Recent Advances In 3D Bioprinting Research Articles

Plastic Bits

In Countersexual Manifesto, Paul Preciado claims that we are on the verge of a historic planetary mutation. ‘We will soon stop printing the book’, Preciado tells us, ‘and start printing the flesh, thus entering the new era of digital biowriting.’ The radical juncture of which Preciado speaks is the potential rewriting of sex alongside recent advances in 3D bioprinting, a process of combining cells, nutrients, proteins and biopolymer gels to fabricate biomedical parts which imitate natural tissues or organs of the human body. The commercialization of 3D bioprinting might liberate the productive forces of desire and equip countersexual revolutionaries with the tools to invent new bodies without persecution. Yet bioethical frameworks continue to exclude access to bioprinting technologies for the production of sex organs, citing moral concerns. This article returns to Preciado’s rallying call for access to 3D bioprinting, to examine the importance of sexual plasticity as it appears today and to consider whether sex is always already interfaced with plastic technologies in quotidian life, for better or worse.

A Review on Recent Advances in 3D Bioprinting

Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting technology has emerged as a powerful bio- fabrication platform for tissue engineering because of its ability to engineer living cells and bio-material based 3D objects. Diverse bio-inks based on synthetic and natural biomaterials have also been created and successfully used for tissue regeneration at the same time. Over the past few decades, the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, which aim to develop functioning tissue-constructs replicating native tissue for the repair and/or replacement of damaged tissues or entire organs, have advanced quickly. Traditional tissue engineering methods, which include scaffolds, growth factors, and cells, had less success fabricating complicated 3D structures and regenerating organs in vivo, which made them logistically and financially unworkable for clinical applications. In this regard, 3D bioprinting, which is an extended application of additive manufacturing is now being explored for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine as it involves the top-down approach of building the Layer-by- layer construction of complicated tissue, thereby producing precise geometries due to controlled nature of matter deposition with the help of anatomically accurate 3D models of the tissue generated by computer graphics. In this article, we seek to present a thorough analysis of the 3D bioprinting techniques, including ink-jet printing, extrusion printing, stereolithography, and laser aided bioprinting methods. With the exact control of structure, dynamics, and biological elements—such as cells and extracellular matrix (ECM)—3D bioprinting has a tremendous deal of promise to build very complex constructions.

A Review on Recent Advances in 3D Bioprinting

A Review on Recent Advances in 3D Bioprinting

Recent Advances in 3D Bioprinting: A Review of Cellulose-Based Biomaterials Ink.

Cellulose-based biodegradable hydrogel proves to be excellently suitable for the medical and water treatment industry based on the expressed properties such as its flexible structure and broad compatibility. Moreover, their potential to provide excellent waste management from the unutilized plant has triggered further study on the advanced biomaterial applications. To extend the use of cellulose-based hydrogel, additive manufacturing is a suitable technique for hydrogel fabrication in complex designs. Cellulose-based biomaterial ink used in 3D bioprinting can be further used for tissue engineering, drug delivery, protein study, microalgae, bacteria, and cell immobilization. This review includes a discussion on the techniques available for additive manufacturing, bio-based material, and the formation of a cellulose-based hydrogel.

Bio-Scaffolds as Cell or Exosome Carriers for Nerve Injury Repair.

Central and peripheral nerve injuries can lead to permanent paralysis and organ dysfunction. In recent years, many cell and exosome implantation techniques have been developed in an attempt to restore function after nerve injury with promising but generally unsatisfactory clinical results. Clinical outcome may be enhanced by bio-scaffolds specifically fabricated to provide the appropriate three-dimensional (3D) conduit, growth-permissive substrate, and trophic factor support required for cell survival and regeneration. In rodents, these scaffolds have been shown to promote axonal regrowth and restore limb motor function following experimental spinal cord or sciatic nerve injury. Combining the appropriate cell/exosome and scaffold type may thus achieve tissue repair and regeneration with safety and efficacy sufficient for routine clinical application. In this review, we describe the efficacies of bio-scaffolds composed of various natural polysaccharides (alginate, chitin, chitosan, and hyaluronic acid), protein polymers (gelatin, collagen, silk fibroin, fibrin, and keratin), and self-assembling peptides for repair of nerve injury. In addition, we review the capacities of these constructs for supporting in vitro cell-adhesion, mechano-transduction, proliferation, and differentiation as well as the in vivo properties critical for a successful clinical outcome, including controlled degradation and re-absorption. Finally, we describe recent advances in 3D bio-printing for nerve regeneration.

