Rebuilding Process Research Articles

Hierarchical RAID: Design, performance, reliability, and recovery

Hierarchical RAID (HRAID) extends the RAID paradigm to mask the failure of whole Storage Nodes (SNs) or bricks, where each SN is a disk array with a certain RAID level. HRAIDk/ℓ with N SNs and M disks per SN tolerates k SN failures and ℓ disk failures per SN with Maximum Distance Separable (MDS) erasure codes, which introduce the minimum level of redundancy at each level. For N=M there are k internode and ℓ intranode check strips per SN, occupying the capacity of as many disks with storage redundancy (k+ℓ)/N, but a higher storage redundancy is required for M>N. HRAIDk/ℓ tolerates all disk failures up to dmin=(k+1)(ℓ+1)−1, but up to dmax=Nℓ+Mk−kℓ disk failures can be tolerated. Three options for HRAID operation are: (I) Only intranode recovery. (II) Intranode and internode recovery on demand reconstruction of blocks and rebuild. (III) Multistep internode recovery with no rebuild processing. The I/Os Per Second (IOPS) metric is used to assess the cost of fault-tolerance for HRAIDk/ℓ against RAID(4+ℓ) and RAID0, for varying k and ℓ. The maximum IOPS is at its lowest in degraded mode, but even with fewer operational disks the normal mode IOPS may be exceeded after restriping. Asymptotic reliability analysis and simulation results show that HRAIDk/ℓ with ℓ>k provides a higher reliability when SN failures are due to disk rather than controller failures. Monte Carlo simulation is used to quantify the effect of various recovery options with varying k and ℓ and as the SN controller failure rate is varied with respect to disk failure rates on the Mean Time to Data Loss (MTTDL). The HRAID paradigm is justified by the fact that Options II attains a significantly higher MTTDL than Option I. Option III with no rebuild processing has an MTTDL exceeding Option II, but a poorer performance.44This paper combines and significantly extends the following works [35,41,42].

Effects of IUU fishing and stock enhancement on and restoration strategies for the stellate sturgeon fishery in the Caspian Sea

Sturgeon is the most valuable fish species because of the high demand for their roe. The sturgeon fishery was historically the most important fishery in the Caspian Sea, but the major sturgeon species have now been classified as “critically endangered” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Considering commercial importance and data availability, we focus this study on stellate sturgeon. By applying a Depletion-Based Stock Reduction Analysis to model the population dynamics of the stellate sturgeon in the Caspian Sea, we estimate that the current stock is only 16% of the biomass (BMSY) that can produce the maximum sustainable yield (MSY). If all fish removals are stopped and no more stock enhancement takes place in the future, the stock would recover to BMSY by 2035 on average, with a 50% probability of it occurring between 2029 and 2058. If stock enhancement continues at the 2010 level, the rebuilding process will be 5 years faster, reaching BMSY by 2030. In contrast, if IUU fishing continues at the current level and only legal fishing is stopped, the stellate sturgeon will fail to recover and become extinct by 2042 without stock enhancement. Therefore, the priority of conserving the stellate sturgeon stock in the Caspian Sea is to eliminate IUU fishing. Practical rebuilding plans need also to include a combination of reducing fishing removals and restoring the spawning potential of the stock that has been lost by human interruptions in the ecosystem such as destruction of spawning grounds and overfishing.

