Recent Period Research Articles

Mid-to Late Holocene East Antarctic ice-core tephrochronology: Implications for reconstructing volcanic eruptions and assessing their climatic impacts over the last 5,500 years

Ice cores are powerful archives for reconstructing volcanism as they contain both soluble (i.e. aerosols) and insoluble (i.e. tephra) products of volcanic eruptions and for more recent periods have high-precision annually resolved chronologies. The identification and geochemical analysis of cryptotephra in these cores can provide their volcanic source and latitude of injection, complementing records of sulphur injections from volcanic eruptions developed using continuous flow ice-core analysis. Here, we aim to improve the volcanic record for the Southern Hemisphere using a sampling strategy for cryptotephra identification based on coeval deposition of sulphate and microparticles in ice cores from the interior of East Antarctica covering the Mid-to Late Holocene. In total, 15 cryptotephras and one visible horizon were identified and geochemically characterised. Through comparisons to proximal deposits a range of possible sources were isolated for these horizons including the South Sandwich Islands, South Shetland Islands, Victoria Land (Antarctica) and South America. This new tephra framework contributes to the volcanic history of the region by extending the known geographical range of tephra deposition for previously identified events and providing a potential indication of phases of eruptive activity from key sources. Using the tephra-based source attributions and comparison of the timing of the events to a database of sulphur injections from Holocene volcanic eruptions it is possible to refine injection latitudes for some events, which can lead to improved estimates of their radiative forcing potential. The relatively low magnitude of the volcanic stratospheric sulphur injections related to the events in the tephra framework indicates they would have had a limited impact on Southern Hemisphere climate. Further work is required to improve source attributions for some events and/or to determine the magnitude of sulphur injections for individual events during years when coeval eruptions occurred. One limitation of the framework is the dominance of cryptotephra from regional volcanic sources and a lack of tephra from tropical sources, which hampers the refinement of eruption parameters for these large magnitude and often climate-impacting eruptions. This issue could be explored further through increased sampling of these events and/or development of additional analytical techniques for the identification and robust geochemical analysis of glass tephra shards less than 5 μm in diameter. Such investigations could be coupled with model experiments to determine the likelihood that past tropical eruptions deposited glass tephra shards over Antarctica and the potential size range and geographical spread of deposition.

Abstract B021: Early onset uterine corpus cancer incidence rates and 5-year relative survival by histologic subtype and race/ethnicity among women aged 20-49 years

Abstract Purpose: Uterine cancer, including early onset cases, is increasing among all women, particularly in minority populations. Despite nearly 25% of cancers occurring in younger women, changes in tumor characteristics (e.g., histology) by race/ethnicity remain poorly understood. We examined incidence rates and 5-year relative survival of uterine cancer among women aged 20-49, overall and by race/ethnicity and histology. Methods: We used the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (SEER 22) Research Plus Data, representing 47.9% of the total U.S. population. We included women aged 20-49 years with microscopically confirmed malignant uterine cancer (diagnosed 2000-2019) to calculate age-adjusted incidence and age-standardized 5-year relative survival (2000-2018) overall and by race/ethnicity and histology. Time trends were described across two time periods: 2000-2009 and 2010-2019. All analyses were conducted using SEER*Stat; incidence rates were presented for per 100,000 population. Results: We included 57,128 cases (55% Non-Hispanic [NH]-White, 9% NH-Black, 10% NH-Asian/Pacific Islander [PI], and 25% Hispanic). From the period of 2000-2009 to 2010-2019, the proportion of cases that were 20-29 and 30-39 increased by 1% and 4%, respectively. Overall, incidence increased over time for all women (8.7 in 2000-2009 to. 10.4 in 2010-2019), and increases were observed for both endometrioid and non-endometrioid subtypes. In the most recent period, rates were highest for endometrioid subtypes (8.4), followed by sarcomas (1.0), and non-endometrioid subtypes (0.7). Rates for endometrioid and non-endometrioid cancers were highest in Hispanics (9.9 and 0.8) and NH-Asian/Pacific Islanders (9.7 and 0.8), respectively and lowest in NH-Blacks (5.5 and 0.6). Rates of sarcomas were highest in NH-Blacks (1.5). 5-year relative survival remained relatively unchanged over time in most racial/ethnic groups, except NH-Blacks experienced slight improvement (57% to 60%). In terms of histology, survival increased for endometrioid (87% to 89%) and non-endometrioid cases (54% to 58%) and decreased for sarcomas (46% to 42%). Conclusions: Early onset uterine cancer is rising in all women, and for both endometrioid and non-endometrioid subtypes. Of interest is the differences in the rates by histology when compared the full U.S. population: Among women aged <50 years, rates of uterine sarcomas were higher compared to non-endometrioid subtypes. These findings are concerning given that sarcomas are associated with poor prognosis and were the only cases to show decreased 5-year survival in our analysis. While rates of non-endometrioid subtypes are known to be higher among NH-Black women in the U.S., we did not observe a striking racial difference among early onset cases. In fact, NH-Black women had the lowest rates of endometrioid and non-endometrioid subtypes, but highest rates of sarcomas compared to others. Next step for this analysis is hysterectomy correction, which, while expected to be relatively lower among women aged<50 years, is known to vary by race/ethnicity. Citation Format: Akemi T. Wijayabahu, Megan A. Clarke. Early onset uterine corpus cancer incidence rates and 5-year relative survival by histologic subtype and race/ethnicity among women aged 20-49 years [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Endometrial Cancer: Transforming Care through Science; 2023 Nov 16-18; Boston, Massachusetts. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2024;30(5_Suppl):Abstract nr B021.

