Early Diagnosis and Treatment for Diabetes Mellitus Type 1

Type I diabetes mellitus (TIDM) is a kind of chronic disease, which caused by autoimmune disorders which result in hyperglycemia and inadequate insulin secretion. Over the past 25 years, knowledge about T1DM has advanced rapidly. These recent progressions in researching T1DM help us better understand the disease in various aspects including genetics, epidemiology, immunology, and pancreatic cancer. Epidemiology, immunology, beta cell phenotype, and disease burden. Why is T1DM thought to be preventable? Several areas of diabetes research have been brought together to suggest therapeutic targets. This article introduces T1DM from its basic definition, world impact, pathology, current existing drug-assistant treatment, and now existing diagnostic tools such as OGTT. This article is based on literature across several fields including Medications, Epidemics, and Statistics. Also, several anti-diabetic drugs that have the potential in participating T1DM treatment as assistance were listed as well. For example, metformin has been recognized as having a huge potential in reducing blood sugar level company with insulin. This article mainly focused on showing information about T1DM and attempting to make several predictions on potential treatments that may be helpful for future patients.

Cloud Computing Based Network Analysis in Smart Healthcare System with Neural Network Architecture

The recent progressions in Artificial Intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), and cloud computing transformed the traditional healthcare system into a smart healthcare system. Medical services can be improved through the incorporation of key technologies namely AI and IoT. The convergence of AI and IoT renders several openings in the healthcare system. In machine learning, deep learning can be considered a renowned topic with a wide range of applications like biomedicine, computer vision, speech recognition, drug discovery, visual object detection, natural language processing, disease prediction, bioinformatics, etc. Among these applications, medical science-related and health care applications were raised dramatically. This study develops a Cloud computing-based network analysis in the smart healthcare systems with neural network (CCNA-SHSNN) architecture. The presented CCNA-SHSNN technique assists in the decision-making process of the healthcare system in a real time cloud environment. For data pre-processing, the CCNA-SHSNN technique uses a normalization approach. Secondly, the CCNA-SHSNN technique applies the autoencoder (AE) model for healthcare data classification in the CC platform. At last, the gravitational search algorithm (GSA) is used for hyperparameter optimization of the AE model. The experimental outcomes are determined on a benchmark dataset and the outcomes signify the outperforming efficiency of the CCNA-SHSNN technique compared to existing techniques.

Microalgae-Enabled Wastewater Remediation and Nutrient Recovery through Membrane Photobioreactors: Recent Achievements and Future Perspective.

The use of microalgae for wastewater remediation and nutrient recovery answers the call for a circular bioeconomy, which involves waste resource utilization and ecosystem protection. The integration of microalgae cultivation and wastewater treatment has been proposed as a promising strategy to tackle the issues of water and energy source depletions. Specifically, microalgae-enabled wastewater treatment offers an opportunity to simultaneously implement wastewater remediation and valuable biomass production. As a versatile technology, membrane-based processes have been increasingly explored for the integration of microalgae-based wastewater remediation. This review provides a literature survey and discussion of recent progressions and achievements made in the development of membrane photobioreactors (MPBRs) for wastewater treatment and nutrient recovery. The opportunities of using microalgae-based wastewater treatment as an interesting option to manage effluents that contain high levels of nutrients are explored. The innovations made in the design of membrane photobioreactors and their performances are evaluated. The achievements pave a way for the effective and practical implementation of membrane technology in large-scale microalgae-enabled wastewater remediation and nutrient recovery processes.

A review on recent progressions of Bismuth ferrite modified morphologies as an effective photocatalyst to curb water and air pollution

• The most recent advancement on BFO based Nanoparticles are summarized. • Present-day implementations of Bismuth Ferrite Nanoparticles in environmental remediations are discussed. • Structural properties and effect of doping is described in detail. • Future opportunities and research gaps are outlined. Fuel crisis and atmospheric pollution have been major environmental issues from the advent of the nuclear era of 1945. Photocatalysis for water splitting and organic contaminant degradation in presence of sunlight is a promising and recently in-trend for solving current environmental problems. Photocatalytic oxidation offers distinct advantages such as its extensive applicability of total mineralization of organic compounds without any secondary pollution. Bismuth Ferrite (BiFeO 3 ) and its doped materials have gained a lot of attention nowadays due to its very narrow band gap (≈2.1 eV), recycling nature, coexistence of magnetic and ferroelectric properties and distinctive crystal structure. Due to these elaborated properties, Bismuth Ferrite emerges as an interesting material as a photocatalyst. The focus of this article is to summarize BFO photocatalytic properties and how can it be used to remediate air pollutants and water pollutants multiple times. This review also broadly discusses about BiFeO 3 as a visible light photocatalyst and its present shape of work, research gaps and future scope.

