Recent Observations Research Articles

The thesan project: public data release of radiation-hydrodynamic simulations matching reionization-era JWST observations

Abstract Cosmological simulations serve as invaluable tools for understanding the Universe. However, the technical complexity and substantial computational resources required to generate such simulations often limit their accessibility within the broader research community. Notable exceptions exist, but most are not suited for simultaneously studying the physics of galaxy formation and cosmic reionization during the first billion years of cosmic history. This is especially relevant now that a fleet of advanced observatories (e.g. James Webb Space Telescope, Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope, SPHEREx, ELT, SKA) will soon provide an holistic picture of this defining epoch. To bridge this gap, we publicly release all simulation outputs and post-processing products generated within the thesan simulation project at www.thesan-project.com. This project focuses on the z ≥ 5.5 Universe, combining a radiation-hydrodynamics solver (arepo-rt), a well-tested galaxy formation model (IllustrisTNG) and cosmic dust physics to provide a comprehensive view of the Epoch of Reionization. The thesan suite includes 16 distinct simulations, each varying in volume, resolution, and underlying physical models. This paper outlines the unique features of these new simulations, the production and detailed format of the wide range of derived data products, and the process for data retrieval. Finally, as a case study, we compare our simulation data with a number of recent observations from the James Webb Space Telescope, affirming the accuracy and applicability of thesan. The examples also serve as prototypes for how to utilise the released dataset to perform comparisons between predictions and observations.

Phytophthora pluvialis maintenance, spore production and detached needle assays.

Phytophthora pluvialis is an oomycete that primarily infects Pinus radiata and Pseudotsuga menziesii causing the destructive foliar disease red needle cast (RNC). Recent observations show that P. pluvialis can also infect western hemlock inducing resinous cankers. High-throughput and reproducible infection assays are integral to find key information on tree health and oomycete pathogenicity. In this protocol, we describe the propagation and spore induction of P. pluvialis, followed by detached needle assays for verification and quantification of virulence of P. pluvialis in P. radiata needles. These needle assays can be employed for high-throughput screening of tree needles with diverse genetic backgrounds. In downstream analysis, Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was utilized to assess relative gene expression, as exemplified by candidate RxLR effector protein PpR01. Additional techniques like RNA sequencing, metabolomics, and proteomics can be combined with needle assays and can offer comprehensive insights into P. pluvialis infection mechanisms.

The focal adhesion protein talin is a mechanically gated A-kinase anchoring protein

Protein kinase A (PKA) is a ubiquitous, promiscuous kinase whose activity is specified through subcellular localization mediated by A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs). PKA has complex roles as both an effector and a regulator of integrin-mediated cell adhesion to extracellular matrix (ECM). Recent observations demonstrate that PKA is an active component of focal adhesions (FA), suggesting the existence of one or more FA AKAPs. Using a promiscuous biotin ligase fused to PKA type-IIα regulatory (RIIα) subunits and subcellular fractionation, we identify the archetypal FA protein talin1 as an AKAP. Talin is a large, mechanosensitive scaffold that directly links integrins to actin filaments and promotes FA assembly by recruiting additional components in a force-dependent manner. The rod region of talin1 consists of 62 α-helices bundled into 13 rod domains, R1 to R13. Direct binding assays and NMR spectroscopy identify helix41 in the R9 subdomain of talin as the PKA binding site. PKA binding to helix41 requires unfolding of the R9 domain, which requires the linker region between R9 and R10. Experiments with single molecules and in cells manipulated to alter actomyosin contractility demonstrate that the PKA-talin interaction is regulated by mechanical force across the talin molecule. Finally, talin mutations that disrupt PKA binding also decrease levels of total and phosphorylated PKA RII subunits as well as phosphorylation of VASP, a known PKA substrate, within FA. These observations identify a mechanically gated anchoring protein for PKA, a force-dependent binding partner for talin1, and a potential pathway for adhesion-associated mechanotransduction.

