Cirrhinus Reba Research Articles

Human exposure to trace metals and arsenic via consumption of fish from river Chenab, Pakistan and associated health risks

This study provided the first hand data of trace elements into fish muscles (N = 65) collected from river Chenab in Pakistan during 2013, using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). We monitored the health risk associated with consumption of contaminated fish of river Chenab, by the local population. The mean concentrations (μg/g, wet weight), in descending order were: Zn (35.5–54.4), Cu (1.38–4.57), Mn (2.43–4.5), As (0.23–1.21), Cr (0.21–0.67), Ni (0.14–0.34), Pb (0.14–0.31), Co (0.09–0.12), Cd (0.07–0.12) with higher concentration to be observed in the herbivore fish species (i.e., Cirrhinus reba and Catla catla). The levels of trace elements in different fish species found in this study were compared with similar data worldwide, and with the international standards for consumption. The concentration (μg/g) of arsenic in many cases (>65%) exceeded the FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives permissible limits. From the human health point of view, this study highlights that the local inhabitants, (i.e., fisher folk communities and population frequently consuming fish at about 100 g/day) along the river Chenab are exposed chronically to arsenic pollution with carcinogenic (10−4 to 10−6) and non-carcinogenic (THQ>1) risks, especially from the intake of Cirrhinus reba.

A Review on Feeding and Reproductive Biology of Cirrhinus reba (Hamilton, 1822), A Threatened Freshwater Fish of Indian Subcontinent with an Emphasis on its Conservation

Cirrhinus reba is a commercially important freshwater cyprinid fish which has good demand as a table fish due to good amount of protein, fat and carbohydrate content in its flesh. Recently due to numbers of reasons like over harvesting, loss of habitat and ecological changes in its habitat, populations of this fish species have been declined in their nature. This fish species has already been enlisted as vulnerable species both in India and Bangladesh. Earlier considerable research has been conducted on different aspects of feeding and reproductive biology of this fish species but so far no such consolidated report is available on these two aspects. This review report aims to sum up the so far available information on these particular aspects of this threatened fish species as well as to point out some possible measures that to be considered to promote its conservation.

THREATENED FISHES OF THE WORLD: Cirrhinus reba (Hamilton 1822) (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae)

The threatened Reba carp, Cirrhinus reba is one of the high nutritional valuable foods in Asian countries including Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Pakistan. However, natural populations have been declined due to over exploitation and various ecological changes in its natural habitats leading to an alarming condition and deserving of high conservation importance. This paper recommended the actions for the conservation of the remaining isolated population of C. reba in Asian countries.

Fish diversity and conservation of fishery resources of the river Pilasalunki, Phulbani district

The study of fish diversity of the river Pilasalunki situated in Phulbani distict, Odisha was attempted during 2012. A total of 23 fish species belonging to 9 families were recorded. Out of the recorded species, 35 per cent are enlisted as vulnerable, 52 per cent as lower risk near threatened category. Maximum number of fish species were collected from slow flow site (31.6%) followed by silty sand beds (17.6%), deep water zone (15.8%), gravel habitat (15.8%), fast flow zone(10.5%) and least in shallow water zone. Shannon diversity index (H') fluctuated from 0.29 to 0.93, Simpson dominance index ranged from 0.14 to 0.52 and Margalef richness fluctuated from 1.38 to 9.65. Bray Curtis cluster analysis recorded 100 per cent similarities within Wallago attu, Labeo dyochilusand Nemacheilus botia (sub cluster-I), Puntius sarana, P. Sophore,and Mystus cavasius (sub cluster-II), Glosogobius giurisand Mastacembalus armatus (sub cluster-III). Correspondence analysis indicated Nemacheilus botia, Labeo dyochilus, Heteropneustes fossilis, Wallago attu, Cirrhinus reba, Glosogobius giuris, Mastacembalus armatus and Mystus cavasius, Channa gachua, Puntius sophoreand Puntius sarana congregated distantly from origin suggesting their stock enhancement through conservation measures.

Morphometric characters and condition factors of five freshwater fishes from Pagla river of Bangladesh

The research was aimed to carry out the length-length relationships, length-weight relationship and condition factor of five freshwater small indigenous fish species i.e. Amblypharyngodon mola , Puntius ticto , Cirrhinus reba , Chanda nama and Aspidoparia morar from the Pagla river Bangladesh. The relationships equations among different body length parameters of each species were found highly significant. The length-weight relationship equation were found as TW=0.0351 TL 2.86 for A. mola , TW = 0.0104 TL 3.10 for P. ticto , TW = 0.0261 TL 2.96 for C. reba , TW = 0.0175 TL2.845 for C. nama TW= 0.0101 TL 3.05 for A. morar . The “b” values ranged from 2.845-3.10 which remained on the expected range of optimum growth.