3D Printing: Advancement in Biogenerative Engineering to Combat Shortage of Organs and Bioapplicable Materials.

Organ or cell transplantation is medically evaluated for end-stage failure saving or extending the lives of thousands of patients who are suffering from organ failure disorders. The unavailability of adequate organs for transplantation to meet the existing demand is a major challenge in the medical field. This led to day-day-increase in the number of patients on transplant waiting lists as well as in the number of patients dying while on the queue. Recently, technological advancements in the field of biogenerative engineering have the potential to regenerate tissues and, in some cases, create new tissues and organs. In this context, major advances and innovations are being made in the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine which have a huge impact on the scientific community is three-dimensional bioprinting (3D bioprinting) of tissues and organs. Besides this, the decellularization of organs and using this as a scaffold for generating new organs through the recellularization process shows promising results. This review discussed about current approaches for tissue and organ engineering including methods of scaffold designing, recent advances in 3D bioprinting, organs regenerated successfully using 3D printing, and extended application of 3D bioprinting technique in the field of medicine. Besides this, information about commercially available 3D printers has also been included in this article.Lay SummaryToday’s need for organs for the transplantation process in order to save a patient’s life or to enhance the survival rate of diseased one is the prime concern among the scientific community. Recent, advances in the field of biogenerative engineering have the potential to regenerate tissues and create organs compatible with the patient’s body. In this context, major advances and innovations are being made in the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine which have a huge impact on the scientific community is three-dimensional bioprinting (3D bioprinting) of tissues and organs. Besides this, the decellularization of organs and using this as a scaffold for generating new organs through the recellularization process shows promising results. This review dealt with the current approaches for tissue and organ engineering including methods of scaffold designing, recent advances in 3D bioprinting, organs regenerated successfully using 3D printing, and extended application of 3D bioprinting technique in the field of medicine. Furthermore, information about commercially available 3D printers has also been included in this article.

A Review of Recent Advances in 3D Bioprinting With an Eye on Future Regenerative Therapies in Veterinary Medicine.

3D bioprinting is a rapidly evolving industry that has been utilized for a variety of biomedical applications. It differs from traditional 3D printing in that it utilizes bioinks comprised of cells and other biomaterials to allow for the generation of complex functional tissues. Bioprinting involves computational modeling, bioink preparation, bioink deposition, and subsequent maturation of printed products; it is an intricate process where bioink composition, bioprinting approach, and bioprinter type must be considered during construct development. This technology has already found success in human studies, where a variety of functional tissues have been generated for both in vitro and in vivo applications. Although the main driving force behind innovation in 3D bioprinting has been utility in human medicine, recent efforts investigating its veterinary application have begun to emerge. To date, 3D bioprinting has been utilized to create bone, cardiovascular, cartilage, corneal and neural constructs in animal species. Furthermore, the use of animal-derived cells and various animal models in human research have provided additional information regarding its capacity for veterinary translation. While these studies have produced some promising results, technological limitations as well as ethical and regulatory challenges have impeded clinical acceptance. This article reviews the current understanding of 3D bioprinting technology and its recent advancements with a focus on recent successes and future translation in veterinary medicine.

A sequential 3D bioprinting and orthogonal bioconjugation approach for precision tissue engineering

Recent advances in 3D bioprinting have transformed the tissue engineering landscape by enabling the controlled placement of cells, biomaterials, and bioactive agents for the biofabrication of living tissues and organs. However, the application of 3D bioprinting is limited by the availability of cytocompatible and printable biomaterials that recapitulate properties of native tissues. Here, we developed an integrated 3D projection bioprinting and orthogonal photoconjugation platform for precision tissue engineering of tailored microenvironments. By using a photoreactive thiol-ene gelatin bioink, soft hydrogels can be bioprinted into complex geometries and photopatterned with bioactive moieties in a rapid and scalable manner via digital light projection (DLP) technology. This enables localized modulation of biophysical properties such as stiffness and microarchitecture as well as precise control over spatial distribution and concentration of immobilized functional groups. As such, well-defined properties can be directly incorporated using a single platform to produce desired tissue-specific functions within bioprinted constructs. We demonstrated high viability of encapsulated endothelial cells and human cardiomyocytes using our dual process and fabricated tissue constructs functionalized with VEGF peptide mimics to induce guided endothelial cell growth for programmable vascularization. This work represents a pivotal step in engineering multifunctional constructs with unprecedented control, precision, and versatility for the rational design of biomimetic tissues.

Grafting of 3D Bioprinting to In Vitro Drug Screening: A Review.