Ancient Genomes From Bronze Age Remains Reveal Deep Diversity and Recent Adaptive Episodes for Human Oral Pathobionts.

Ancient microbial genomes can illuminate pathobiont evolution across millenia, with teeth providing a rich substrate. However, the characterization of prehistoric oral pathobiont diversity is limited. In Europe, only preagricultural genomes have been subject to phylogenetic analysis, with none compared to more recent archaeological periods. Here, we report well-preserved microbiomes from two 4,000-year-old teeth from an Irish limestone cave. These contained bacteria implicated in periodontitis, as well as Streptococcus mutans, the major cause of caries and rare in the ancient genomic record. Despite deriving from the same individual, these teeth produced divergent Tannerella forsythia genomes, indicating higher levels of strain diversity in prehistoric populations. We find evidence of microbiome dysbiosis, with a disproportionate quantity of S. mutans sequences relative to other oral streptococci. This high abundance allowed for metagenomic assembly, resulting in its first reported ancient genome. Phylogenetic analysis indicates major postmedieval population expansions for both species, highlighting the inordinate impact of recent dietary changes. In T. forsythia, this expansion is associated with the replacement of older lineages, possibly reflecting a genome-wide selective sweep. Accordingly, we see dramatic changes in T. forsythia's virulence repertoire across this period. S. mutans shows a contrasting pattern, with deeply divergent lineages persisting in modern populations. This may be due to its highly recombining nature, allowing for maintenance of diversity through selective episodes. Nonetheless, an explosion in recent coalescences and significantly shorter branch lengths separating bacteriocin-carrying strains indicate major changes in S. mutans demography and function coinciding with sugar popularization during the industrial period.

Parental Employment at the Onset of the Pandemic: Effects of Lockdowns and Government Policies

The COVID-19 pandemic had disproportionate impacts on women’s employment, especially for mothers with school-age and younger children.However, the impacts likely varied depending on the type of policy response adopted by various governments. New Zealand presents a unique policy setting in which one of the strictest lockdown restrictions was combined with a generous wage subsidy scheme to secure employment. We utilize tax records to compare employment patterns of parents from the pandemic period (treatment group) to similar parents from a recent pre-pandemic period (control group). For mothers whose youngest child is aged between one and 12, we find a 1-2-percentage point decline in the likelihood of being employed in the first six months of the pandemic; for fathers, we hardly see any significant changes in employment. Additionally, the decline in mothers’ employment rates is mainly driven by those not employed in the month before the lockdown. We also find similar employment patterns for future parents who had no children during the evaluation period. This indicates that the adverse labour market impacts are not uniquely experienced by mothers, but by women in general.

Higher education and the income-fertility nexus

AbstractFertility and income are negatively related at the aggregate level. However, evidence from recent periods suggests that increasing income leads to higher fertility at the individual level. In this paper, I provide a simple theory that resolves the apparent contradiction. I consider the education and fertility choices of individuals with different learning abilities. Acquiring higher education requires an investment of time and income. As a result, people with higher education have fewer children but, controlling for the level of education, increasing income leads to higher fertility. Rising income and skill premiums motivate more people to pursue higher education, resulting in a negative income-fertility association at the aggregate level. I investigate the explanatory power of the theory in a model calibrated for the US during 1950–2010.