Diversity in Macrobenthic & Algal Fauna of Limha Pond, Ghutku Bilaspur India

The present study reported on phytoplankton in comparison to the zooplankton in Limha Pond, Ghutku, Bilaspur. The phytoplankton represented in larger number of Cyanophyceae with least density of Dinophyceae and Chlorophyceac, and Bacillariophyceae is the second dominant group. The present study tried to discuss on the problem Macrobenthic fauna of Limha Pond, Ghutku Bilaspur and observed quantitative algal and faunal diversity i.e. phytoplankton (34 species), aquatic organism (6 species) Bacillariophyceae (8 species), Chlorophyceae (11 species), Euglenophyceae (6 species), Zooplankton (20 species), and Fish species (16 species). Present study revealed that Cyprinidae (carps) were the dominant fish and Catla was a major contributor among carps. The following species Catla catla, Labeo rohita, Cirrhinus mrigala, Labeo calbasu, Barbus tor and Cirrhinus reba etc. were noted in Limha pond, Ghutku, Bilaspur.

Myxozoan Infestation in Freshwater Fishes in Wetlands and Aquaculture in Punjab (India)

This article reviews the work done on the myxozoan parasites infesting freshwater fishes in 3 wetlands of Punjab i.e. Harike, Kanjali, Ropar wetlands and also aquaculture fishes in Punjab. A recent study conducted by author and co-workers have reported many pathogenic species infest- ing aquaculture fishes in Punjab. A large number of important commercial fishes in natural and cultured habitat are vulnerable to various infestions, out of which myxozoans are emerging as the major group. Infestion rate has been recorded to be 34.71% in wetlands and 26.28% in aquaculture. Predominate genera are Myxobolus Buetschli, 1882 followed by Thelohanellus Kudo,1933 infesting gills, operculum, buccal cavity, nasal chamber, eye ball, skin of snout, fins, scale, gall bladder and wall of the alimentary canal. The present document provide the tabulated list of host and myxozoan parasites infesting carp and catfishes in wetlands and cultured ponds of Punjab, India. The most susceptible fish host has been recorded to be Labeo rohita infested with as many as 18 species of myxozoans followed by Cirrhinus mrigala (14 species), Catla catla (12 species), Labeo calbasu (11 spe- cies) and Cirrhinus reba (8 species). Fishes in Kanjali wetland have been found to be more infested (29.6%) in comparison to Harike wetland (24.4%) followed by Ropar wetland (20.4%).

Studies on application of fish waste for synthesis of high quality biodiesel

A low cost raw material obtained from the discarded parts of fish (Cirrhinus mrigala, Cirrhinus cirrhosa, Cirrhinus reba) was utilized as feedstock oil and catalyst for the synthesis of biodiesel.

Length–Weight Relationships of Twelve Fishes from the River Padma near Rajshahi City, Bangladesh

The objective of this study was to evaluate the length-weight relationships (LWRs) of freshwater fish species, which serves as a baseline for comparison to other relatively altered tropical Bangladeshi rivers. The LWRs of 12 species belonging to four classes, seven families and 11 genera (Gagata youssoufi, Cirrhinus reba, Clupisoma garua, Ompok bimaculatus, Pangasius pangsius, Securicula gora, Ailia coila, Chanda nama, Parambassis ranga, Botia lohachata, Rhinomugil corsula and Labeo boga) captured from the River Padma near Rajshahi City, Bangladesh, were studied. The allometric coefficient (b) of the LWRs indicated positive allometric growth in P. pangsius, A. coila, C. reba, B. lohachata and C. nama (b>3.00), but negative allometric growth in G. youssoufi, C. garua, O. bimaculatus, S. gora, P. ranga, R. corsula and (b<3.00). The results would be useful for sustainable management and conservation of the limited stocks in the Padma River ecosystem.

Health risk from As contaminated fish consumption by population living around River Chenab, Pakistan

We analyzed six edible fish species (Securicola gora; Cirrhinus reba; Rita rita; Sperata sarvari; Culpisoma naziri and Labeo kalbasu) to evaluation As contamination. These species were caught from the River Chenab of Pakistan. The aim of this study was to determine the concentration of arsenic (As) and the antioxidant response in the muscle, liver and gills. The sampling sites were divided into agricultural, industrial and urban land uses. Although, the highest concentration of As, and the antioxidant activity was found in the liver, but the muscles also had a high concentration of As than that of gills. The range of As detected in these tissues was in the following order: Liver (0.009–3.95μgg−1)>muscles (0.006–3.5μgg−1)>gills (0.002–2.96μgg−1). Furthermore, the R. rita showed the highest concentration of As (2.18μgg−1) followed by S. sarvari (1.98μgg−1). The median concentrations of As, in the liver and muscles were also above the FAO/WHO, EPA permissible limits. The LPO activity was significantly related to As, which showed a possibility of cell membrane damage in these species. The human health risk assessment revealed that higher than normal concentration of As in muscle was particularly hazardous for the younger population.

