Intentional Reasoning Research Articles

Definitive Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) for Extracranial Oligometastases: An International Survey of >1000 Radiation Oncologists.

Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) is often used to treat patients with oligometastases (OM). Yet, patterns of SBRT practice for OM are unknown. Therefore, we surveyed radiation oncologists internationally, to understand how and when SBRT is used for OM. A 25-question survey was distributed to radiation oncologists. Respondents using SBRT for OM were asked how long they have been treating OM, number of patients treated, organs treated, primary reason for use, doses used, and future intentions. Respondents not using SBRT for OM were asked reasons why SBRT was not used and intentions for future adoption. Data were analyzed anonymously. We received 1007 surveys from 43 countries. Eighty-three percent began using SBRT after 2005 and greater than one third after 2010. Eighty-four percent cited perceived treatment response/durability as the primary reason for using SBRT in OM patients. Commonly treated organs were lung (90%), liver (75%), and spine (70%). SBRT dose/fractionation schemes varied widely. Most would offer a second course to new OM. Nearly all (99%) planned to continue and 66% planned to increase SBRT for OM. Of those not using SBRT, 59% plan to start soon. The most common reason for not using SBRT was lack of clinical efficacy (48%) or lack of necessary image guidance equipment (34%). Radiation oncologists are increasingly using SBRT for OM. The main reason for not using SBRT for OM is a perceived lack of evidence demonstrating clinical advantages. These data strengthen the need for robust prospective clinical trials (ongoing and in development) to demonstrate clinical efficacy given the widespread adoption of SBRT for OM.

Medication adherence beliefs of U.S community pharmacists.

There is increasing attention on the role of community pharmacists in improving medication adherence. There is a need to better understand pharmacist attitudes and experiences related to this role. To assess community pharmacist perceptions of patient reasons for non-adherence, characterize the adherence beliefs of community pharmacists, and test if there are demographic predictors of pharmacists' self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and role beliefs related to intervening on medication non-adherence. A cross-sectional survey was mailed using a 4-contact approach to 1000 pharmacists practicing in 5 Midwestern U.S. States. The survey included seven domains to address the study objectives. Descriptive statistics were calculated for demographic items, coefficient alphas tested the internal consistency of scales, and multiple regression was used to test the relationship between demographics and scale means. There were 261 usable responses giving a 29% response rate. Pharmacists perceived forgetting and instructions changing without a new prescription to be the most common reasons for late refills. A minority of pharmacists agreed that non-adherence involves a deliberate decision or that negative medication beliefs were common reasons for late refills. Pharmacists were confident, had positive outcome expectations, and positive role beliefs related to interacting with patients who have adherence issues. Barriers to adherence intervention included difficulties with follow-up and documentation. Also, over half of the pharmacists reported that discussing adherence makes patients defensive. Pharmacists had positive attitudes toward intervening on medication non-adherence although barriers to intervention are present. Pharmacists perceived non-intentional reasons for late refills to be more prevalent than intentional reasons. Pharmacists may benefit from additional non-adherence communication training and support targeted at identifying a broader range of non-adherence reasons.

Substance Use and Sexual Risk Behavior Among Black South African Men Who Have Sex With Men: The Moderating Effects of Reasons for Drinking and Safer Sex Intentions.

Research studies suggest an association between substance use and sexual risk behavior, but are not completely consistent. The moderating effects of other psychosocial factors might help explain these inconsistencies. The current study therefore assessed whether substance use is associated with sexual risk behavior, and whether this relationship is modified by expectancies about the effects of alcohol, reasons for consuming alcohol, or intentions to engage in safe sex. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 480 black South African men who have sex with men recruited using respondent-driven sampling. In multivariable analyses, the effect of alcohol use on unprotected receptive anal intercourse (URAI) was modified by drinking to enhance social interaction (R2 change=0.03, p<0.01). The effect of drug use on URAI was modified by safe sex intentions (R2 change=0.03, p<0.001). Alcohol use was positively associated with URAI only among those who drink to enhance social interaction (β=0.08, p<0.05). Drug use was positively associated with URAI only among those with high safe sex intentions (β=0.30, p<0.001). Our findings suggest that efforts to minimize the impact of substance use on HIV risk behavior should target men who drink to enhance social interaction and men who intend to engage in safer sex. Efforts made to increase safer sex intentions as a way to reduce HIV risk behavior should additionally consider the effects of substance use.