Trends in application of fundus fluorescein angiography in fundus diseases during a recent ten-year period

PurposeTo analyze the trends in the application of fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) in fundus diseases over ten years. MethodIt was a retrospective study. Patients who underwent FFA examinations between Jan 2012 and Dec 2021 in Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University were included, excluding infants. Data included the fundus disease and examination time of FFA. ResultsA total of 37,038 cases underwent FFA examinations in our hospital in the past decade, and the number of each year was 3,628, 2,232, 2,230, 2,351, 3,546, 3,924, 5,325, 4,202, 4,432 and 5,168 from 2012 to 2021, respectively. The top three diseases were central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC), diabetic retinopathy (DR) and retinal vein occlusion (RVO) over the years from 2012 to 2021. The fourth to eighth ranked diseases were uveitis, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), choroidal neovascularization (CNV), optic neuropathy (ON) and polypoid choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) 9 years from 2012 to 2020; while retinal artery occlusion (RAO) ranked eighth and PCV fell out of the first eight in 2021. Tumor, Eale's disease, macular hemorrhage (MH), epiretinal retinal membrane (ERM) and Coat's disease had consistent proportions over the years. There was a significant statistical difference in the proportion of disease components over the years from 2012 to 2021(p = 0.000). ConclusionDespite changes in annual distribution, CSC, DR, and RVO consistently ranked as the top three diseases requiring FFA examination. Changes might be related to the development of non-invasive fundus examination instruments and technologies. Indicated that FFA still hold its irreplaceable nature in diagnosing and understanding fundus diseases.

Malignant extracranial germ cell tumors in the Netherlands between 1990 and 2018: Stable incidence and improved survival

BackgroundPopulation-based studies assessing long-term patterns of incidence and disease characteristics of germ cell tumors (GCTs) in children are scarce. We investigated incidence and survival trends of malignant extracranial GCTs in children using population-based nationwide data from the Netherlands. MethodsAll malignant extracranial GCTs diagnosed in patients aged 0–18 years between 1990 and 2018 were selected from the Netherlands Cancer Registry. Incidence rates were calculated as the average annual number of cases per 1 million person-years. Five-year overall survival (OS) was calculated. ResultsA total of 815 cases were identified. Gonadal GCTs (n=665, testis n=485, ovarian n=180) were more common than extragonadal GCTs (n=149). Stage distribution for testicular and extragonadal GCTs shifted between 1990 and 2004 and 2005–2018 towards more localized disease. The overall incidence remained stable over time, but a significant increase was noted for extragonadal GCTs in the 0–9 years age group. Survival of extragonadal GCTs (5-year OS 84.1%, 95% CI 77.1–89.1), in particular mediastinal GCTs (5-year OS 66.7%, 95% CI 45.7–81.1), was lower than that of gonadal GCTs (5-year OS testis 95.0%, 95% CI 92.7–96.7;ovary 97.8%, 95% CI 94.2–99.2). The 5-year OS of our entire cohort was 93.6% (95% CI 91.7–95.1). Five-year OS significantly increased from 89.5% (95% CI 86.1–92.2) in 1990–2004–97.4% (95% CI 95.3–98.5) in 2005–2018. ConclusionsAlthough the incidence of all malignant pediatric extracranial GCTs remained stable during 1990–2018, an increase was observed for extragonadal GCTs in younger children (0–9 years). There was a shift towards more localized disease for testicular and extragonadal GCTs. Five-year OS increased over time exceeding 90% (91.4%, 95% CI 82.7–95.8) in the most recent diagnostic period. Mediastinal GCTs had the lowest OS, supporting the need for future research.

El repunte inflacionario en España entre 2021 y 2023: evidencia con microdatos

Rationale Analysis of the price micro data used to construct the consumer price index (CPI) allows us to understand how much of the inflationary spike observed in Spain between 2021 and 2023 was attributable to changes in the number of outlets adjusting prices (the “adjustment frequency”), rather than to changes in the size of such price adjustments. Takeaways •The rise in the year-on-year growth rate of the CPI in 2021-2023 was marked by notable increases in the number of outlets that raised their prices from one month to the next, with the size of such price adjustments remaining practically constant. •There is evidence of asymmetries in the upward and downward price adjustments made by outlets: given the same gap between a posted price and the estimated optimal price, the number of outlets making an upward price adjustment towards the optimal price exceeds those outlets making equivalent downward adjustments. This asymmetry has become more marked during the recent inflationary period.