Recent Developments in Nanozyme Based Sensors for Detection of Clinical Biomarkers—A Review

While more than a decade has passed since the introduction of nanozymes, this new and upcoming field has become an essential focus for research activity. Multiple studies in recent years have immensely contributed towards technological advancements of artificial enzyme-based biosensors for detecting various clinical biomarkers. These recent progressions towards advanced biomarker sensing promise to address the limitations posed by conventional testing methods that are time-consuming and expensive. However, despite the current advancements, this field is still relatively unexplored and thus poses several questions that remain unanswered. This article aims to present the recent key advances in nanozyme based biosensors and the existing challenges that need to be overcome for such biosensing options. We highlight the recent studies on synthetic enzyme-based biosensors to detect different clinical biomarkers. Subsequently, we cover the advantages and disadvantages of the currently available nanozyme based biosensors. Finally, we conclude the review by discussing the future perspectives of this technology in detecting clinical biomarkers.

Nanomaterials for the Delivery of Herbal Bioactive Compounds

Abstract: Nanotechnology is a multidisciplinary domain that involves overlapping areas such as nanomaterials, nanoelectronics, and nanobiotechnology. Herbal medicine is a significant component of traditional medicine and has been a part of treating many diseases. Asian people have been using these herbal medicines for decades. Still, herbal extracts' therapeutic efficacy and pharmaceutical application are associated with many factors such as poor bioavailability, low solubility, permeability, and lack of targeting potential. In the present work, we have reviewed thriving strategies for the targeted drug delivery of phytoconstituents and critically explained the most recent progressions on emerging novel nano-phytomedicine-based materials as herbal medicines carriers. Nanotechnologybased clinical trial studies targeting herbal bioactive compounds were discussed. Advancements in nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems intended to enhance cellular uptake, improved pharmacokinetics, and effectiveness of herbal drugs have facilitated the powerful targeting of specific agents against diseases. This review provides insight into the current progress and future opportunities for nanomedicines as potential curative targets for the delivery of herbal bioactive compounds. This information could be used as a platform for the future expansion of multi-functional nano constructs for the advanced detection of diseases and functional drug delivery of phytoconstituents.

Physical activity and gene association with human obesity

The obesity is a leading cause of health problems all over the world. It is a comlex health abnormality that is influenced by developmental, behavioural, environmental, and genetic factors. Although the role of physical activity and diet in regulation of body weight is well described, the genetic variants potentially influencing the characteristics and range of the body’s adaptive response to physical activity in healthy individuals still remains mostly unknown. The main aim of this study is to review current evidence, through a literature review and the results of our studies, on the influence of selected molecular markers on the development of obesity, as well as the body composition changes in response to regular physical activity. We studied the most reliable candidate genes with a focus on catechol-O-methyltransferase gene (COMT), dopamine deceptor D2 gene (DRD2), fatty acid binding protein 2 gene (FABP2), fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO), and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1). This review provides information about recent genetic research progressions in adiposity, as well as molecular mechanisms, associated phenotypes, as well as their implications for human health, physical performance, and adaptive changes in response to physical activity.

Engineered Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers as New Generations of Blood-Brain Barrier Transmitters.

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is considered as the most challenging barrier in brain drug delivery. Indeed, there is a definite link between the BBB integrity defects and central nervous systems (CNS) disorders, such as neurodegenerative diseases and brain cancers, increasing concerns in the contemporary era because of the inability of most therapeutic approaches. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) have already been identified as having several advantages in facilitating the transportation of hydrophilic and hydrophobic agents across the BBB. This review first explains BBB functions and its challenges in brain drug delivery, followed by a brief description of nanoparticle-based drug delivery for brain diseases. A detailed presentation of recent progressions in optimizing SLNs and NLCs for controlled release drug delivery, gene therapy, targeted drug delivery, and diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases and brain cancers is approached. Finally, the problems, challenges, and future perspectives in optimizing these carriers for potential clinical application were described briefly.

