Recent Graduates Research Articles

Career paths of a university’s pharmacy graduates over 15 years: a cross-sectional evaluation

Abstract Introduction The versatility of a pharmacy degree has evolved over time. Expanding opportunities have emerged for employment in sectors outside those usually associated with the degree. A paucity of international literature evaluating pharmacy graduate career paths over an extended period is apparent – research which could enhance workforce capacity planning. Aim To evaluate trends in graduate career paths from a pharmacy school in Ireland over a fifteen-year period and assess graduate satisfaction with their career path and pharmacy programme. Methods This study utilised a multi-method approach to access graduate career data, using an online survey and publicly accessible information from LinkedIn® profiles. The survey, comprising both Likert scale and multiple-choice questions, was distributed to all the university’s pharmacy graduates from 2007 to 2022. Data from both methods were combined, cross-checked, coded, and analysed quantitatively using descriptive and inferential statistics – whereby p<0.05 denotes statistical significance. Results Data were obtained on 556/798 pharmacy graduates (69.7%), comprising 203 survey responses (25.4% response rate) and 353 LinkedIn profiles. Community pharmacy was the most common current employment sector (47.7%), followed by industry (21.5%), hospital (17.7%), and academia (6.1%). The percentage working in patient-facing settings ranged from 79.5% (2022) to 36.7% (2010). More recent graduates (≤5 years post-graduation) were significantly more likely (p<0.05) to work in a patient-facing role versus those who graduated >5 years ago (Figure 1). Over half of graduates not primarily working in community pharmacy (61.1%) had previously held a full-time community pharmacist role. Post-graduate education was undertaken by 41.3% of graduates, with the lowest uptake amongst community pharmacists (13.7%). Overall, career satisfaction from the survey was high (88.2%) although significantly lower for those in patient-facing (82%) versus non-patient-facing roles (97.5%). Satisfaction with the pharmacy degree programme was high (84.7%). Conclusion While limited to data from one pharmacy school, this study provides the first analysis of graduate career paths over an extended period and highlights the wide-ranging professional possibilities available to graduates. Furthermore, this represents a springboard for additional research to inform pharmacist workforce planning worldwide through career-path evaluation – ultimately aiming to avoid potentially significant implications of shortages in the patient-facing pharmacy workforce.

Appraisal of the IADT fellowship - A member survey.

The International Association of Dental Traumatology (IADT) is considered the foremost authority in Dental Traumatology. Fellowship status was introduced in 2015 and is considered an international standard of excellence. The Fellowship Committee of the IADT believed it was essential to survey members seeking information on the benefits of the IADT Fellowship and potential considerations for future development. This survey aimed to explore the perceptions of members of IADT surrounding the fellowship process in terms of interest, accessibility, equality, perceived prestige, and value to the membership. The survey was sent to 546 IADT members, of whom 89 were fellows (as of 31 July 2022) from 74 countries via an email invitation. Answers were analysed using the Chi2 and Fisher's exact test (p < .05). The response rate to the survey was 20.69% (n = 113), including 28 fellows (24.78%). Forty-six respondents (40.71%) were female, and 67 (59.30%) were male. Dentists identified as specialists were significantly more likely to be involved in teaching dental trauma (p = .000008). A majority of respondents (87.76%; 86/98) expressed interest in obtaining fellowship, with increased interest from more recent graduates. Learning opportunities, obtaining expertise, networking and a sense of community and prestige, were key factors in considering fellowship. There was interest in alternate pathways other than examination alone, with 60.2% of 98 respondents suggesting a combination of publications /service to IADT/ reviewer for Dental Traumatology, 57.14% suggesting the submission of case reports, and 42.86% suggesting Honorary Fellowship. Respondents (73%) were willing to participate in online discussion forums and other professional development opportunities. This preference was more notable among non-fellows (75.29%) than fellows (67.85%). The survey indicates the diverse motivations and perceptions regarding the IADT Fellowship, despite the low participation of IADT members. Achieving fellowship status is desired by 87.7% of non-fellows. The majority of respondents were aware of the process, but main concerns were identified as eligibility criteria and examination difficulty. Options for alternate pathways and other initiatives promoting engagement were identified. Further exploration of these issues is required to be representative of the entire IADT membership. Addressing these obstacles could significantly enhance fellowship participation and overall member satisfaction within the IADT community.