Global, Regional, and National Change Patterns in the Incidence of Low Back Pain From 1990 to 2019 and Its Predicted Level in the Next Decade.

Objectives: To analyze and describe the spatiotemporal trends of Low back pain (LBP) burdens from 1990 to 2019 and anticipate the following decade's incidence. Methods: Using data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 Study, we described net drifts, local drifts, age effects, and period cohort effects in incidence and forecasted incidence rates and cases by sex from 2020 to 2029 using the Nordpred R package. Results: LBP remained the leading cause of the musculoskeletal disease burden globally and across all socio-demographic index (SDI) regions. China is the top country. For recent periods, high-SDI countries faced unfavorable or worsening risks. The relative risk of incidence showed improving trends over time and in successively younger birth cohorts amongst low-middle-, middle- and high-middle-SDI countries. Additionally, the age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR) of LBP in both sexes globally showed a decreasing trend, but the incident cases would increase from 223 to 253 million overall in the next decade. Conclusion: As the population ages, incident cases will rise but ASIR will fall. To minimise LBP, public awareness and disease prevention and control are needed.

Economic fluctuations and mortality in Canada revisited

AbstractThis paper uses panel data for Canada from 1976 to 2018, across 10 provinces, to reassess the relationship between mortality rates and economic fluctuations. The key contribution of our paper lies in examining the extent to which this relationship is driven by the employment rate (extensive margin) versus average hours worked (intensive margin). We find evidence of procyclical mortality for females at the aggregate level; aggregate male mortality remains largely unaffected by economic fluctuations. Our findings also reveal temporal heterogeneity, as the extensive margin becomes the driving force for female mortality rates during the more recent period (1990 onwards). These findings remain robust when accounting for personal income and pollution. Finally, we find some support for a procyclical relationship for individuals in the working age groups, while mortality exhibits a countercyclical pattern for children (age 0 to 14) and the elderly (age 65 and above).

Anthropogenic climate and land-use change drive short- and long-term biodiversity shifts across taxa

Climate change and habitat loss present serious threats to nature. Yet, due to a lack of historical land-use data, the potential for land-use change and baseline land-use conditions to interact with a changing climate to affect biodiversity remains largely unknown. Here, we use historical land use, climate data and species observation data to investigate the patterns and causes of biodiversity change in Great Britain. We show that anthropogenic climate change and land conversion have broadly led to increased richness, biotic homogenization and warmer-adapted communities of British birds, butterflies and plants over the long term (50+ years) and short term (20 years). Biodiversity change was found to be largely determined by baseline environmental conditions of land use and climate, especially over shorter timescales, suggesting that biodiversity change in recent periods could reflect an inertia derived from past environmental changes. Climate–land-use interactions were mostly related to long-term change in species richness and beta diversity across taxa. Semi-natural grasslands (in a broad sense, including meadows, pastures, lowland and upland heathlands and open wetlands) were associated with lower rates of biodiversity change, while their contribution to national-level biodiversity doubled over the long term. Our findings highlight the need to protect and restore natural and semi-natural habitats, alongside a fuller consideration of individual species’ requirements beyond simple measures of species richness in biodiversity management and policy.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DIGITAL PAYMENT PLATFORMS AND E-COMMERCE GIANTS: A FIVE-YEAR PERFORMANCE AND STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT STUDY OF VISA, MASTERCARD, AMAZON, AND EBAY

This study conducts a comprehensive comparative analysis of Visa, Mastercard, Amazon, and eBay, focusing on their financial performance, strategic initiatives, and market expansion over a recent five-year period. The research utilizes annual reports and market data to examine the companies' operational efficiencies and strategic trajectories. The findings reveal Visa and Mastercard's robust financial health, characterized by high operating profit margins, signifying their dominance in the digital payments sector. Amazon's vast revenue yet lower profit margins suggest a deliberate reinvestment strategy for market growth, while eBay shows consistent stability in the e-commerce market. The interplay among these entities underscores a dynamic digital economy where strategic partnerships and competitive innovation are crucial. The study's insights are instrumental for stakeholders, providing a nuanced understanding of how these significant players shape and adapt to the digital marketplace, with broader implications for future research on the role of digital transformation in commerce and finance.