Simulation Modeling of Intention to Leave among Faculty in Higher Education Institutions

This paper attempts to develop a model that would predict the probability of a faculty member leaving the organization either to transfer to another school or to depart from the teaching profession altogether. Demographic variables such as gender, age, career age, family/marital status, and others were considered as independent variables. The study used an experimental design using simulation modeling based on some assumptions. These assumptions were based on data obtained from previous literature. It was found that all the identified factors are significant predictors of departure intentions. Further, it was concluded that issues of job security and professional maturity are the most likely reasons for intentions of leaving among higher education academicians.

Significance of Blocked and Recovered Memories in Psychotherapy

Validity of blocked memories and subsequently recovering those memories has long been a subject of debate in the field of Psychology. These memories are often viewed in contrast to manufactured memories, although researches have simultaneously indicated that both are inseparable from one another. Given the blurred boundaries between the two, it becomes essential on the part of the psychotherapist to investigate during the process of assessment as to whether his/her client’s recalled memories during the course of therapy are truly authentic or confabulated (both due to intentional and unintentional reasons) because of its understandable implications for therapy or otherwise. It is also important to examine the possibility of blocking traumatic memories with psychological processes such as dissociation and repression. More often than not, therapy is directed towards recovering traumatic memories of the past, which if not accurate and authentic, may defeat the very purpose of therapeutic contact. This paper reviews research studies from two opposing viewpoints, one which exerts the existence of blocked and recovered memories and the other which attempts to claim its inauthenticity, while emphasizing what the researchers’ term as false memories. The author attempts to bring the two views together in the light of suggesting future directions for research and therapy.

Gay and bisexual men’s interest in marriage: an Australian perspective

Same-sex marriage is a widely debated issue, including in Australia. This study used an online anonymous survey, with free-text responses, to investigate romantic and sexual relationships among Australian gay and bisexual men. We sought to identify what proportion of such men intended to marry their primary regular partner if marriage was made legally available to same-sex couples in Australia, as well as factors associated with intention or non-intention to marry. Most men in the sample did not intend to marry their primary regular partner. Even among men who considered themselves to be in a ‘relationship’ with their primary regular partner, less than half intended to marry him. However, many men who would not marry their current primary regular partner agreed that same-sex marriage should be available for gay and bisexual men in Australia. Reasons for intention to marry included a desire for social and legal equality, and ideas about marriage as a rite of passage, an expression of love and the most valued form of relationship in Australia. Those who did not intend to marry their primary regular partner offered a number of reasons, including that the nature of their relationship was incompatible with marriage, and reported a critical position towards marriage as a heteronormative institution.

Factors Affecting Turnover Intention for New Graduate Nurses in Three Transition Periods for Job and Work Environment Satisfaction.

The turnover rate of new graduate nurses in Korea is twice that of all Korean nurses; job/work environment satisfaction is a known risk factor. The authors examined these factors in new graduate nurses at various transition periods. A cross-sectional survey was conducted using stratified sampling from nine regions of Korea, and 443 new graduate nurses were enrolled. Job/work environment satisfaction and turnover intention were measured. Stepwise multiple regression analysis identified the factors affecting turnover intention. The factors differed through the transition periods. At 0 to 6 months, the factors were work schedule, desired hospital, orientation duration, becoming part of a team, professional development, and practical support; at 7 to 12 months, the factors were work schedule and desired hospital; and at 13 to 18 months, the factor was professional development, which accounted for 31%, 22.9%, and 12.6%, respectively, of the reasons for turnover intention. Reducing turnover intention requires consideration of the influential factors at each transition period.