Rhombohedral stacking-faults in exfoliated highly oriented pyrolytic graphite

The recent observation of possible granular superconductivity in highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) has attracted significant research interest. Here we report a novel investigation on the structural-properties of exfoliated-HOPG. We investigated two types of exfoliation methods, involving either a full (method-1) or partial (method-2) contact between adhesive tape and the main HOPG. Structural characterization was obtained by employing X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and electron microscopy (SEM). In particular, Raman point and mapping spectroscopy revealed significant structural-transitions from ABA (Bernal) to ABC (rhombohedral) stacking (stacking-faults), in those samples obtained with the method-2. Interestingly, strained regions exhibiting structural-deformations with a ridge-like morphology were reproducibly identified. The acquired Raman-spectra revealed a local enhancement of the D and D’ bands-intensity together with contributions arising from Electronic Raman Scattering (ERS) across the band-gap of rhombohedral-graphite, at middle (∼1870 cm−1) and high (∼ 2680 cm−1) frequency. HRTEM of the samples produced with the method-2 allowed also for the identification of local-coexistence of ripplocation-like defects with moiré superlattices, an indicator of non-uniform c-axis configuration.

Workplace Conflicts and Its Impact on Employee Productivity

Some recent observers noticed that employee productivity nearly on all kind of organizations is diminishing on a day-to-day basis, particularly in the field of education. The researcher found a number of factors that affected the productivity of employees. One of the major factor contributing to the productivity of employees is workplace conflicts. Therefore, the main goal of this study was to examine the workplace conflicts and its impact on the employee productivity among the members of the faculty of educational Institutions in the state of Telangana. Stratified sampling technique was used to collect the data from concerned population by using structured questionnaire. To achieve the goals of study different statistical techniques were used by using SPSS. Reliability test was used to check the data reliability.

Operational analysis of crowdfunding on business: A perspective of product competition

With the emergency expansion of applying crowdfunding as a marketing tool for financing, a creative product, crowdfunding has been treated as a marketing-operations interface model to develop new products. However, the broad questions of whether and how the characteristics of crowdfunding affect product development strategies in the post-funding market have received limited attention in prior literature. In this paper, going beyond the fundraising phase, we propose a product competition model on product quality and price in the post-funding market when crowdfunding is seen as the demand learning tool to update the demand information. By analyzing the interaction between the crowdfunding-related characteristics and the post-funding market, we not only focus on the profit, but also decompose the effects of crowdfunding into profit inflows, demand learning, and price discrimination. The analytical results show that: (i) The competitive advantage in the crowdfunding stage benefits firms since the revealed information about the dominant product quality may increase consumers' willingness to pay. (ii) The effects of price discrimination on the optimal decisions about product quality and price depend on backers'/consumers' type. (iii) AoN mechanism is preferred use for blockbuster-potential products and KiA mechanism is preferred use for long-tail products. The model provides a theoretical underpinning for the recent observation that crowdfunding is seen as a marketing tool for some big firm in the process of developing new product. Our results complement earlier studies in Business Analysis by demonstrating the marketing-operations interface effect of crowdfunding.

Non-equilibrium nature of fracture determines the crack paths

Local kinetic processes during crack growth are non-equilibrium and discrete and thus cannot be resolved in the framework of continuum thermodynamics. Atomistic modeling using existing empirical or machine-learning force fields also fails to offer satisfactory solutions for the lack of sufficient accuracy in predicting the energetics of strong lattice distortion and edge cleavage during fracture. The problem is addressed here by using a high-fidelity neural network-based force field for fracture (NN-F3) that covers the space of strain states up to material failure and the non-equilibrium, intermediate states at the crack tip. Atomistic simulations using NN-F3 reveal spatial complexities from lattice-scale kinks to sample-scale crack patterns in 2D crystals such as graphene, which evolve along the process of crack growth. The non-uniform lattice distortion and undercoordination of cleaved edges at the crack front play critical roles in the fracture process. The fracture toughness by cleaving specific edges thus cannot be quantified by their energy densities with relaxed atomic-level structures, which, however, have been widely used in the literature. Instead, the fracture patterns, the critical stress intensity factors corresponding to the kinking events, and the energy densities of edges in the intermediate, unrelaxed states offer reasonable measures for the fracture resistance and its anisotropy, which can be determined from experimental or simulation data with the atomic-level resolution. The findings conform well with recent experimental observations.