Evolution and biological control

Opinions about the value of biological control are often extreme. Colloquially, biological control most often refers to classical biological control, in which one species is introduced from another region to control pests such as arthropod herbivores in agricultural systems, or weeds in managed and natural systems.1 As such, biological control has the potential to be a low-cost, chemical free, means to control pests. Numerous biological control programs have been unqualified successes (Bellows 2001), such as the control of cacti in Australia with the moth Cactoblastis cactorum (Raghu and Walton 2007), of cottony-cushion scale (Icerya purchasi) in California with the vedalia lady beetle, Rodolia cardinalis (Caltagirone and Doutt 1989), and of glassy-winged sharpshooters in French Polynesia with the egg parasitoid Gonatocerus ashmeadi (Grandgirard et al. 2009). Yet, classical biological control, as with any introduction of a species into a new area, necessarily involves the unknown and therefore carries some inherent risk (Simberloff and Stiling 1996) – what will these organisms actually do in a novel ecosystem? The most unpredictable element in biological control is the extent to which the realized niche is modified in the new environment. This effect has been responsible for some disastrous outcomes of classical biological control, many of which occurred during an era when vertebrates were being introduced around the world by Europeans for a variety of reasons (e.g., introducing the birds of Shakespeare to America, Mirsky 2008), including for biological control (Howarth 1991). The introductions as biological control agents of cane toad to Australia (Crossland et al. 2000) and mongoose to Hawaii (Hays and Conant 2007) are notorious. Introductions of generalist invertebrate agents also have had dire consequences, such as the introduction of predatory snails to French Polynesia (Murray et al. 1988; Coote 2007). In retrospect, some of the unintended consequences of biological control could have been avoided with more ecological knowledge (McEvoy and Coombs 2000) or more societal appreciation for native species (which has developed with time, Henneman and Memmott 2001), but with other introductions, it would have been impossible to know ahead of time what the risks would be (e.g., gall fly agents of knapweeds providing supplementary food to mice that harbor hantavirus, Pearson and Callaway 2006). Many of the unknown outcomes of biological control are purely ecological – what is the risk that a wasp, introduced to parasitize an agricultural pest, will also be able to feed on a native insect? Other unknowns involve evolution – will a herbivore adapt over time to be able to feed on a new nontarget host or hybridize with a closely related species? This volume explores the evolutionary aspects of biological control. Although often overlooked, evolutionary considerations are critical to all stages of classical biological control, from agent selection, to quarantine, release, establishment, and ultimately success in pest control (Ehler et al. 2004). Many questions are unresolved. For example, should agents be chosen that have a long history with the host or are ‘new associations’ more likely to succeed (Hokkanen and Pimentel 1989)? Can one improve effectiveness through artificial selection (Hopper et al. 1993)? Will postcolonization adaptation of the agent increase the likelihood of success, and/or are hosts equally likely to evolve resistance over time (Roderick 1992; Holt and Hochberg 1997; Hufbauer 2001)? Are generalist consumers more likely to survive in novel environments or are specialists more effective (Murdoch et al. 1985; Waage 1990; Brodeur 2012)? More recently, concern for the environment, as well as theory examining the reasons for success of generalist predators, prompted a shift to the release of specialized consumers typically preceded by extensive testing aimed at delimiting the host range of candidate biological control agents. While this approach has clearly made biological control more predictive ecologically, research focused on host range currently lacks measures of genetic variation in host use and responses of those hosts, and thus evolutionary uncertainties remain.

Target Cambodia

Target Cambodia

Designing to heal; reconstructing communities after disasters

Disasters, whether caused by nature or human nature are a major and growing issue. This paper explores the human and physical costs of disasters and suggests how planners and urban designers can help create the optimal conditions for people to put their lives back together and access, as far as possible, the opportunities they need to thrive and fulfil their potential. The paper draws on the author's observations from Kosovo, Sri Lanka and Northern Ireland. It concludes that whilst there is a rich vein of initiatives that directly or indirectly assist in the healing and rebuilding process they are unlikely to succeed without wider social, economic measures and political initiatives.

Rebuild processing in RAID5 with emphasis on the supplementary parity augmentation method[37

The rotated parity RAID5 disk array tolerates single disk failures by continuing operation by on-demand reconstruction of data blocks of the failed disk, until the systematic reconstruction of the contents of the failed disk is completed by the rebuild process on a spare disk. Supplementary Parity Augmentation (SPA), unlike the pyramid code, which has two parities covering half of the arrays disks each, extends RAID5's P parity with an additional S parity, which covers half of the disks. The extra load with respect to RAID5 of updating the S parity by one half of the disks is compensated by the more efficient on demand reconstructtion and rebuild processing when a disk fails. Although SPA has the same disk space redundancy level as RAID6, unlike RAID6 it can only deal with roughly half of all possible double disk failure cases for eight disks. For rebuild processing SPA reads half of the disks required by RAID5 and this leads to a higher Mean Time to Data Loss than RAID5, since fewer Latent Sector Errors are encountered. We review performance and reliability modeling of RAID5 arrays to provide insights into SPA's performance and reliability, which cannot be gained from numerical results alone. SPA is outperformed by the Intra-Disk Redundancy schemes combined with RAID5, which results in RAID6's reliability and RAID5 performance.