E-cigarette use in adults: a qualitative study of users’ perceptions and future use intentions

Background There has been an exponential increase in the prevalence of e-cigarette use, particularly among youth. However, adult use is also rising, and there have been relatively few qualitative studies with adult users to understand their reasons for use and future use intentions. Such information is needed to inform both prevention and cessation approaches. Method Thirty-one e-cigarette users participated in one of several focus groups assessing the appeal of e-cigarettes as well as comparisons to combustible cigarettes and approved smoking cessation aids. We also obtained perspectives on future use intentions and interest in e-cigarette cessation interventions. Verbatim transcripts were analyzed using the constant comparative method. Results Participants reported several aspects of e-cigarette appeal as compared to approved cessation treatment options. These included similarities to combustible cigarettes, fewer side effects, and control of e-cigarettes to suit personal preferences. Participants were split on whether they preferred flavors that mimicked or contrasted with their combustible cigarettes (i.e. tobacco vs. alternative flavors, such as candy). Some participants who were unmotivated to quit smoking reported an unanticipated disinterest in continuing use of combustible cigarettes shortly after initiating e-cigarettes. Despite strong interest in reducing nicotine dosage, the majority did not intend to fully discontinue e-cigarettes. Conclusions Understanding e-cigarette users’ perspectives can inform policy and treatment development. Regulatory and policy initiatives will need to balance the appealing characteristics of e-cigarettes with the potential for negative public health outcomes.

Analysis of Relationship between School Workload Management and Teacher Transfer Intention in Public Secondary Schools in Mbita and Suba Sub-Counties, Kenya

In Kenya since 2001, Teachers’ Service Commission (TSC) has school-based teacher recruitment system that assumes that teachers apply for employment in schools of choice intended to mitigate teacher Transfer Intention which impedes professionalism and destabilizes staff if realized. Teacher transfer requests in Mbita and Suba Sub-counties {formally one district named Suba by 2012} were at a high average, fluctuating from 29(29.5%) in 2009, 21(20%) in 2010, 27(22.7%) in 2011, 43(17%) in 2012, and 62(29%) in 2013. This was above the highest Homabay County average of 12.2% in the said period. The foregoing data reveals that despite such government effort, Mbita and Suba Sub-counties still face many teacher transfer requests, indicating a high level of teacher Transfer Intention. According to literature, chief among the determinants of teacher perception of their work environment, that may both influence them to interact negatively to their learners’ disadvantage and to inspire teacher intention to transfer, is School Workload Management. Hence there was need to investigate the relationship between School Workload Management and teacher Transfer Intention. The study was anchored on Theory of Planned Behaviour (Ajzen, 1991) which stipulates that intentions are precursors of actual behaviour. Transfer intention was determined based on Mobley’s Employee Turnover Intention Model (Mobley, 1977) to identify actual relevant teachers for the study population in a baseline survey. Saturated sampling technique was then used to select the 252 teacher with transfer intention respondents and 29 teachers without transfer intention; Purposive Sampling technique for 28 headteachers and one County Staffing Officer (CSO). Questionnaire and interview were used for data collection. Piloting was done ascertain reliability of instruments. Regression analysis was used for quantitative inferential data while qualitative information was considered according to themes in an on-going process. Study response rate was 222(97%) teachers with transfer intention, 23(88%) teachers without transfer intention, 23(82%) headteachers and 1(100%) County Staffing Officer. The study concluded that at 0.4% proportion, there was no significant relationship between School Workload Management and teacher Transfer Intention in Mbita and Suba Sub-counties. It recommended that to address teacher Transfer Intention, school administrators should consider lesson distribution by employing more teachers. However, other factors besides School Workload Management as revealed by reasons for Transfer Intention may include: school facilities, and poor headteacher leadership; or factors outside school work environment such as lack of proper housing for teachers in school surrounding, insecurity, putting up better schools for teachers’ children, and improving on electrification.