Brittle faulting and tectonic stress history on the western margin of the Congo Basin between Kinshasa and Brazzaville: Implications for the evolution of the Malebo Pool and the Congo River

The history of brittle faulting and associated paleostress states has been investigated in the rapids of the Congo River at the outlet of the Malebo Pool between Kinshasa (Democratic Republic of the Congo) and Brazzaville (Republic of the Congo). The aim of this study was to unravel the Meso-Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the western margin of Central Africa, as well as to investigate the dynamic evolution of the Pool and the capture of the Congo Basin drainage system by the Lower Congo River through the Central African Atlantic swell that formed between the Congo Basin and the Atlantic Ocean. We reviewed the geological evolution of the Pool area using recent data and new field observations to develop a consistent stratigraphic model for both sides of the Congo River. We collected a significant amount of data faults and fractures in the early Paleozoic Inkisi arkosic sandstones, identified four successive data subsets and determined their related paleostress tensors trough an iterative process utilizing relative chronological indications. All paleostress states exhibit a a strike-slip faulting regime, with varying orientation of horizontal principal compression. The timing of faulting was constrained by indirect observations based on the updated understanding of the Pool's evolution. The geodynamic interpretation of the brittle stages considered potential sources of compressional stress arising from plate boundaries and from the oceanic ridge push. A polyphase brittle tectonic history was identified, characterized by the gradual appearance of newly formed faults and reactivation of the existing ones, leading to the gradual saturation of the host rock with fractures. The most recent event let to a significant imprint on the current landscape and is believed to have facilitated the connection of the drainage system of the Congo Basin to the Atlantic coast in the Oligocene period. The current stress state, determined from earthquake focal mechanisms, aligns with the most recent paleostress state identified determined from fault-slip data, displaying similar stress axis orientations but with consistent with a transpressional stress regime instead of a strike-slip one.

100 years of monitoring in the Swiss National Park reveals overall decreasing rock glacier velocities

The rock glaciers of the Swiss National Park were the first in the world where in-situ measurements of surface displacement were undertaken, starting with the pioneering work of Chaix in 1918. Our research is focused on the four rock glaciers described by Chaix, bridging the historical data gap that existed between their early 20th-century measurements and the most recent observations. Through the application of photogrammetric techniques, we geomorphologically analyze the spatiotemporal evolution of rock glaciers in the region, and disentangle the interplay with their adjacent glaciers. We show that these rock glaciers are in different phases of degradation with a general trend of deceleration and loss of volume. Our findings reveal historical kinematic changes influenced by the hydrological contributions of adjacent glaciers, which were closely connected since the Little Ice Age but are now severely degraded. The observed hydrological control, suggests that ongoing climate-induced glacier degradation will likely result in a future scenario with limited new accelerations. Instead, a steady water flow from adjacent glaciers may sustain a gradual secondary creep, progressively slowing as permafrost degradation continues, driven by predicted warming and dry climatic conditions in the Alps.

Extracting the hyperon-nucleon interaction via collective flows in heavy-ion collisions

The 2-body hyperon-nucleon interaction softens the equation of state of neutron star matter and leads to the maximum mass of neutron star to be 1.3-1.6M⊙, which deviates from the recent observation with the masses of PSR J0348+0432 (2.01±0.04M⊙) and J0740+6620 (2.14−0.09+0.10M⊙). One attempt is to introduce the more repulsive hyperon-nucleon interaction above the saturation density. A phenomenological Λ potential by fitting the 3-body ΛNN results of chiral effective field theory is implemented into the quantum molecular dynamics transport model to solve the ‘hyperon puzzle’ in neutron stars. It is found that the directed and elliptic flows are sensitive to the high-density hyperon-nucleon potentials in collisions of 197Au + 197Au and 124Sn + 124Sn. The influence of the phenomenological potential on the Λ yields, rapidity distributions and transverse momentum spectra is negligible in comparison with the ones calculated by the well-known relativistic mean-field model. The inclusion of the ΛN, ΣN and ΞN potentials leads to the reduction of hyperon production in the midrapidity region. The Λ directed flows and the slope in the midrapidity region are enhanced with the phenomenological potential and more consistent with the STAR data in collisions of 197Au + 197Au at sNN=3 GeV.