Observations on two new species of Myxobolus Butschli, 1882 from minor carps of Tripura, India

Tripura is a north-eastern state of India with a total geographical area of 10,491sq.km. Labeo bata, L. calbasu, L. gonius of the genus Labeo Cuvier and Cirrhinus reba of genus Cirrhinus Oken are the most popular and commercially important native minor carps of the state. During a detailed survey on the protozoan parasites of the minor carps of Tripura, two new species of myxozoan (Myxozoa: Bivalvulida) parasites Myxobolus tripurensis sp.n. and Myxobolus potularis sp.n. were encountered on the gill filaments of the host fishes. Distinctive characteristics of the plasmodia and the spores have been described.

Heavy Metals in Eight Edible Fish Species from Two Polluted Tributaries (Aik and Palkhu) of the River Chenab, Pakistan

Concentration of heavy metals (lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), and copper (Cu)) was determined in the liver, gills, kidneys, and muscles of eight edible fish species (Channa punctata, Cirrhinus reba, Labeo rohita, Heteropneustes fossilis, Mystus cavasius, Oreochromis niloticus, Puntius sophore, and Wallago attu) from upstream and downstream zones of the Nullah Aik and Palkhu tributaries of the River Chenab located in the Sialkot district known for its tanning industries worldwide. The pattern of metal accumulation in studied organs was in the order: Cr > Pb > Cu > Cd. Liver showed greater metal accumulation, followed by gills, kidneys, and muscles. Accumulation of Pb and Cr was significantly different in organs between upstream and downstream zones. Accumulation was greater in fish species dwelling downstream, indicating impairment of ambient stream water due to untreated discharge of industrial and municipal effluents into studied streams. Highest concentration of Pb and Cr and lowest of Cd was detected in H. fossilis whereas Cu showed higher concentration and Cr lowest concentration in P. sophore. In contrast, lower concentration of Pb and Cu was recorded in M. cavasius, O. niloticus, and W. attu. Mean concentrations of Cd, Cr, and Cu were higher in pre-monsoon compared to post-monsoon season. Measured concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Cr in muscles of species such as C. punctata, W. attu, L. rohita, P. sophore, and O. niloticus were above permissible limits of heavy metals for human consumption, indicating potential health risks. Therefore, these fish species from studied locations should be avoided for human diet.

Heavy Metals in Water, Sediment and Some Fishes of Buriganga River, Bangladesh

The spatial and temporal distribution of heavy metals in water, sediment and fish (dry weight basis) of Buriganga River, Bangladesh were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. In water concentration of Pb, Cd, Ni, Cu and Cr varied seasonally and spatially from 58.17 to 72.45I¼g/L, 7.08 to 12.33I¼g/L, 7.15 to 10.32I¼g/L, 107.38 to 201.29I¼g/L and 489.27 to 645.26I¼g/L, respectively. Chromium was the most abundant in the water of Balughat during pre-monsoon, whereas, Cd was the most scarce in the water of Shawaryghat during monsoon. The sediment also showed spatial and temporal variation of Pb, Cd, Ni, Cu and Cr ranged from 64.71 to 77.13 mg/kg, 2.36 to 4.25 mg/kg, 147.06 to 258.17 mg/kg, 21.75 to 32.54 mg/kg and 118.63 to 218.39 mg/kg, respectively. Among all the metals studied in sediment, Ni was the highest at Foridabad during pre-monsoon and Cd was the lowest at Shawaryghat during monsoon. In six species of fish studied, the concentration of Pb, Cd, Ni, Cu and Cr varied seasonally from 8.03 to 13.52 mg/kg, 0.73 to 1.25 mg/kg, 8.25 to 11.21 mg/kg, 3.36 to 6.34 mg/kg and 5.27 to 7.38 mg/kg, respectively. Of the five metals studied Pb concentration was the highest in Gudusia chapra during monsoon, in contrast, Cd concentration was the lowest in Cirrhinus reba during post-monsoon. Some of the heavy metals’ concentrations are higher than the recommended value, which suggest that the Buriganga is to a certain extent a heavy metal polluted river and the water, sediment and fish are not completely safe for health.