Comparative Perspectives on Emancipation in the U.S. South: Reconstruction, Radicalism, and Russia

Comparative Perspectives on Emancipation in the U.S. South:Reconstruction, Radicalism, and Russia Peter Kolchin (bio) In this article I address three interrelated subjects: emancipation, the history of the U.S. South (and to a lesser extent Russia) in the era of emancipation, and comparative history.1 I begin by placing American emancipation in a general context and then narrow the focus by comparing the two largest of the many nineteenth-century emancipations from forced labor, that of the slaves in the southern United States and the serfs in Russia, before returning at the end to consider southern emancipation in temporal as well as geographic context.2 By focusing on the South in broader perspective, I hope to highlight what can be gained by using comparative analysis to consider questions that are usually addressed in individual locations and to explore how the way a subject is framed can shape our understanding of that subject.3 As this focus suggests, my use of the concept "comparison" is what might be called "soft" or "loose-constructionist," and includes a variety of components designed to accentuate context. This approach is based on the belief that traditional historical judgments are often implicitly comparative, and that providing explicit context, even when focusing on developments in individual locations, can help us make sense of these judgments and of the issues behind them, and thereby improve our understanding of the past.4 The essential starting point when placing southern emancipation in general comparative perspective is the unusual way that it arrived—through civil war. Indeed, in some ways, what is most distinctive about both the American Civil War and emancipation is their intersection: they occurred together and profoundly shaped each other. If the most momentous consequence of the Civil War was the abolition of slavery, a key feature of that abolition—one with essential implications for what was to follow—lay in its particular wartime origins, which allowed for an unusually radical break with the past. This radicalism has been partially obscured by an ongoing if often fruitless debate over the radicalism of Reconstruction: because a [End Page 203] central part of Reconstruction consisted of setting the terms of emancipation, a brief reconsideration of what is involved in characterizing the significance of Reconstruction—in particular through disentangling two different meanings of its radicalism—can help set the stage for evaluating emancipation itself. Some four decades ago, Bernard A. Weisberger described Reconstruction historiography as a "dark and bloody ground." In many ways, it still is. Although the issues at the forefront of historical debate have shifted—to take one example, scholars no longer spend nearly so much time as they used to trying to define the various factions of congressional Republicans—consensus on the "big" historical questions remains as elusive as ever. Some scholars see Reconstruction as leading to a fundamental transformation of southern—and indeed American—society; in Eric Foner's words, "the term 'revolution' has reappeared in the most recent literature as a way of describing the Civil War and Reconstruction." Others, however, continue to be more impressed by continuity than by transformation, and even Foner qualified the assertion of revolutionary change by terming Reconstruction "America's Unfinished Revolution." The very meaning of the term "Reconstruction" seems uncertain and variable: sometimes it appears as a period (usually, but not always, 1865-1877), sometimes as a process of rebuilding (with multiple versions of what was being rebuilt), and sometimes as a movement (although there is little agreement on its prime movers and their goals). No wonder people find Reconstruction so confusing. It is noteworthy that even as they eagerly assimilate the latest research on slavery, talking comfortably about such concepts as slave agency and the internal economy, students and the general public often continue to express stereotypical, outdated views of Reconstruction not far removed from those of William A. Dunning.5 I believe that a comparative approach can help us make sense of some of these interpretive problems. Virtually all historical statements of significance are implicitly comparative. The assertion that "Reconstruction was harsh," for example, implies that it was harsh compared to some assumed standard—either what was desired (which varied, of course, with who did the...

"Waiting for the White Man to Fix Things:" Rebuilding Black Poverty in New Orleans

This paper revisits William Julius Wilson’s thesis that class has surpassed race in significance of impact on African Americans. Our study uses qualitative data from a three-year ethnographic study of 40 largely low-income families in New Orleans following Hurricane Katrina. We also include a review of the recent U.S. Census study assessing New Orleans’s current economic state. Participants in our study viewed race and class as major factors in four areas: (1) immediately following the devastation; (2) during relocation to other communities; (3) during the rebuilding process; and (4) historically and structurally throughout New Orleans. Our analysis concludes that racism is still a major factor in the lives of people of color. Further, for the poorest African Americans, race and class are inextricably linked and function as a structural barrier to accessing wealth, resources, and opportunities. The results have been a reproduction of the economic disparities that have historically plagued New Orleans.

PORTUGAL'S WAR IN ANGOLA 1961 – 1974

Angola, once the jewel in the crown of the Portuguese colonial empire, has been in the forefront of world news for many years arising from the tragic and bloody civil war that has torn the country apart. Cities and towns have been ravaged, the dead and mutilated bear witness to the savagery of the conflict and the human flotsam of refugees reflects the misery of the uprooted and dispossessed. There was a brief period following the signing of a peace accord when it was hoped that this dreadful saga was coming to an end and the country could begin the slow, albeit painful, process of reconciliation and rebuilding in this once beautiful and prosperous land. These hopes proved to be short-lived and a vicious civil war erupted again.