Dislocation Majorana bound states in iron-based superconductors

We show that lattice dislocations of topological iron-based superconductors such as FeTe1−xSex will intrinsically trap non-Abelian Majorana quasiparticles, in the absence of any external magnetic field. Our theory is motivated by the recent experimental observations of normal-state weak topology and surface magnetism that coexist with superconductivity in FeTe1−xSex, the combination of which naturally achieves an emergent second-order topological superconductivity in a two-dimensional subsystem spanned by screw or edge dislocations. This exemplifies a new embedded higher-order topological phase in class D, where Majorana zero modes appear around the “corners” of a low-dimensional embedded subsystem, instead of those of the full crystal. A nested domain wall theory is developed to understand the origin of these defect Majorana zero modes. When the surface magnetism is absent, we further find that s± pairing symmetry itself is capable of inducing a different type of class-DIII embedded higher-order topology with defect-bound Majorana Kramers pairs. We also provide detailed discussions on the real-world material candidates for our proposals, including FeTe1−xSex, LiFeAs, β-PdBi2, and heterostructures of bismuth, etc. Our work establishes lattice defects as a new venue to achieve high-temperature topological quantum information processing.

Clumpy structures within the turbulent primordial cloud

ABSTRACT The primordial clouds in the mini-haloes hatch the first generation stars of the Universe, which play a crucial role in cosmic evolution. In this paper, we investigate how turbulence impacts the structure of primordial star-forming clouds. Previous cosmological simulations of the first star formation predicted a typical mass of around $\mathrm{ 100 \, M_\odot }$. This conflicts with recent observations of extremely metal-poor stars, suggesting a lower mass scale of about $\mathrm{25 \, M_\odot }$. The discrepancy may arise from unresolved turbulence in the star-forming cloud, driven by primordial gas accretion during mini-halo formation in the previous simulations. To quantitatively examine the turbulence effect on the primordial cloud formation, we employ the adaptive mesh refinement code Enzo to model the gas cloud with primordial composition, including artificially driven turbulence on the cloud scale and relevant gas physics. This artificially driven turbulence utilizes a stochastic forcing model to mimic the unresolved turbulence inside mini-haloes. Our results show that the turbulence with high Mach number and compressional mode effectively fragments the cloud into several clumps, each with dense cores of $\mathrm{22.7 - 174.9 \, M_\odot }$ that undergo Jeans instability to form stars. Fragmentation caused by intense and compressive turbulence prevents a runaway collapse of the cloud. The self-bound clumps with smaller masses in the turbulent primordial clouds suggest a possible pathway to decrease the theoretical mass scale of the first stars, further reconciling the mass discrepancy between simulations and observations.

Quantum detection of new physics in top-quark pair production at the LHC

The recent observation of entanglement between top and anti-top quarks at the LHC opens the way to interpreting collider data with quantum information tools. In this work we investigate the relevance of quantum observables in searches of new physics. To this aim, we study spin correlations of \\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$t\\overline{t }$$\\end{document} pairs originating from various intermediate resonances, and compare the discovery reach of quantum observables compared to classical ones. We find that they provide complementary information and, in several notable cases, also the additional leverage necessary to detect new effects.

Majorana-fermion origin of the planar thermal Hall effect in the Kitaev magnet α-RuCl3.

The field-induced quantum-disordered state of layered honeycomb magnet α-RuCl3 is a prime candidate for Kitaev spin liquids hosting Majorana fermions and non-Abelian anyons. Recent observations of anomalous planar thermal Hall effect demonstrate a topological edge mode, but whether it originates from Majorana fermions or bosonic magnons remains controversial. Here, we distinguish these origins from combined low-temperature measurements of high-resolution specific heat and thermal Hall conductivity with rotating magnetic fields within the honeycomb plane. A distinct closure of the low-energy bulk gap is observed for the fields in the Ru-Ru bond direction, and the gap opens rapidly when the field is tilted. Notably, this change occurs concomitantly with the sign reversal of the Hall effect. General discussions of topological bands show that this is the hallmark of an angle rotation-induced topological transition of fermions, providing conclusive evidence for the Majorana-fermion origin of the thermal Hall effect in α-RuCl3.

Enhanced Sampling for Conformational Changes and Molecular Mechanisms of Human NTHL1.