이야기 상황에 따른 유아의 정서표현규칙이해: 의도추론유형과 성의 상호작용효과

The purpose of this study is to investigate the differences that appeared in the episodes in understandings of the emotional display rules according to the types of emotions and subjects for expressing emotions. In addition, the interaction effects of intention reasoning types and gender on children's understandings of the real emotions and emotional display rules are explored. 144 4-5 year old children in Chungbuk province participated in the experimental interviews. The results are as follows. First, children comprehended the emotional display rules more clearly in a relationship with peers than adults. In terms of a type of emotion, it was the negative emotions rather than positives ones that those children understood better for real emotions and emotional display rules. Second, the main effect of the intention reasoning types on children's understanding of the emotional display rules appeared significant in all episodes. Especially, in negative emotion-peer episode, children with different types of intention reasoning showed a different level of understanding emotional display rules depending on gender of the children.

Similar prompts may not be similar in the performance they elicit: Examining fluency, complexity, accuracy, and lexis in narratives from five picture prompts

Only a few characteristics of picture-based narrative prompts have been studied to determine what features affect task performance. Thus, it is not easy to identify equivalent narrative prompts or identify features that are impactful. Tavakoli and Foster (2008) and Tavakoli (2009) examined the impact of prompt on the language produced by English learners during a picture-based narrative task in respect to narrative structure and storyline complexity. This study investigates if prompts within these known categories elicit similar performance. Considering the findings based on different prompts in Tavakoli and Foster, as well as in Robinson’s (2011) Triadic Componential Framework for pedagogical tasks, we added another feature, number of elements. All of the prompts in this study had a tight sequential structure (±causal reasoning), similar storyline complexity (±intentional reasoning), and similar main characters and props (±elements). Although the accuracy and complexity in the ESL narratives were similar across prompts, there were some unexpected differences in fluency and lexis. Potential explanations of the variation in these subareas of language performance are discussed. Overall, this study highlights the importance of piloting research and testing materials and of investigating features that constitute task complexity.

Use of E-Cigarettes Among Current Smokers: Associations Among Reasons for Use, Quit Intentions, and Current Tobacco Use.

Research has documented growing availability and use of e-cigarettes in the United States over the last decade. We conducted a national panel survey of current adult cigarette smokers to assess attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors relating to e-cigarette use in the United States (N = 2,254). Among current cigarette smokers, 20.4% reported current use of e-cigarettes on some days and 3.7% reported daily use. Reported reasons for e-cigarette use included: quit smoking (58.4%), reduce smoking (57.9%), and reduce health risks (51.9%). No significant differences in sociodemographic characteristics between e-cigarette users and nonusers were observed. Prior quit attempts were reported more frequently among e-cigarette users (82.8%) than nonusers (74.0%). Intention to quit was reported more frequently among e-cigarette users (64.7%) than nonusers (46.8%). Smokers intending to quit were more likely to be e-cigarette users than those not intending to quit (odds ratio [OR] = 1.90, CI =1.36-2.65). Those who used e-cigarettes to try to quit smoking (OR = 2.25, CI = 1.25-4.05), reduce stress (OR = 3.66, CI = 1.11-12.09), or because they cost less (OR = 3.42, CI = 1.64-7.13) were more likely to report decreases in cigarette smoking than those who did not indicate these reasons. Smokers who reported using e-cigarettes to quit smoking (OR = 16.25, CI = 8.32-31.74) or reduce stress (OR = 4.30, CI = 1.32-14.09) were significantly more likely to report an intention to quit than those who did not indicate those reasons for using e-cigarettes. Nearly a quarter of smokers in our study reported e-cigarettes use, primarily motivated by intentions to quit or reduce smoking. These findings identify a clinical and public health opportunity to re-engage smokers in cessation efforts.

Parents' and adolescents' willingness to be vaccinated against serogroup B meningococcal disease during a mass vaccination in Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean (Quebec).