The Ruins of the New Argentina: Peronism and the Remaking of San Juan after the 1944 Earthquake

Although it was unquestionably the worst natural disaster in Argentine history, the 1944 earthquake in San Juan has been reduced to a mere anecdote: the quake gave Juan Domingo Perón national visibility as he organized the relief collection that made him cross paths with Eva Duarte, the woman who would help him build one of the most powerful and enduring political movements in Latin America. In his finely written and thoroughly researched study, Mark Healey convincingly disputes this anecdotal status, reclaiming the earthquake as a central episode in twentieth-century national and provincial politics. Healey’s book joins a historiography that has moved the study of Peronism away from the traditional focus on Buenos Aires and the labor movement. In line with current scholarship that has criticized the idea of “natural disasters” by focusing on their social, political, and cultural consequences, Healey innovatively looks at the San Juan earthquake as a crucible that sheds light on the emergence of Peronism, changes in local power, urban rebuilding, and the transformation of the fields of engineering and architecture.At the time of the earthquake, half of the provincial population lived in the capital. San Juan was dominated by a powerful conservative wine-making elite, which kept close control over politics in the province. This elite cared little about the working and living conditions of the common folk, a status quo only challenged by the populist movement of Federico, Aldo, and Elio Cantoni in the 1920s and early 1930s. The social order was visible in the adobe houses of the wealthy with their elaborate masonry facades, located in the city center, while the poor, settled along the fringes, occupied quincha homes assembled with light frames made of tree trunks and walls and roofs of woven twigs and mud. Marked by social inequality and material fragility, the city collapsed after the quake.Healey argues that the tragedy offered Perón a crucial site for forging and testing his project for a New Argentina as a modern, socially inclusive, and fair nation. Aid for the poor of San Juan was the first step toward uplifting the underprivileged sectors of the nation, while the promises of new durable housing for all set the stage for the Peronist concept of housing as a right of citizenship. Furthermore, the aim of a diversified sanjuanino economy reinforced by public works and infrastructure preceded the Peronist goal of making Argentina a rich industrial power and an economically decentralized nation. However, Healey argues that by 1955, the year Perón was overthrown, there were few signs of this integral vision of change in San Juan. The core of Healey’s study lies in his interpretation of why this was so.To answer this question, Healey offers a detailed analysis of the rich and hectic rounds of political struggle, resistance, and negotiation among a myriad of historical actors. Involved in a web of varying alliances, they all endorsed contrasting and changing views of the future city and the process of rebuilding. Federal officials soon learned that as “outsiders” they could not proceed with reconstruction without the acquiescence of municipal and provincial authorities; the wine-making elites were forced to recognize the newly gained political power of labor leaders; and engineers and architects fiercely competed for both political and technical influence and professional and institutional power. “Movers,” who wanted to rebuild the city in a new site, fought bitterly with those who wanted to keep its traditional location, while proponents of concrete collided with advocates of adobe. As evidence of the numerous contradictions between discourse and deed, many members of the propertied classes who defended private rebuilding still occupied the best residences in the emergency neighborhoods constructed by the state.Through a meticulous examination of policies, institutions, and realpolitik, Healey unravels the frustrating dynamics of political deadlock in the aftermath of disaster and the paralyzing effects of the quake on sustained and dependable development. As impressive as Healey’s incorporation of historical actors is, his analysis tends to reproduce the common view among the state, the elites, and technicians that rebuilding proceeded from the top down. Ordinary neighbors, working-class residents, and the average men and women of San Juan play no roles in the countless political tugs-of-war the book so vividly reconstructs. In addition, though Healey offers short, engaging vignettes of the day of the quake, there is no portrayal of everyday social life after the tragedy. These issues, of course, do not weaken the many contributions of this fine study, which experts on Peronism, historians of Latin America, and scholars of urban studies will read avidly.