Newly graduated Australian psychologists’ interest and confidence in psychological approaches for psychosis: what role can psychology training providers play in increasing access to psychological interventions for psychosis?

ABSTRACT Objective Despite recommendations in international guidelines, implementation of psychological therapy for psychosis is limited. Clinician level factors (i.e. attitudes, confidence, and training) are significant barriers to implementation, but have not been investigated within the context of Australian professional psychology graduates. The current study aimed to examine predictors of interest and confidence in working therapeutically with people with psychosis in recent graduates of Australian psychology postgraduate training courses. Method An online survey was completed by 108 recent graduates from Australian postgraduate psychology courses. Participants provided data on hours of training, practicum experience, stigma, therapeutic optimism and levels of interest and confidence in working therapeutically with people with psychosis. Results Participants reported low levels of training and practical experience in psychological therapy for psychosis. Participants with higher training hours and who had delivered an intervention to someone with psychosis during training reported significantly more confidence in their ability to work with people experiencing psychosis. However, stigma was the only significant predictor of interest; psychologists with higher stigmatised attitudes were less interested in working with psychosis. Conclusions Increased opportunities for practicum experience with people with psychosis and interventions that address stigma in professional psychology training may support increased interest and confidence in providing psychological interventions for psychosis.

GERENCIAMENTO DE IMPRESSÕES ON-LINE NO LINKEDIN: ESTUDO FENOMENOLÓGICO ENTRE RECÉM-FORMADOS INDONÉSIOS

Objective: This study aims to explore the experiences of recent graduates using LinkedIn, a social media platform, to find and secure employment after completing their studies. Theoretical Framework: The authors explore the lived experiences of successful LinkedIn users through the lens of phenomenology. The authors also draw on Impression Management Theory (IMT) to understand how the users display themselves on LinkedIn by utilizing the platform's available features to accomplish their desired outcomes. Method: This study was organized using a qualitative approach with phenomenological methods. Data were collected by interviewing ten recent graduates who use LinkedIn. The interview data were analyzed by bracketing, finding key statements, identifying codes and grouping themes, and constructing textural descriptions. Result and Discussion: The findings indicate that fresh graduates view LinkedIn as a platform to enhance their personal branding. One of the most significant strategies is to make their LinkedIn profile as professional as possible—despite their lack of work experience. Research Implications: Career development professionals and educators could use this study's findings to understand better how fresh graduates use LinkedIn for impression management and can assist them in making the most of social media for their career management. Originality/Value: The study presents practical implications within the social context of Indonesia that have yet to be thoroughly examined in prior studies. Specifically, it can provide guidance for fresh graduates on optimizing their LinkedIn accounts by drawing on the experiences of the country's successful LinkedIn users.

Teacher SEL Space: Addressing Beginning Teachers’ Social Emotional Learning in a Support Group Structure

There is evidence that ongoing social emotional learning (SEL) needs among teachers negatively impact teacher retention and student learning. At the same time, teachers’ SEL has been insufficiently addressed in teacher preparation. As a consequence, preservice and early-career teachers often lack the tools, perspective, and support to address their own SEL needs. The article describes a pilot project where current candidates and recent graduates in a teacher preparation program came together in an ongoing support group structure to share struggles, successes, and initiatives, support and advise each other, and reflect on their ongoing journey. After a review of the literature on teachers’ SEL needs, gaps and models in teacher preparation, and the potential benefits of support groups, data from the pilot “SEL Space” meetings are presented and discussed, with an emphasis on thematic patterns, evolution over time, and participants’ reflection on the process. Implications for practice and research are presented.