A mass vaccination campaign with the 4CMenB vaccine (Bexsero®; Novartis Pharmaceutical Canada Inc) was launched in a serogroup B endemic area in Quebec. A telephone survey was conducted to assess parental and adolescent opinions about the acceptability of the vaccine. Intent to receive the vaccine or vaccine receipt was reported by the majority of parents (93%) and adolescents (75%). Meningitis was perceived as being a dangerous disease by the majority of parents and adolescents. The majority of respondents also considered the 4CMenB vaccine to be safe and effective. The main reason for positive vaccination intention or behaviour was self-protection, while a negative attitude toward vaccination in general was the main reason mentioned by parents who did not intend to have their child vaccinated. Adolescents mainly reported lack of interest, time or information, and low perceived susceptibility and disease severity as the main reasons for not intending to be vaccinated or not being vaccinated.

Fertility intentions among HIV positive women aged 18-49 years in Addis Ababa Ethiopia: a cross sectional study.

BackgroundGiven the degree of HIV epidemic among women and the current antiretroviral therapy (ART) scale up in Ethiopia; considering the issue of fertility is vital to ensure the delivery of integrated reproductive health along with prevention services provided to positive women. This study was aimed to assess fertility intentions of women living with HIV attending public health institutions (hospitals & health centers) in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.MethodsInstitution based cross sectional survey was conducted, among 1855 HIV positive, women aged 18–49 years selected from different public health facilities in Addis Ababa; from June to October 2012. Information was gathered by using interviewer administered questionnaires. Data were double entered in EPI Info version 3.5.2 software, cleaned finally exported to IBM SPSS statistics version 20 for analysis. Logistic regression models were used to predict the association of study variables and adjusted for possible confounders.ResultOverall, 44% of women reported fertility intention. ART users had higher fertility intention (AOR; 1.26, 95%CI; 1.01 to 1.60) than ART naïve. In addition to this, having partner being on sexual relationship, young age, being single and having fewer or no children were found to be predictors of fertility intentions. The presence of ART, improvement of health condition and the influence of husband were the main reasons for childbearing intentions of women in the study area.ConclusionA considerable proportion of women reported fertility intention. There was an association between fertility intentions and ART use. It is important for health care providers and policy makers to strengthen the fertility need of HIV positive women along with HIV care so that women may decide freely and responsibly on their fertility issues.

Intentions vs. resemblance: Understanding pictures in typical development and autism

Research has debated whether children reflect on artists’ intentions when comprehending pictures, or instead derive meaning entirely from resemblance. We explore these hypotheses by comparing how typically developing toddlers and low-functioning children with autism (a population impaired in intentional reasoning) interpret abstract pictures. In Experiment 1, both groups mapped familiar object names onto abstract pictures, however, they related the same representations to different 3-D referents. Toddlers linked abstract pictures with intended referents they did not resemble, while children with autism mapped picture-referent relations based on resemblance. Experiment 2 showed that toddlers do not rely upon linguistic cues to determine intended referential relations. Experiment 3 confirmed that the responding of children with autism was not due to perseveration or associative word learning, and also provided independent evidence of their intention-reading difficulties. We argue that typically developing children derive meaning from the social-communicative intentions underlying pictures when resemblance is an inadequate cue to meaning. By contrast, children with autism do not reflect on artists’ intentions and simply relate pictures to whatever they happen to resemble.

Why do nurses intend to leave their organization? A large‐scale analysis in long‐term care

To analyse the impact of six job characteristics on the intention of nurses to leave their organization, specifically focusing on long-term care settings: nursing homes, care homes and home care. When nurses leave their organization, this can negatively affect organizational performance. Organizations have to recruit new nurses and tacit knowledge is lost. Furthermore, organizational turnover could contribute to the nursing shortage, which will increasingly become a problem given the ageing population. This article adds to the literature, given: (a) its focus on long-term care; and (b) by explicating the differences between nursing and care homes (intramural) on one hand and home care (extramural) on the other. Survey. Survey of 9982 nurses in 156 Dutch organizations in 2010-2011, 6321 nurses in nursing and care homes and 3661 nurses working in home care, based on the ActiZ Benchmark in Healthcare. First, the most important reason for nurses' intention to leave is insufficient development and career opportunities. Secondly, a negative working atmosphere strongly influenced intention to leave. The impact of the working atmosphere is not often examined in the literature. However, this research shows that it is an important reason. Thirdly, intention to leave is partly context dependent. More specifically, when nurses in home care felt that their autonomy was reduced, this strongly influenced their intention to leave, although this was not the case for nurses working in nursing and care homes. This article provides guidelines for organizations on how to retain their nurses.