The functionalities of proteins rely on protein conformational changes during many processes. Identification of the protein conformations and capturing transitions among different conformations are important but extremely challenging in both experiments and simulations. In this work, we develop a machine learning based approach to identify a reaction coordinate that accelerates the exploration of protein conformational changes in molecular simulations. We implement our approach to study the conformational changes of human NTHL1 during DNA repair. Our results identified three distinct conformations: open (stable), closed (unstable), and bundle (stable). The existence of the bundle conformation can rationalize recent experimental observations. Comparison with an NTHL1 mutant demonstrates that a closely packed cluster of positively charged residues in the linker could be a factor to search when screening for genetic abnormalities. Results will lead to a better modulation of the DNA repair pathway to protect against carcinogenesis.

Why Mature Galaxies Seem to Have Filled the Universe Shortly After the Big Bang — A New Cosmological Model, that Predicted the JWST Observations

The Azimulthal Hyper-Projection (AHP) onto spacetime Model of Cosmology is just an extension of the familiar Atlas map of a globe in geography. The Atlas is an azimuthal projection of 3 spacial dimensions projected onto a 2 dimensional plane. The important feature of an Atlas is that the geometry expands asymptotic toward the horizon, and is therefore POSITIONALLY DEPENDENT, such that if North America is centrally positioned, then Siberia and Alaska are viewed as extremely remote. Thus if the Bering Strait were centrally positioned, then longitudinal meridians of North America would likewise be viewed as being remotely separated. AHP extends this concept to a hyper-projection of 5 dimensions onto spacetime. However as viewed in spacetime, geodesics appear to be expanding outward in 3 dimensional space away from the observer. Thus by extension, AHP is also POSITIONALLY DEPENDENT, such that the separations between remote galaxies appear (measures) to be much greater than they would appear from their mutual local group, and vice versa our local group of galaxies would appear to be mutually separated with extreme distances from a remote perspective. A proposed experiment (figure 14) is offered to prove that two separated objects, as measure from a remote distance \((\sim 40 AU)\) are greater than their respective distance, as measured locally. Red-shifting is alternatively proposed as azimuthal angular projections of wavelengths \(\lambda\). Magnitude is alternatively proposed as a function of Lambert's cosine law of illumination, over expanding geodesics. From established \(z\) values, the Universal hypersphere is calculated (figure 9). A function of this projected hypersphere is shown to match the Universal expansion rate, as established from supernova cosmology survey points, and also satisfies the Cosmological Constant \(\Lambda\), without dark energy. Flattened galaxy rotation curves are simply and accurately explained as measured expanding geodesics and apparent increasing density, along the observer's line of sight (figure 11, equation 20). As well, this model provides a reasonable explanation of the James Web Space Telescope findings: of maturely developed galaxies at the time of the early universe. The justification of such a radically novel model is from recent observations from the first dataset, provided by NASA's James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) of six massive galaxies, at a time in the early universe, seem to defy conventional cosmological models, as they appear to be as mature and developed as our own local group. Such unexpected discoveries JUSTIFY A RADICALLY NOVEL MODEL OF COSMOLOGY. TO QUOTE JOEL LEJA, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS AT PENN STATE “IT TURNS OUT WE FOUND SOMETHING SO UNEXPECTED IT ACTUALLY CREATES PROBLEMS FOR SCIENCE. IT CALLS THE WHOLE PICTURE OF EARLY GALAXY FORMATION INTO QUESTION”.

Rapid dissemination of host metabolism–manipulating genes via integrative and conjugative elements

Integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs) are self-transmissible mobile elements that transfer functional genetic units across broad phylogenetic distances. Accessory genes shuttled by ICEs can make significant contributions to bacterial fitness. Most ICEs characterized to date encode readily observable phenotypes contributing to symbiosis, pathogenicity, and antimicrobial resistance, yet the majority of ICEs carry genes of unknown function. Recent observations of rapid acquisition of ICEs in a pandemic lineage of Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidae led to investigation of the structural and functional diversity of these elements. Fifty-three unique ICE types were identified across the P. syringae species complex. Together they form a distinct family of ICEs (PsICEs) that share a distant relationship to ICEs found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. PsICEs are defined by conserved backbone genes punctuated by an array of accessory cargo genes, are highly recombinogenic, and display distinct evolutionary histories compared to their bacterial hosts. The most common cargo is a recently disseminated 16-kb mobile genetic element designated Tn6212. Deletion of Tn6212 did not alter pathogen growth in planta, but mutants displayed fitness defects when grown on tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates. RNA-seq analysis of a set of nested deletion mutants showed that a Tn6212-encoded LysR regulator has global effects on chromosomal gene expression. We show that Tn6212 responds to preferred carbon sources and manipulates bacterial metabolism to maximize growth.