Practice Patterns Among Fellowship-Trained Rhinologists: A Survey of Past American Rhinologic Society Fellows.

The goals of this study were to understand the trends in recent and past rhinology fellows concerning their demographics, goals, and experiences. An anonymous web-based survey was sent to graduates of the 35 rhinology fellowship programs. The survey included questions regarding the scope of practice, research contribution, societal involvement, fellow satisfaction with training, and current practice patterns. Chi-square testing and logistic regression were used to compare variables across cohorts: 0-5 years versus 6+ years from fellowship graduation, gender, and practice settings. Based on 171 respondents, we found no significant differences in 0-5 versus 6+ year graduates in their desire for an academic job post-fellowship. However, those who graduated 6+ years ago had significantly more success securing one (74% vs 96%, P = 0.004). Between males and females, there were no differences in goal of obtaining an academic job or success in obtaining an academic career. Females were more likely to report they attend academic society meetings regularly. Female rhinologists also reported less satisfaction with overall work-life balance and decreased satisfaction with clinical practice. Physicians in academic settings have poorer work-life balance. Our findings suggest that finding an academic job may be more difficult for recent rhinology fellowship graduates, although still very possible for the majority of graduates. Understanding the reason for these changes may provide insight to current rhinology fellowship directors and trainees interested in pursuing fellowship training.

Housing Vulnerability, Shared Housing, Informality, and Crowding: The Housing Strategies of China’s Recent College Graduates

ABSTRACT Mirroring developments elsewhere, for recent college graduates in China the transition to employment is increasingly protracted and, for some, precarious. Case studies of individual strategies and cities indicate a diversification of housing pathways, where economic precarity is rendering at least some vulnerable. Based on original survey data collected in 2019, I investigate the housing choices of Chinese college graduate job market entrants and ask who is vulnerable and whether adverse outcomes are mere market entry strategies or lasting. I find that recent graduates generally find housing in central locations, close to their work. However, to achieve favourable locational outcomes on low budgets, many resort to sharing. High-density room sharing of three or more people is illegal but prominent and dominates in first-tier cities. The findings highlight how urbanization interacts with housing vulnerability and contribute to theorizing on the housing crisis, the Global North-South binary, and the very nature of home sharing.

Are Canadian Physiotherapy Graduates Ready for Private Practice? Faculty, Employer, and Recent Graduate Perspectives

Purpose: The transition from physiotherapy student to independent practitioner is challenging. New graduates experience difficulties working in private practice as many aspects of the workflow are difficult to prepare for during their education. The purpose of our study was to explore the work readiness of Canadian new graduate physiotherapists for private practice from the perspectives of key groups. Methods: We administered an online questionnaire to recent Canadian physiotherapy graduates, private practice employers, and academics exploring the work readiness of new graduates related to competencies and constructs relevant to private practice. Results: Our findings highlight gaps in education related to the business of private practice, managing complex caseloads, diagnosis, prognosis and establishing a plan of care, and autonomy in decision-making. A shared responsibility exists for the work readiness of physiotherapy graduates. Respondents suggest at least 1 year of practice before the majority of graduates are work-ready for private practice. Conclusion: Physiotherapy graduates struggle with the business of working in private practice, managing complex caseloads, and autonomy in decision-making. There is a shared responsibility between academics, clinical educators, employers, and new graduates to bridge the gap between the entry-to-practice education program and meeting the expectations of the private practice work environment.

The Negative Impact of Social Media Networks on Graduates

In today's information age, the advancement of the Internet has accelerated the growth of social media networks, resulting in an increasing number of recent graduates using social media. This study sought to investigate the detrimental impacts of social media networks on attachment anxiety, loneliness, and longing anxiety in recent graduates. Overuse of social media might have a negative impact on fresh grads. The convenience of social media networks, as well as people's lethargy, contribute to these detrimental impacts. The convenience of social media networks, as well as people's lazy dependence, selective indifference to interpersonal interactions, unhappiness, and lack of information, all contribute to these negative impacts. This study proposes related proposals and remedies at the individual, university, and government levels to ease or remove the negative feelings of recent graduates, lessen social pressure, and maintain the stability of society.