Assessment of Genetic Diversity for American Shad in the Santee–Cooper River Basin of South Carolina prior to Hatchery Augmentation

AbstractAmerican shad Alosa sapidissima once supported large commercial fisheries along the Atlantic coast, but by the early 1980s many of these fisheries had declined precipitously. In contrast to most Atlantic coastal rivers, the abundance of American shad in the Santee–Cooper River basin of South Carolina has grown substantially; still, much of their upstream spawning habitat in this watershed has been restricted or adversely affected by impoundments. In an effort to rebuild populations in upstream river reaches of the Santee–Cooper basin, state and federal agencies developed an approach relying on hatchery augmentation, the relocation of prespawning adults, and the construction of permanent fish passage structures. Genetic monitoring was adopted to ensure that the genetic integrity of the population remains intact during the rebuilding process. Our study provided an initial assessment of genetic diversity for the genetic monitoring program. There were three components to the study: an assessment of within‐basin genetic stock structure, a comparison of genetic diversity (the number of alleles and observed heterozygosity) between hatchery and wild stocks, and an evaluation of molecular tags for monitoring hatchery returns. The estimation of genetic diversity and the assessment of molecular tags were based on 10 microsatellite loci. We found no apparent stock structure in the Santee–Cooper basin and no difference in genetic diversity between broodstock and their wild counterparts. Eight microsatellite markers provided enough resolution to successfully (>95% assignment success) match returning American shad with their respective hatchery parents. Our results highlight the utility and importance of integrating genetic information in supportive breeding programs in an effort to evaluate the programs’ effectiveness (both in terms of increasing the census size and in terms of maintaining the long‐term viability of a population).Received March 18, 2011; accepted August 8, 2011

Structural Evaluation of Myofibrillar Proteins during Processing of Cantonese Sausage by Raman Spectroscopy

Structural changes of myofibrillar proteins from raw pork muscle and Cantonese sausage at different processing periods were elucidated using Raman spectroscopy. Fourier deconvolution combined with iterative curve fitting were used to analyze the amide I Raman band. Results from amide I, amide III, and C-C stretching vibrations in 890-1060 cm(-1) showed that α-helix decreased accompanied by an increase in β-sheet structure during the first 18 h, and a rebuilding process of secondary structures was observed at the rest stage due to proteolysis. The hierarchical cluster analysis results of amide I and amide III confirmed this rebuilding process. Changes in a doublet near 850 and 830 cm(-1) suggested that some tyrosine residues became buried in a more hydrophobic environment due to intermolecular interactions. Raman spectra in the 2855-2940 cm(-1) region suggested that the environment of aliphatic side chains might have been changed during the final stage and further confirmed above rebuilding process.

Progress and problems in U.S. marine fisheries rebuilding plans

The United States is somewhat unique among major fishing nations in mandating the rebuilding of overfished stocks within a specified period of time, a requirement first enacted in 1996. This study is based primarily on a review of trends in the 2000–2010 period in fishing mortality and biomass levels of stocks in rebuilding programs, supplemented by recent U.S. and international scientific literature. The major objectives of this study are, first, to assess progress achieved to date in these rebuilding plans, and, second, to identify the most significant obstacles to successful rebuilding. Sufficient data exists to monitor trends in fishing mortality and biomass levels number for just 35 stocks, out of a total 59 stocks that are currently rebuilding or have recently completed the rebuilding process. Most stocks in rebuilding plans are finfish, and the majority of are managed in relatively few fishery management plans governing fisheries in the Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico and northwest Pacific portions of the U.S. 200-mile exclusive economic zone. Therefore, the findings of this report are tentative and do not necessarily reflect broader trends in U.S. federally managed fisheries. This report shows substantial progress in about two-thirds of the 35 rebuilding stocks included in this report. Progress is defined in two ways: either the rebuilding plan has reduced fishing mortality to an acceptably low level, or it has brought about stock recovery to a mandated target. Most significantly, the assessment of rebuilding plan case studies indicates that reductions in fishing mortality, especially when implemented early in the programs and maintained as long as necessary, lead to significant increases in stock abundance in roughly four of five stocks. At the same time, the case studies also show that, in about one-third of the rebuilding plans, recovery measures have not yet produced the desired outcomes. The two most common problems are failure to adequately control fishing mortality and low resilience (high susceptibility to fishing pressure) of certain categories of overfished stocks.

The Strategies for the Sustainable Development of the Old Industrial Building in China

Sustainable strategies have been employed in the construction and retrofit of the old architectures, here we summarize the technology-related and humanity-related methodologies in the process of sustainable rebuild process in China and its relative results.

CrO2 thin films epitaxially grown on TiO2 (001): Electronic structure and magnetic properties

CrO2 thin films epitaxially grown on the rutile TiO2 (001) substrate are studied via density function theory. Due to the strain from the substrate, a semiconductor to half-metal transition with the film growth is observed. It is found that, as the film is thicker than three atomic layers, the half-metallic property can be retained with an antiferromagnetic feature which reduces the total magnetic moment. With the help of ionic and the double exchange picture, the physics behind the half-metallic rebuilding process is revealed.