Abundance and Prey Availability Assessment of Ganges River Dolphin (&lt;I&gt;Platanista gangetica gangetica&lt;/I&gt;) in a Stretch of Upper Ganges River, India

The present study was conducted between January and June 2007 to assess the abundance and density of Ganges River dolphin (Platanista gangetica gangetica) and their prey in a 28-km stretch of the River Ganges between Narora Barrage and Anupshahar. Two different sampling methods were used to estimate dolphin densities. Estimated density was 2.58 ± 0.40 individuals/km2 (mean ± 1 SE) using the direct count method and 4.97 ± 0.60 individuals/km 2 using the boat-based, line-transect distance methods, with an encounter rate of 0.52 ± 0.068 individuals/km and detection probability of 0.647. No significant differences between the upstream and downstream counts (t = 1.29, df = 9, p > 0.05) were detected. The adult male to adult female ratio was 0.66: 1.00, whereas the calf to adult female ratio was 0.42: 1.00. We collected 16 fish species of length class varying from 3.5 to 20 cm (range of preferred size of dolphin prey) with a total density of 176.42 fish/km2 and a total average biomass of 5.36 kg/km 2 . Dolphin density showed a significant positive relationship (R 2 = 0.587) with density of Reba fish (Cirrhinus reba) (β = 0.31, p = 0.00) and Baam fish (Mastacembelus armatus) (β = 0.50, p = 0.04) and also with water depth (β = 0.17, p = 0.03). Presence of dolphins varied across different water depth categories (χ2 = 106.38, df = 3, p < 0.01) and different parts of the river (χ 2 = 21.68, df = 2, p = 0.00) with more than 50% of dolphin sightings occurring in confluences, indicating their preference for deep water pools.

Biodiversity, ecohydrology, threat status and conservation priority of the freshwater fishes of river Gomti, a tributary of river Ganga (India)

Extensive surveys were conducted to explore the diversity of fishes, distribution patterns, abundance, threat, and habitat status in the upper, middle, and lower stretch of river Gomti, a tributary of river Ganga. Altogether 56 fish species belonging to 20 families and 42 genera were collected from various sampling sites. Of the 56 species, five belong to the ‘endangered’ (EN) category and 11 belong to the vulnerable (VU) category. Six major categories of habitat were identified and pattern of fish assemblage and dominant genera in each habitat studied. Considerable differences were observed in the fish species richness and relative abundance (RA) of the species in the different sampling sites of river Gomti. Shannon–Wiener biodiversity index has been calculated for the fishes indicating considerable variation (p < 0.05) across the river. Apart from Indian Major Carps (Labeo rohita, Catla catla, Cirrhinus mrigala), Chitala chitala, Notopterus notopterus, Ompok pabda, O. bimaculatus, Labeo bata, L. calbasu, Cirrhinus reba, Channa marulius, Bagarius bagarius, and Clupisoma garua were the important species. All the species have been reported for the first time in this river. Indiscriminate catch, poisoning, using of fine mesh sized nets, dumping of sewage, siltation, water abstraction, changing land use pattern, decreased water discharge, and exotic species threaten the fish diversity. Urgent need exists for taking up research on the priority fish species and their habitat. Restoration measures have been proposed based on ecosystem scale approach for fish biodiversity conservation.

Fish Diversity of Kolli Hills, Western Ghats, Salem District, Tamil Nadu

Received on 24 April 2000 Accepted on 29 November 2000 Abstract The fish diversity of Periyaru originating as a natural spring in Kolli Hills is reported. A total number of 19 species of fish belonging to 15 genera and nine families were collected. The percentage occurrence is 36.88 for Cyprinidae, Bagridae and Cichlidae constituted each by 15.8. Of the 19 species, Ompok bimaculatus and Pseudeutropius atherinoides are endangered and Barilius bendelisis, Puntius sophore, Labeo calbasu and Mystus cavasius come under Low Risk nearly threatened (LRnt) category and Cirrhinus reba, Puntius conchonius, Mystus vittatus, Mystus bleekeri, Awaous gutum, Clarias batrachus and Mastacembelus armatus are vulnerable species.

Some observations on the biology of Cirrhinus reba (Cuvier)

Some observations on the biology of Cirrhinus reba(Cuvier) from Muzaffarnagar (U.P., India) have been made during the period July 1966 to June 1969. In C. reba both males and females mature simultaneously. The gonads attain the maximum weight in June and minimum in November. There is a definite seasonal cycle in relative condition. The relative condition in both male and female is highest in June preceeding the period of breeding. It is the gonad weight which influences the fluctuations of the relative condition. The visceral weight does not exert any significant effect on it. It is found possible to determine the spawning season and its extent, from the seasonal fluctuations of the relative condition. The present studies have also thrown light on the maturation and spawning habits of C. reba. The fish has only one spawning season of short duration, running from July to early September. In a mature ovary, the mature ova form only one mode which is sharply distinguished from the immature stock.