Oncologists’ perceptions of tumor genomic profiling and barriers to communicating secondary hereditary risks to African American cancer patients

BackgroundTumor genomic profiling (TGP) identifies targets for precision cancer treatments, but also secondary hereditary risks. Oncologists are poorly trained to communicate the results of TGP, especially among patients with lower health literacy, poorer genetics knowledge, and higher mistrust. African American (AA) patients are especially vulnerable to poor understanding due to significant cancer disparities and lower uptake of TGP. The goal of this research is to inform the development of an internet-based brief educational support for oncologists to prepare them to provide better decisional support related to TGP for their AA cancer patients.MethodsThis mixed-methods study used semi-structured interviews of oncologists to inform development of an online survey with a convenience sample of US-based oncologists (n = 50) to assess perceptions of the challenges of TGP and communicating results to AA patients.ResultsMost interviewed oncologists felt it was important to consider racial/cultural differences when communicating about hereditary risks. Cost, family dynamics, discrimination concerns, and medical mistrust were identified as particularly salient. Survey respondents’ views related to AAs and perceptions of TGP were strongly associated with years since completing training, with recent graduates expressing stronger agreement with statements identifying barriers/disadvantages to TGP for AA patients.ConclusionsOncologists who had more recently completed training expressed more negative perceptions of TGP and more perceived challenges in communicating about TGP with their AA patients. Focused training for oncologists that addresses barriers specific to AAs may be helpful in supporting improved communication about TGP and improved decisional support for AA patients with cancer considering TGP to evaluate their tumors.

EFPT Exchange programme - Feedback results from 2012 - 2022

IntroductionDifferences in psychiatry training vary substantially across Europe. Such organisations as the European Federation of Psychiatry Trainees (EFPT), the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology, and the European Psychiatry Association, have committed to offer international experiences based on the premise that it could foster international collaboration, aid early career professionals to progress professionally and spark discussion regarding different practices across Europe. To date, there are no studies that focus exclusively on the exchange experience in mental health professionalsObjectivesI present the synthesis of the ten years answers from 2012 to 2022 to the post-exchange online evaluation form, which trainees had to fill in in order to receive an attendance certificate.MethodsThe present study analysed the answers of 202 psychiatry trainees or recent graduates who took part in the EFPT exchange program during 2012 and 2022 and filled in the internet-based evaluation form. The inclusion criteria were currently in training or recently finished training as a psychiatrist in Europe and filling in the questionnaire. The exclusion criterion was participation in the EFPT exchange program for the second or subsequent time.All trainees were systemically asked to complete the online evaluation form after the exchange period. The form includes sociodemographic, training in host country-related, and exchange experience-related questions. Experience measures were evaluated using the 4-point Likert scale. Data was anonymized before the analysis. The study followed the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.ResultsThe majority of participants were females in the second half of their training. The average age was 29 years. The largest number of applicants were from Turkey, whereas the United Kingdom hosted the most participants. One-third of the participants had previous international exchange experience. Most trainees were exposed to both outpatient and inpatient treatment settings and were involved in educational or research activities. 96.7% of participants indicated that they were satisfied or very satisfied with the experience, 95.6% said that the exchange was useful or very useful, and 98.9% were likely or very likely to recommend exchange to colleagues.ConclusionsTo my knowledge, this study is the first to assess the experience of psychiatry trainees who went on exchange during their professional training. Vast majority of trainees were satisfied with their exchange, thought it would be useful for their clinical practice and would recommend it to their colleagues. These findings are in line with other studies that examined medical exchange experiences .Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

CBT accreditation for clinical psychologists: A limitation or an opportunity to apply and maintain our organisational and systemic influence and leadership?