Evaluating post‐Katrina recovery in Mississippi using repeat photography

Hurricane Katrina of August 2005 had extensive consequences for the state of Mississippi in the United States. Widespread infrastructure and property damage, massive social dislocation, and ecological loss remain among the many challenges faced by communities as they work towards 'normalcy'. This study employs repeat photography to understand differential recovery from Hurricane Katrina in Mississippi. Revealing change with conventional landscape photography, a process known as repeat photography, is common in the natural sciences. Simply stated, repeat photography is the practice of re-photographing the same scene as it appears in an earlier photograph. Photographs were taken at 131 sites every six months over a three-year period. Each photograph was assigned a recovery score and a spatially interpolated recovery surface was generated for each time period. The mapped and graphed results show disparities in the progression of recovery: some communities quickly entered the rebuilding process whereas others have lagged far behind.

A INTERSUBJETIVIDADE DO PODER NO PENSAMENTO DE FOUCAULT

On Foucault point of view sound individuals might be understood as result of social – political devices that design them, fix them, and impose boundaries on them. Constitutive subject, which to articulate a series of inclusive and exclusive technologies which expect to produce a specific subjective model. What we meant, the subject in full use of its own determination: bodily, transcendental, factual end eidetic, with all of its transcendental experiences and all of its respective objectives, among the world surrounding him. Therefore, we propose a theoretical reflection starting from the discussion of theoreticalmethodological thinking instruments and complete works of Michel Foucault. Devices who when taken in account in field investigation, modified in the hermeneutic analysis the building and re-building process of the social identifies always immersed in a dialectic perspective. In general, the researcher is embedded in a social space inside and specific historic circumstance and can understand the meaning of cultural experience, as well as social identity of the true, starting from unveiled and describe the devices or the strategic power systems and knowing what configurates its subjectivity.

Katrina's imprint: race and vulnerability in America

Katrina's Imprint highlights the power of this sentinel American event and its continuing reverberations in contemporary politics, culture, and public policy. Published on the fifth anniversary of Hurricane Katrina, the multidisciplinary volume reflects on how history, location, access to transportation, health care, and social position feed resilience, recovery, and prospects for the future of New Orleans and the Gulf region. Essays examine the intersecting vulnerabilities that gave rise to the disaster, explore the cultural and psychic legacies of the storm, reveal how the process of rebuilding and starting over replicates past vulnerabilities, and analyse Katrina's imprint alongside American's myths of self-sufficiency. A case study of new weaknesses that have emerged in our era, this book offers an argument for why we cannot wait for the next disaster before we apply the lessons that should be learned from Katrina.

Old Paukku Re-Built and Re-Spoken - Discursive Formation of Cultural Heritage

The concept of culture is defined in several ways in different contexts. In the case study of Old Paukku (1993-2003) the actors were using the word “culture” in their argumentation in several ways. The discourses were varying and developing during the planning, decision-making and re-building process. The word “culture” may not be “swear word like in old times” - this was how a local politician told me in the interview - but still it's not a blessing either. Anyway “the cultural heritage (of the built environment)” seems to arouse same suspicions nowadays as “the culture” earlier. The local authorities (i.e. the town municipalities as actor in the culoture life) and the industry (i.e. the organisation of local entrepreneurs as actor) seemed at first to be heading towards different courses in the planning and developing project of the old factory area. In the beginning of the research period many different discourses of cultural policy (DCP) and town planning strategies (TPS) prevailed. There were a lot of talk about the image in the economics and cultural heritage sites on the national level. In this paper I shall clarify how the process and the discourses during the process were changing and how Old Paukku (the old factory) was developed into “a cultural heritage site” in these discourses. The word discourse' is explicated here in the Foucaldian meaning and it is condequently including the ‘power’.

West German economic reconstruction and moral reconstitution: An examination of economic instability and its impact on ‘Holocaust moments’

After WWII, Germany found itself in physical ruin as well as in a moral shambles. The rebuilding process in West Germany included both economic reconstruction and moral reconstitution. In my paper I argue that these two processes were more closely related than generally believed. While economic instability, measured by unemployment rates, certainly has not caused a greater willingness to come to terms with the National Socialist past, such times seem to have coincided with some of the great historiographical controversies about that past, namely the Fischer controversy, the Historikerstreit, the Goldhagen affair, and the highly controversial, so-called Wehrmachtsausstellung. This paper proposes a model for the relationship and explores possible explanations.