The inadequacy of conventional cell-monolayer planar cultures and animal experiments in predicting the toxicity and clinical efficacy of drug candidates has led to an imminent need for in vitro methods with the ability to better represent in vivo conditions and facilitate the systematic investigation of drug candidates. Recent advances in 3D bioprinting have prompted the precise manipulation of cells and biomaterials, rendering it a promising technology for the construction of in vitro tissue/organ models and drug screening devices. This review presents state-of-the-art in vitro methods used for preclinical drug screening and discusses the limitations of these methods. In particular, the significance of constructing 3D in vitro tissue/organ models and microfluidic analysis devices for drug screening is emphasized, and a focus is placed on the grafting process of 3D bioprinting technology to the construction of such models and devices. The in vitro methods for drug screening are generalized into three types: mini-tissue, organ-on-a-chip, and tissue/organ construct. The revolutionary process of the in vitro methods is demonstrated in detail, and relevant studies are listed as examples. Specifically, the tumor model is adopted as a precedent to illustrate the possible grafting of 3D bioprinting to antitumor drug screening.

Three-dimensional bioprinting for bone and cartilage transplantation

Three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies can now be applied to biocompatible materials, cells, and supporting components. This 3D bioprinting could allow printing of artificial organs. Although this potential is far from realized, and despite the constant technical changes, 3D bioprinting has already been valuable in orthopedic applications like bone and cartilage repair, with advances in 3D modeling of defective tissue, stem cell differentiation, bioprinting technology, and innovations in printing materials. In the present study, we reviewed the recent advances in 3D bioprinting, as well as a general procedure for 3D bioprinting for bone and cartilage transplantation. In addition, we review the applications that aim to replace damaged bone and cartilage tissues, and research of in vitro tissue culture models. Potential challenges are discussed based on the present limitations and technical perspective of 3D bioprinting for bone and cartilage transplantation.

3D bioprinting technologies and bioinks for therapeutic and tissue engineering applications

3D bioprinting has steadily evolved and a variety of relevant research applications are being pursued in conjunction with recent advances in 3D bioprinting. 3D bioprinting facilitates the creation of physiologically relevant geometries and complex structures through precise spatial control of cells and biomaterials. One such development is known as bioink, a type of cell-encapsulation material that recapitulates the extracellular matrix. In this review, we provide an in-depth assessment of the 3D bioprinting technologies and bioinks that have been employed to date in the field of therapeutics and tissue engineering. We further discuss the latest achievements of 3D bioprinting in integumental, musculoskeletal and otolaryngological applications, as well as future perspectives for 3D bioprinting technologies.

Recent advances in 3D bioprinting for the regeneration of functional cartilage

The field of regeneration for functional cartilage has progressed tremendously. Conventional approaches for regenerating the damaged tissue based on integrated manufacturing are limited by their inability to produce precise and customized biomimetic tissues. On the other hand, 3D bioprinting is a promising technique with increased versatility because it can co-deliver cells and biomaterials with proper compositions and spatial distributions. In the present article, we review recent progress in the complete 3D printing process involved in functional cartilage regeneration, including printing techniques, biomaterials and cells. We also discuss the combination of 3D in vivo hybrid bioprinting with spheroids, gene delivery strategies and zonal cartilage design as a future direction of cartilage regeneration research.

Bioinks for bioprinting functional meniscus and articular cartilage

3D bioprinting can potentially enable the engineering of biological constructs mimicking the complex geometry, composition, architecture and mechanical properties of different tissues and organs. Integral to the successful bioprinting of functional articular cartilage and meniscus is the identification of suitable bioinks and cell sources to support chondrogenesis or fibrochondrogenesis, respectively. Such bioinks must also possess the appropriate rheological properties to be printable and support the generation of complex geometries. This review will outline the parameters required to develop bioinks for such applications and the current recent advances in 3D bioprinting of functional meniscus and articular cartilage. The paper will conclude by discussing key scientific and technical hurdles in this field and by defining future research directions for cartilage and meniscus bioprinting.