This paper explains the context for secondary accreditations for clinical psychologists, with a focus on the recognised multi-professional marker for competence in CBT, BABCP accreditation. It describes what CBT accreditation is and how clinical psychologists can achieve it at any stage of their career. The meaning of secondary accreditation within our profession is explored and the debate is outlined in the hope that readers will gain greater clarity about the value and benefits of dual accreditation in CBT for clinical psychologists. The views of clinical psychologists at all stages of their career from trainees to service leads are presented. Recent learning and developments from dual accredited clinical psychology doctorates in England are shared including the voices of a recent graduate of a Level 2 accredited doctorate, to provide insights and guidance for other doctorate programmes currently developing Level 2 BABCP accreditation, their supervisors and their trainees.

Metallogeny and Mineral Exploration – Some Personal Reminiscences

The following personalised narrative aims to document the highlights of my involvement in some of the ground breaking developments in Economic Geology and their direct application to mineral exploration and discovery over the past half century. The story begins with my introduction to geology at secondary school and university, followed by doctoral research based on fieldwork in the Andes of South America. Then, as an employee of the Chilean Geological Survey, I got my introduction to porphyry copper deposits before returning to the UK to take up a post-doctoral research fellowship. This formative period concluded with my starting out as an independent geological consultant to the global exploration and mining industry. These early years happened to coincide with the plate tectonics revolution and its radical implications for metallogeny. I realised that porphyry copper and related deposits are integral parts of volcano-plutonic arcs generated during subduction of oceanic lithosphere, and volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits in ophiolite complexes must have formed at oceanic spreading centres. At approximately the same time, application of K-Ar dating to copper deposits led to definition of metallogenic belts and corresponding epochs in the Andes, and then established the timing of their economically important supergene oxidation and enrichment. Subsequently, using more modern and precise U-Pb zircon and Re-Os molybdenite methods, collaborative attempts were made to determine porphyry copper deposit lifespans and ages of various copper belts, deposits and prospects around the world, including the Zambian Copperbelt. The focus on porphyry copper deposits led first to an appreciation of the linkage between them and subaerial volcanism and the importance of potassic alteration as a major host of hypogene copper mineralisation, and then to geological characterisation of the increasing number of gold-rich examples. Appreciation of the importance of hydrothermal breccias in porphyry copper deposits, including recognition of mineralised diatremes, resulted in a classification scheme for breccias that may be extended to related deposit types. Extensive fieldwork showed that zones of advanced argillic alteration, termed lithocaps, constitute the shallow parts of porphyry copper systems. The role of tectonic uplift in both porphyry copper formation and subsequent supergene modification was also charted. The end result of this body of work was a porphyry copper model that can be used as a basic exploration guide. In response to a marked increase in the world gold price in the late 1970s, more effort was devoted to gold concentrations in magmatic arc terranes, commencing with epithermal gold deposits in the shallow lithocaps of porphyry copper systems. This led to an input to classification schemes for epithermal precious metal deposits and, eventually, to assignment of the three main epithermal types to specific tectono-magmatic settings. After years of speculation, porphyry gold deposits were recognised for the first time in northern Chile, followed by definition of a new gold deposit class in association with relatively reduced granitic intrusions. A magmatic-hydrothermal origin for Carlin-type gold deposits was steadfastly supported over many years, notwithstanding its unpopularity until relatively recently, culminating in a proposal for modern analogues. For decades, metallogenic provinces and corresponding epochs have been widely appreciated, but debate concerning their origin(s) persists. The nature of accompanying magmatism could well provide an adequate explanation for at least some provinces (e.g., tin, molybdenum and possibly silver), but precursor metal enrichment in the lowermost crust and/or subcontinental lithospheric mantle may well be required in the case of gold and copper provinces. The story concludes with brief commentary on mineral exploration, which has been my lifelong (pre)occupation. Requirements for success in mineral exploration are discussed, based primarily on familiarity with the circum-Pacific region, followed by analysis of the types of companies and individuals involved and the burgeoning challenges to the exploration process, which, if not remedied, will have dire consequences for future metal production and global plans for the energy transition. My involvement as a lone practitioner in both mineral exploration and metallogenic research probably says something about my independent character traits, but nonetheless has been largely unstructured and certainly unplanned. I have no hesitation in recommending a similar career path for any recent graduate who relishes adventure and is prepared to endure significant work-life imbalance.