Insights into carbonate environmental conditions in the Chukchi Sea

Abstract. Healthy Arctic marine ecosystems are essential to the food security and sovereignty, culture, and wellbeing of Indigenous Peoples in the Arctic. At the same time, Arctic marine ecosystems are highly susceptible to impacts of climate change and ocean acidification. While increasing ocean and air temperatures and melting sea ice act as direct stressors on the ecosystem, they also indirectly enhance ocean acidification, accelerating the associated changes in the inorganic carbon system. Yet, much is to be learned about the current state and variability of the inorganic carbon system in remote, high-latitude oceans. Here, we present time series (2016–2020) of pH and the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) from the northeast Chukchi Sea continental shelf. The Chukchi Ecosystem Observatory includes a suite of subsurface year-round moorings sited amid a biological hotspot that is characterized by high primary productivity and a rich benthic food web that in turn supports coastal Iñupiat, whales, ice seals, walrus (Odobenus rosmarus), and Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida). Our observations suggest that near-bottom waters (33 m depth, 13 m above the seafloor) are a high carbon dioxide and low pH and aragonite saturation state (Ωarag) environment in summer and fall, when organic material from the highly productive summer remineralizes. During this time, Ωarag can be as low as 0.4. In winter, when the site was covered by sea ice, pH was <8 and Ωarag remained undersaturated under the sea ice. There were only two short seasonal periods with relatively higher pH and Ωarag, which we term ocean acidification relaxation events. In spring, high primary production from sea ice algae and phytoplankton blooms led to spikes in pH (pH > 8) and aragonite oversaturation. In late fall, strong wind-driven mixing events that delivered low-CO2 surface water to the shelf also led to events with elevated pH and Ωarag. Given the recent observations of high rates of ocean acidification and a sudden and dramatic shift of the physical, biogeochemical, and ecosystem conditions in the Chukchi Sea, it is possible that the observed extreme conditions at the Chukchi Ecosystem Observatory are deviating from the carbonate conditions to which many species are adapted.

The Modeling of Pulsar Magnetosphere and Radiation

We review the recent advances in the pulsar high-energy γ-ray observation and the electrodynamics of the pulsar magnetospheres from the early vacuum model to the recent plasma-filled models by numerical simulations. The numerical simulations have made significant progress toward the self-consistent modeling of the plasma-filled magnetosphere by including the particle acceleration and radiation. The current numerical simulations confirm a near force-free magnetosphere with the particle acceleration in the separatrix near the light cylinder and the current sheet outside the light cylinder, which can provide a good match to the recent high-energy γ-ray observations. The modeling of the combined multi-wavelength light curves, spectra, and polarization are expected to provide a stronger constrain on the geometry of the magnetic field lines, the location of the particle acceleration and the emission region, and the emission mechanism in the pulsar magnetospheres.

A Simple Direct Empirical Observation of Systematic Bias of the Redshift as a Distance Indicator

Recent puzzling observations, such as the H0 tension, large-scale anisotropies, and massive disk galaxies at high redshifts, have been challenging the standard cosmological model. While one possible explanation is that the standard model is incomplete, other theories are based on the contention that the redshift model as a distance indicator might be biased. These theories can explain the recent observations, but they are challenged by the absence of a direct empirical reproducible observation that the redshift model can indeed be inconsistent. Here, I describe a simple experiment that shows that the spectra of galaxies depend on their rotational velocity relative to the rotational velocity of the Milky Way. Moreover, it shows that the redshift of galaxies that rotate in the opposite direction relative to the Milky Way is significantly smaller compared with the redshift of galaxies that rotate in the same direction relative to the Milky Way (p < 0.006). Three different datasets were used independently, each one was prepared in a different manner, and all of them showed similar redshift bias. A fourth dataset of galaxies from the Southern Galactic pole was also analyzed and shows similar results. All four datasets are publicly available. While a maximum average z difference of ∼0.012 observed with galaxies of relatively low redshift (z < 0.25) is not extreme, the bias is consistent and canpotentially lead to explanations to puzzling observations such as the H0 tension.