The Assessment of Students’ Satisfaction in the South-Eastern European Countries: An Alternative Approach for Evaluating the Quality of Higher Education

In this paper we assess the student satisfaction as an alternative approach for evaluating the quality of higher education. For this purpose we have carried out a survey on representative samples of students in two universities: “St. KlimentOhridski” (Macedonia) and “AleksanderXhuvani” (Albania). According to our empirical analysis, study programs generally meet the students’ expectations and they are more satisfied with the obtained theoretical knowledge rather than the gathered practical skills. Furthermore, they are generally pessimistic or uncertain about their future labour market perspectives which can be considered as a reason for pronounced intention to continue education after graduation.

THE IMPACT OF COGNITIVE COMPLEXITY ON FEEDBACK EFFICACY DURING ONLINE VERSUS FACE-TO-FACE INTERACTIVE TASKS

Informed by the cognition hypothesis (Robinson, 2011), recent studies indicate that more cognitively complex tasks can result in better incorporation of feedback during interaction and, as a consequence, more learning. It is not known, however, how task complexity and feedback work together in computerized environments. The present study addressed this gap by investigating how cognitive complexity in face-to-face (FTF) versus computer-mediated communication (CMC) environments mediates the efficacy of recasts in promoting second language development. Eighty-four adult learners of Spanish as a foreign language at a mid-Atlantic university were randomly assigned to a control group or one of four experimental groups. The experimental groups engaged in one-on-one interaction and received recasts on the Spanish past subjunctive but differed according to (a) whether or not they had to reflect on another person’s intentional reasons during the task and (b) whether they interacted in FTF or CMC environments. Learning was measured with two production tasks and a multiple-choice receptive test in a Pretest-Posttest 1-Posttest 2 design. Results revealed that in the FTF mode, performing the cognitively complex task while receiving recasts led to the most learning. In the CMC mode, the cognitively complex task + recasts was not effective. Instead, the cognitively simple task led to the most development in CMC. The study also found that judgments of time on task were the only independent measure of cognitive complexity that held across mode.

DONALD DAVIDSON AND THE ANALYTIC REVOLUTION IN AMERICAN PHILOSOPHY, 1940–1970

ABSTRACTHistories of analytic philosophy in the United States have typically focused on the reception of logical positivism, and especially on responses to the work of the Vienna Circle. Such accounts often call attention to the purportedly positivist-inspired marginalization of normative concerns in American philosophy: according to this story, the overweening positivist concern for logic and physics as paradigms of knowledge displaced questions of value and social relations. This article argues that the reception framework encourages us to mistake the real sources of the analytic revolution in post-war philosophy. These are to be found in debates about intentional action and practical reasoning – debates in which ‘normative’ questions of value and social action were in fact central. Discussion of these topics took place within a transatlantic community of Wittgensteinians, ordinary languages philosophers, logical empiricists, and decision theorists. These different strands of ‘analytical’ thinking were bound together into a new philosophical mainstream not by a positivist alliance with logic and physics, but by the rapid development of the mathematical and behavioural sciences during the Second World War and its immediate aftermath. An illustrative application of this new framework for interpreting the analytic revolution is found in the early career and writings of Donald Davidson.

Profiling chronic myeloid leukemia patients reporting intentional and unintentional non-adherence to lifelong therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors

The main objective of this study was to outline key characteristics, including health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and symptoms, in 175 chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients reporting intentional or unintentional reasons for not fully adhering to imatinib therapy. There was a significant higher proportion of males in the unintentional group (P = 0.037). Also, in this group patients were on average younger (P = 0.046). Patients reporting intentional reasons had generally a worse HRQOL profile and a higher symptom severity than those who reported unintentional reasons for non-adherence. This study suggests that patients with suboptimal adherence are not a homogenous group, thus generalized approaches to improve medication-taking behaviors are not recommended.