Association between pre-service science teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs and their confidence in physics content

This exploratory study examined the relationship between the knowledge of selected physics concepts from the South African National Senior Certificate curriculum and the self-efficacy beliefs of preservice science teachers. Forty-one preservice physical science teachers between the ages of 16 and 30 enrolled in a higher education institution to earn a Bachelor of Education degree made up the participants. Of these, 56.1% were female and 43.9% were male. Every respondent was a recent high school graduate from South Africa enrolled in a second-year university course on basic physical science. The preservice teachers completed the Science Teaching Efficacy Belief Instrument (STEBI-B) and a teaching confidence ranking scale. A confidence ranking for teaching topics from a typical high school science curriculum was determined by analyzing the data. According to the data analysis, preservice teachers are confident and self-sufficient enough to teach science concepts.

Early career workers granted creative autonomy: agency shifts intern debate towards industry expectations

ABSTRACT This research contributes to debates on intern labour, particularly preparing young workers for careers in the culture industries and exploitative experiences that may hinder their success. The purpose of this study is to enrich our understanding of the skillsets required by young practitioners and how creative autonomy can be a fruitful conceptual tool to shift the internship debate from meaningful or (self-)exploitative, paid and unpaid, professional experiences. Through semi-structured in-depth interviews with current students and recent college graduates, the analysis shows participants earn creative autonomy by understanding the implicit and explicit expectations of the role and responsibilities of culture industry positions. Interviewees who understand these institutional practices and their role within corporate governance structures shed the status of interns and provide value by contributing meaningful work at the internship site. However, young workers who lack awareness of these industry dynamics of working conditions are typically neglected by site supervisors and assigned exploitative tasks. The findings describe how these individuals would benefit from structured internship programmes with site supervisors who help develop their skillset and learn industry norms through shadowing and observation to pursue more ideal career paths or professionally rewarding experiential learning experiences.

Enablers and Barriers to Achieving Clinical Competency among Dental Students: Lessons for Teaching and Learning

Adaptations to the teaching and learning during the pandemic affected dental students’ ability to achieve clinical competency. This study aimed to: (1) assess the self-reported competencies of dental students affected by the pandemic; (2) describe the enablers and barriers to achieving clinical competency among these students; and (3) to elucidate factors related to the resilience of the teaching and learning system during the pandemic for future adaptations and implementations. A questionnaire consisting of eight domains with 43 questions was sent to Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia’s (UKM) recent dental graduates from the 2021 cohort. Eight students from the cohort were also interviewed. The semi-structured, in-depth interviews were recorded and transcribed. A total of 56 questionnaires were returned, resulting in a 100% response rate. Seven out of the eight studied domains had a high self-perceived competency score, while only six of the 43 skills had a self-perceived competency score of less than 80%. Eight participants were interviewed for the second part of the study. Multiple enablers and barriers were identified and categorised into five themes, which were clinical time, student mental health, clinical teaching, cross-infection protocols, and communication and other faculty policies. Dental graduates affected by the COVID-19 pandemic had a good level of self-perceived clinical competency. The multiple factors identified as enablers and barriers to achieving clinical competency can be utilised as references in curriculum development, planning and policymaking, especially with regards to adaptations made to the undergraduate dental curricula worldwide.