Current trends and future perspectives of nanomedicine for the management of colon cancer

Colon cancer (CC) kills countless people every year throughout the globe. It persists as one of the highly lethal diseases to be treated because the overall survival rate for CC is meagre. Early diagnosis and efficient treatments are two of the biggest hurdles in the fight against cancer. In the present work, we will review thriving strategies for CC targeted drug delivery and critically explain the most recent progressions on emerging novel nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems. Nanotechnology-based animal and human clinical trial studies targeting CC are discussed. Advancements in nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems intended to enhance cellular uptake, improved pharmacokinetics and effectiveness of anticancer drugs have facilitated the powerful targeting of specific agents for CC therapy. This review provides insight into current progress and future opportunities for nanomedicines as potential curative targets for CC treatment. This information could be used as a platform for the future expansion of multi-functional nano constructs for CC's advanced detection and functional drug delivery.

Epigenetic regulation of ion channels in the sense of taste

There are five fundamental tastes discovered so far: sweet, bitter, umami, sour and salty. Taste is mediated by the specialized neuroepithelial cells mainly located at the tongue papillae, namely taste receptor cells, which can be classified into type I, type II, type III and type IV. Ion channels are necessary for diverse cell physiological activities including taste sensing, smell experience and temperature perception. Existing evidences have demonstrated distinct structures and working models of ion channels. Epigenetic modifications regulate gene expression mainly through histone modifications, DNA methylation and non-coding RNA-mediated regulation, without altering DNA sequence. This review summarizes how ion channels work during the transduction of multiple tastes, as well as the recent progressions in the epigenetic regulation of ion channels.

Recent developments in carbon nanotubes-based perovskite solar cells with boosted efficiency and stability

Abstract Perovskite solar cells (PSC) comprising of organic–inorganic lead halide composition have been considered as the future candidates for substituting the costly crystalline silicon-based solar cells if the challenges of efficiency and stability are adequately addressed. PSCs have been known for the employment of costly materials serving as electron transport, hole transport layers and back contact electrode such as gold, silver, or aluminum, needing thermal deposition in high vacuum ambiance. Metallic electrodes have been observed as not robust and thus, prone to quick degradation hindering the overall photovoltaic functionality of PSC devices. Carbon-modified PSCs via utilization of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been a favorable choice in terms of longer stability and efficiency. Considering the overpowering potential of CNTs in transforming PSC device functionality, current review has been designed to elucidate the most recent progressions carried out in utilization of CNTs in PSCs. Furthermore, this review focussed a critical view on the utilization of CNTs-based PSCs for lower fill factors and other photovoltaic parameters in addition to the account of ways to solve these concerns. Photovoltaic community researchers need to develop cost effective methods for resolving the lower efficiencies and fill factors associated with use of CNTs and can further explore different novel materials to successfully modify CNTs for employment in PSCs.

Induced pluripotent stem cells and genome editing technology as therapeutic strategies for Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a rare genetic, progressive and devastating skeletal and cardiac muscle disorder due to mutation of the dystrophin gene that affects 1 in 3500 young males. Currently, there is no curative management for this pathology. The development of inducedpluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offers a promising cell-based strategy for the treatment of muscular dystrophy. Several techniques have been established to generate functional myogenic progenitor cells derived from iPSCs. In addition, technologies in genetic modification using ZFN, TALENs, or CRISPR/Cas9 demonstrate potent methods to restore dystrophin expression. However, current evidence shows that either iPSCs or gene editing carry a risk of oncogenesis caused by the integration of exogenous DNA into the recipient gene. Thus, the safety issue is a major challenge for translating this method into human clinical applications. This review briefly discussed recent developments and progressions of iPSCs as well as genome engineering technologies relevant to regenerative medicine, especially for the treatment of DMD.