Cyberbullying and Prevention

Introduction: Internet addiction increased unnaturally after the Covid-19 pandemic due to the development of the global situation where online teaching became the preference. This was not only true in Slovakia, but around the world. Bullying happens in every school, and it goes hand in hand with cyberbullying. Therefore, it is necessary to eliminate them with prevention. Research aim and objectives: In our research, we approached 158 second grade pupils from two primary schools. The aim of the research was to identify whether girls or boys spend more time on the Internet, how often they are online, whether they have encountered cyberbullying, and what kind of cyberbullying prevention has been implemented in elementary schools. Methods: In our research, we gathered information in the form of a self-constructed questionnaire. Results: Through our analysis we came to the conclusion that girls spend more time in the online space (53.16%) compared to boys. The occurrence of cyberbullying has increased in the recent period, which was also confirmed by 56.96% of respondents. The specific situations that we had the opportunity to encounter were solved by the primary school itself with the help of experts. Cyberbullying prevention alone is insufficient in primary schools, but it would be advisable to repeat it more often in order to eliminate bullying. Conclusion: Cyberbullying in primary schools is increasing with the development of information and communication technology. It is advisable to begin addressing the issue of the increased occurrence of cyberbullying at an earlier age and increase prevention. It is also advisable to increase media literacy in Slovakia.

Foreign policy consequences of democratic backsliding: the case of the Comfort Women Agreement in 2015

Recent studies have documented the profound effects that democratic backsliding generates on various realms of governance. However, foreign policies remain an exception in this trend despite the notable emergence of non-traditional foreign policy positions backsliding governments around the world took in recent years. To address this gap, this paper examines South Korea’s policy toward Japan during its recent period of democratic backsliding, focusing on the making of the Comfort Women Agreement in 2015. The case study reveals that the Park Geun-hye government (2012-2017) pursued a policy position that defied social and institutional constraints. The paper suggests that this case represents how democratic backsliding can destabilize foreign policies.

Surgical Outcome Reporting. Moving From a Comic to a Tragic Opera?

To assess the current quality of surgical outcome reporting in the medical literature and to provide recommendations for improvement. In 1996, The Lancet labeled surgery as a "comic opera" mostly referring to the poor quality of outcome reporting in the literature impeding improvement in surgical quality and patient care. We screened 3 first-tier and 2 second-tier surgical journals, as well as 3 leading medical journals for original articles reporting on results of surgical procedures published over a recent 18-month period. The quality of outcome reporting was assessed using a prespecified 12-item checklist. Six hundred twenty-seven articles reporting surgical outcomes were analyzed, including 125 randomized controlled trials. Only 1 (0.2%) article met all 12 criteria of the checklist, whereas 356 articles (57%) fulfilled less than half of the criteria. The poorest reporting was on cumulative morbidity burden, which was missing in 94% of articles (n=591) as well as patient-reported outcomes missing in 83% of publications (n=518). Comparing journal groups for the individual criterion, we found moderate to very strong statistical evidence for better quality of reporting in high versus lower impact journals for 7 of 12 criteria and strong statistical evidence for better reporting of patient-reported outcomes in medical versus surgical journals ( P <0·001). The quality of outcomes reporting in the medical literature remains poor, lacking improvement over the past 20 years on most key end points. The implementation of standardized outcome reporting is urgently needed to minimize biased interpretation of data thereby enabling improved patient care and the elaboration of meaningful guidelines.

Investigating odonates' response to climate change in Great Britain: A tale of two strategies

AbstractAimSpecies are largely thought to maintain broadly static niches over time, an assumption underpinning much theoretical ecology including the implementation of ecological models to project species' current and future distributions. Here, we assess niche conservatism in odonates in Great Britain over the past six decades by simultaneously quantifying changes in species geographic distribution and evaluating temporal trends in species realised climatic niche.LocationGreat Britain.MethodsDistributional changes were assessed by calculating changes in species distribution centres and deriving occupancy trends. Changes in climatic niches were assessed using a principal component analysis to quantify niche overlap, using information on both climate averages and extremes.ResultsWe show that dragonflies and damselflies displayed distinct responses to changing climatic conditions. Dragonflies shifting to higher latitudes maintained, on average, greater consistency in their climatic niches, providing evidence for climate tracking. Greater climate niche flexibility and increased occupancy over time, on the other hand, were more common in damselflies.Main ConclusionsWe unveil evidence for climatic niche divergence in damselflies on a national scale, casting doubt on the relevance of species distribution models for predicting the impacts of climate change on this, and potentially other, groups of species. More broadly, our results call for more multi‐species temporal comparisons of spatial distributions and climate niches during recent periods of changes in climatic conditions to improve our ability to contrast species' vulnerability risk to the ongoing climate crisis.