Student perspectives on health informatics in a medical curriculum: A case study

Introduction: Health informatics (HI) is the study and practice of technology used to improve the quality and efficiency of healthcare. Formal HI teaching lacks visibility in most Australasian medical schools. In this study, medical students collected data from their peers and recent graduates on the teaching and learning of HI to inform development of a needs-based integrated HI curriculum. Methods: This mixed-methods case study of our medical degree program used clinically relevant vignettes to explore student confidence and opinions on HI. Current HI learning was benchmarked against recommendations. Recent graduates from University of Otago Medical School participated in an online survey (n = 26), and five focus group interviews of final-year medical students (n = 17) were carried out by a peer student. Results: More than half of the participants surveyed felt confident in most HI topics, though many were less confident in telemedicine, evaluating electronic resources for patient use, data communication and data storage. Most students recalled learning some HI principles and agreed these should be integrated within their degree. Students highlighted that HI curriculum development should consider students’ self-identity as digital natives and the need for clinically situated, relevant and authentic learning to avoid tensions between theoretical HI concepts and clinical environments. Conclusion: Medical students are critical consumers of potential HI curriculum content and expressed clear preferences for clinically relevant and up-to-date HI content. Key challenges in developing an HI curriculum will be ensuring a student-centered, authentic, contemporary and future-focused curriculum, with relevance demonstrated to digital native students.

SDG 16 at a Glance: Exploring Moral Values and Service Dedication among Aspiring Law Enforcers in a State University of the Cordilleras, Philippines

Achieving Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 16 and ethical issues in law enforcement are global concerns, yet studies contextualizing these issues in educational sectors still need to be made available. This study addresses this gap and acknowledges the role of education as a foundation of peace and justice and ensuring strong institutions by assessing the aspiring law enforcers’ moral values and service dedication at a college within a state university in the Cordilleras, Philippines. The study employed a convergent mixed methods approach. Graduating students and recent graduates (n = 280) completed the survey, while faculty and staff (n = 6) participated in one-on-one interviews to triangulate the data. Quantitative findings reveal occasional moral values and service dedication manifestations across five dimensions. Qualitative findings highlight factors influencing these manifestations, which include financial limitations, disinterest in social and political issues, personal weaknesses, conflicting interests, limited understanding of humanitarian law enforcement, reluctance to discuss ethical issues, procrastination, and delayed decision-making. Converging the data emphasizes the importance of enhancing ethics in education within law enforcement curricula to ensure socially conscious and ethically responsible future law enforcers. Future research could explore localized learning outcomes to inform broader policies like SDGs.

Enhancing euthanasia protocols: a compassionate approach in equine and large animal practice

Euthanasia revolves around essential principles of compassion towards owners and gentleness towards patients which apply to all species, regardless of circumstances. That we can ensure a ‘good’ death (in sometimes trying circumstances) is something that we, as a profession, excel at; however, farm and equine work, because of the size of animals involved and the relatively remote conditions of work, do bring additional challenges. This article is based on a presentation given for many years at the Society of Practising Veterinary Surgeons final‐year seminar and is aimed especially at new or recent graduates. It is more an approach than an absolute instruction manual.

Effects of Therapy Dogs on Trauma-Affected Students: A Retrospective Study on Survivors of the Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School Shooting

&lt;i&gt;School shootings are traumatic events that can lead to anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder among students who experience these events. It is important to find effective strategies to help students cope with their return to school, as well as their anxiety and stress levels while on campus. There exists a gap in the literature on the effects of therapy dogs on students who have witnessed a school shooting. This current study used a retrospective mixed-methods survey that was sent to recent graduates of Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School (located in Parkland, Florida) who witnessed the February 2018 shooting. Data were collected to assess how the therapy dogs affected students' willingness to return to school and their stress/anxiety levels while on campus. Identified themes indicated that the therapy dogs helped with anxiety levels, stress levels, and overall moods of Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School students. These findings provide important implications for community leaders and school administrators who want to promote healing and well-being in a community that has experienced violence.&lt;/i&gt;