In vivo implantation and perfusion of a gel containing 3D printed internal microvascular networks

Event Abstract Back to Event In vivo implantation and perfusion of a gel containing 3D printed internal microvascular networks Renganaden Sooppan1, Samantha J. Paulsen2, Jason Han1, Anderson H. Ta2, Patrick Dinh1, Ann C. Gaffey1, Chantel Venkataraman1, Alen Trubelja1, George Hung1, Jordan S. Miller2 and Pavan Atluri1 1 University of Pennsylvania, Department of Surgery, United States 2 Rice University, Bioengineering, United States Introduction: Recent advances in 3D bioprinting have enabled the development of tissues containing micro-channel networks for rapid perfusion of engineered tissues. However, little focus has been placed on developing new surgical implantation techniques that allow for immediate perfusion of the engineered channels, which is essential for maintaining the viability of cells within the engineered tissue. To address these concerns, we have developed a proof-of-concept technique for the in vivo implantation of vascularized constructs in-line with a rat femoral artery. Methods: We first produced polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) gels containing micro-channel networks using sacrificial carbohydrate glass-extrusion printing. Micro-channel networks consisted of a single inlet and outlet channel that branched into four discrete channels. Then, to assess channel patency and flow rates, we first scanned sample gels using micro-computed tomography then used the reconstructed channel architecture to generate a computational fluid dynamics model for the scanned gels. Flow rates through the channels were predicted using an inlet flow rate of 0.12 mL/min (Figure 1). Gels were implanted in-line with the femoral arteries of ten male Wistar rats. First, a 3 cm incision was made to expose the femoral sheath. The femoral artery was then isolated, and a silk suture was used to obtain control of the artery. The proximal and distal arteries were then cannulated using separate angiocatheters, which were secured by the silk sutures. The proximal and distal ends of the artery were then temporarily clamped before transecting the artery and trimming the angiocatheters to fit the inlet and outlet channels of the PDMS gel. Next, the catheters were mounted in the inlet and outlet of the gel before removing the clamp and allowing blood to flow. Flow through the channels was then monitored through the gel using laser Doppler imaging technology over 3 hours. Results and Discussion: Using computational modeling of flow through the reconstructed geometry of sample gels, we determined that each channel of the gel was patent, but we noticed that the flow rates were highest through the first and last branches of the channel network, highlighting the non-obvious nature of fluid flow and the need to rigorously quantify fluid flow regimes through printed channels (Figure 1). After implantation of the gels, laser Doppler imaging results showed that there was noticeably more flow through the PDMS gel and paw at 1 and 3 hours post implantation compared with the negative control group, which had ligated femoral arteries without an implanted gel. However, after 3 hours little flow was observed through the gel due to clotting (Figure 2). Conclusion: Our study provides a method for in vivo implantation of vascularized gels allowing for immediate perfusion of the channel network. When implanting hydrogels containing high cell concentrations, rapid perfusion is necessary for maintaining cell viability and function. Furthermore, by using computational modeling to assess flow prior to implantation we can better understand the mass transport within an implanted gels to predict cell viability and function. In future work we will focus on improving the hemocompatibility of the implanted gels to prevent clotting and improve patency of the implanted channel networks over time. Tegy Vadakkan

Recent advances in bioprinting and applications for biosensing.

Future biosensing applications will require high performance, including real-time monitoring of physiological events, incorporation of biosensors into feedback-based devices, detection of toxins, and advanced diagnostics. Such functionality will necessitate biosensors with increased sensitivity, specificity, and throughput, as well as the ability to simultaneously detect multiple analytes. While these demands have yet to be fully realized, recent advances in biofabrication may allow sensors to achieve the high spatial sensitivity required, and bring us closer to achieving devices with these capabilities. To this end, we review recent advances in biofabrication techniques that may enable cutting-edge biosensors. In particular, we focus on bioprinting techniques (e.g., microcontact printing, inkjet printing, and laser direct-write) that may prove pivotal to biosensor fabrication and scaling. Recent biosensors have employed these fabrication techniques with success, and further development may enable higher performance, including multiplexing multiple analytes or cell types within a single biosensor. We also review recent advances in 3D bioprinting, and explore their potential to create biosensors with live cells encapsulated in 3D microenvironments. Such advances in biofabrication will expand biosensor utility and availability, with impact realized in many interdisciplinary fields, as well as in the clinic.

Bioprinting and Tissue Engineering: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives

AbstractBioprinting in tissue engineering applies 3D printing technologies towards the development of precisely designed scaffolds for tissue repair and organ replacement. The printed scaffolds may incorporate polymeric constituents together with biological payloads, including cells and biochemically active additives. The scaffolds can be designed with spatial precision, achieving both biochemical and biophysical heterogeneity that mimic the extracellular environment of the body’s tissues. Recent advances in 3D bioprinting have applied a strategy of controlling physical properties together with bioactivity to influence specific interactions with cellular systems, including spatial and temporal patterns of biochemical and biomechanical cues that regulate cell behavior and improve tissue integration. Important new advances in tissue engineering have now been realized based on these approaches, and clinical applications for printed scaffolds continue to drive further improvements to 3D bioprinter technologies.