The Straight Forward Implementation of the Hardware Security Model for the Internet of Things Devices

Internet of things is the recent progressions in communication technology. It is an affordable computing and implantable technology. Numerous devices like wearable devices, portable devices continuously working for several applications such as smart home, smart city, smart education, smart power, and so on. IoT applications are working under untrusted environments, probably malicious attackers present in the network. Hence, effective security technology is required for IoT applications that can identify and authenticate valid users. IoT applications demand lightweight technology for the security model. Physically Unclonable Functions (PUFs) is a new concept based on the built-in manufacturing variations, it provides hardware security. In this work, we design and implemented 8-bit, 16bit, 32bit and 64 bit delay-based Arbiter PUF, EX_OR Puf, and Feedforward PUFs on two Zynq-7000 XC7Z020 FPGAs (ZedBoard development boards) The proposed delay-based PUF has entirely accomplished on 28 nm Soc-FPGAs. Our focus is on reducing area consumption, increasing speed, and consuming low power.

A Review On Some Concepts and Open Questions In Neutrosophic Algebraic Structures

The aim of this paper is to present a study about recent progressions in the study of neutrosophic algebraic structures. Also, it lists the most interesting open questions about neutrosophic algebraic structures such as neutrosophic rings, refined neutrosophic rings, and n-refined neutrosophic rings. On the other hand, a study on the neutrosophic rings of complex numbers has been presented, with many Smarandache-Kandasamy open problems about the properties of these numbers, especially algebraic ones.

Sustainability consolidation via employment of biomimetic ecomaterials with an accentuated photo-catalytic potential: emerging progressions

Abstract Environmental pollution produced due to direct and untreated release of toxic organic pollutants such as dyes from the textile industries is not only effect the human life but also contaminates the ecosystem through different transferal modes. Green nanomaterials synthesized by using biological reducing agents offer sustainable, economically viable, facile, rapid and eco-friendly approach with photocatalytic degradation efficiencies &gt;90% for organic dyes over the other traditional technologies. Current review has for the first time comprehensively abridged the suitability of green nanoparticles over chemogenic nanoparticles, the remediative role of these biogenic nanoparticles with major emphasis on the recent progressions in the photocatalysis of different toxic dyes and pollutants. Unlike physicochemically processed nanoparticles, biogenic nanoparticles has profound contribution to the sustainable development goals due to their cleaner and economical synthesis in addition to their detoxifying role. Meticulous review of the publications are strongly suggestive of the adoptability of biogenic nanoparticles at an implementation scale for their auspicious remediative role in addition to facile fabrication, natural reducing agents based synthetic mode, toxicity free and sustainable nature. However, the studies are also indicative of the need for utilization of biogenic synthesis at practical scale to derive maximum sustainability and ecological benefits.

USP29 enhances chemotherapy-induced stemness in non-small cell lung cancer via stabilizing Snail1 in response to oxidative stress

Chemotherapy remains an essential part of diverse treatment regimens against human malignancies. However, recent progressions have revealed a paradoxical role of chemotherapies to induce the cancer stem cell-like features that facilitate chemoresistance and tumor dissemination, with the underlying mechanisms underinvestigated. The zinc-finger transcription factor Snail1 is a central regulator during the epithelial-mesenchymal transition process and is closely implicated in cancer progression. Snail1 expression is strictly regulated at multiple layers, with its stability governed by post-translational ubiquitylation that is counterbalanced by the activities of diverse E3 ligases and deubiquitylases. Here we identify the deubiquitylase USP29 as a novel stabilizer of Snail1, which potently restricts its ubiquitylation in a catalytic activity-dependent manner. Bioinformatic analysis reveals a reverse correlation between USP29 expression and prognosis in lung adenocarcinoma patients. USP29 is unique among Snail1 deubiquitylases through exhibiting chemotherapy-induced upregulation. Mechanistically, oxidative stresses incurred by chemotherapy stimulate transcriptional activation of USP29. USP29 upregulation enhances the cancer stem cell-like characteristics in lung adenocarcinoma cells to promote tumorigenesis in athymic nude mice. Our findings uncover a novel mechanism by which chemotherapy induces cancer stemness and suggest USP29 as a potential therapeutic target to impede the development of chemoresistance and metastasis in lung adenocarcinoma.