Deep Vein Thrombosis Prophylaxis in Orthopedic Surgery.

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a complex and multifactorial process arising from a variety of factors, including recent surgical procedures, traumatic events, and periods of prolonged immobility. The extended period of stasis post-orthopedic surgery places patients at a notably high risk of developing DVT, and DVT-related pulmonary embolism (PE) ranks as the third most common cause of death in orthopedic surgery patients. This review examines the multifaceted risk factors contributing to the development of DVT in orthopedic patients. Additionally, it addressesthe importance of DVT prophylaxis in orthopedic settings,the efficacy and safety of various prophylactic methodsencompassing both mechanical and pharmacological approaches, andthe economic dimensions of DVT prophylaxis, including scrutiny of cost-effectiveness and the exploration of strategies for optimization.

River restoration in the urban landscape as a turning point in culture and hydropolitics: Narrations and case studies for the challenges of the 21 st century

The purpose of this article is an interdisciplinary and cross-domain analysis of the idea of restoration of watercourses in urban landscapes. We refer to publications from the field of urban studies, ecohydrology and ecological humanities. In the first part of the article, we define the problem range and analyse the narrations of the artistic projects of the recent period dealing with blue infrastructure in cities. Next, we review case studies illustrating good practice in urban spaces involving the so-called urban-river concept. These examples will allow us to identify benefits to be found for cities, especially in the field of the fight on climate change. The article aims to outline possible solutions for the urban landscape, including opportunities to enrich the urban culture and identity.

Heart failure outcomes by left ventricular ejection fraction in a contemporary region-wide patient cohort.

This study aimed to characterize a contemporary population with subtypes of incident or prevalent heart failure (HF) based on reduced (HFrEF), mildly reduced, or preserved (HFpEF) left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and to assess how outcomes, healthcare, treatments, and healthcare costs vary between each subtype of incident HF. Using Swedish data from the CardioRenal and Metabolic disease Heart Failure (CaReMe HF) study, updated to cover a more recent time period, this population-based study characterized patients from Stockholm County, Sweden, with incident HF (patients with a first HF diagnosis between 1 January 2015 and 31 December 2019) or prevalent HF (patients with a first HF diagnosis before 1 January 2020). Patients with incident HF had LVEF measured by echocardiography within ±90days of their first HF diagnosis, and patients with prevalent HF within 5years prior to the index date. The 13375 patients with prevalent HF (39.2% women, mean age 73.9years) had multiple comorbidities (cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease, diabetes, and cancer). These were already highly prevalent at the time of the first HF diagnosis in the 8042 patients with incident HF (40.5% women, mean age 72.3years). Patients with incident HFpEF received less specialist HF care at outpatient secondary care facilities following their first HF diagnosis than those with incident HFrEF. Patients with HFrEF had higher risks of complications and exerted a higher burden, in terms of care for and costs of HF, on the healthcare system. This study of contemporary patients with incident HF demonstrates that those with HFpEF and HFrEF differ considerably in terms of clinical presentation, prognosis, and care, highlighting a potential to improve HF outcomes.

IMKĀNIYĀT AL-IJTIHĀD AL-ISTIṢLĀHĪ WA ISHĀMĀTUHU LI HALL AL-QADHĀYĀ AL-FIQHIYYAH AL-MU’ĀṢARAH: DIRĀSAT FĪ FATĀWĀ JĀ’IHAH COVID FĪ INDONESIA

This article would like to discuss one of the theories of ijtihād that is well-recognized in the science of ushūl fiqh, namely the theory of ijtihād istiṣlāhiy, in terms of its concept and its application to solve contemporary Islamic law by making the fatwas of the Covid-19 in Indonesia as the object of study. Even though a fatwa is a legal notification which is legal and unbinding, fatwa is certainly not produced from a vacuum, but has gone through a process of understanding the details of the proposed Islamic law issue and studying it using the appropriate ijtihād method, one of which is ijtihād istiṣlāhiy. This article presents the results of a qualitative research using a bibliographical study as the method. This article attempts to present an academic discussion regarding the flexibility of ijtihād istiṣlāhiy, its limits as well as its dhawābith in answering contemporary Islamic law issues by examining the side of the establishment of the Covid-19 fatwas law in Indonesia in this recent period. The results of the study show that the fatwas regarding Covid-19 in Indonesia is based on the principle of benefit (maṣlahah) reached through the ijtihād istiṣlāhiy method.