Theory Of Reasoned Action Research Articles

Analysis of the Influencing Factors of the Garbage Sorting Behavior on Campus in the Post-Epidemic Period

With the rapid development of the economy and the rise of peoples con-sumption level, the problem of garbage is becoming a more and more severe challenge. Meanwhile, colleges, as a place with a high concentration of stu-dents, have also more serious garbage sorting problems. Therefore, this paper will be devoted to analyzing the factors that influence college students gar-bage sorting behavior in the post-epidemic period. To start with, a question-naire based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) model was made to collect students data. Then the KMO tests and AMOS Structural Equation Fitting were conducted to verify the validity of the data and structure. After confirming that the data is effective, the data will be analyzed by building models including the Measurement Model of Empirical Analysis Framework, Overall model fitting, Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) model and original Model. Lastly, with the optimization of the mediation effect and confirmatory factor analysis, the conclusion can be drawn that the student participants tend to adopt garbage-sorting behavior in both willingness and action. And the results show that they also have a positive attitude, good subjective norms, and strong perceived behavior control for the garbage sorting behavior on campus.

Factors Affecting Accountants’ Adoption of Remote Working: Evidence from Jordanian Governmental Organizations

This study aims to examine the factors that impact accountants’ adoption of remote working within Jordanian governmental organizations. Several models have proven to explain the acceptance and usefulness of technology. Therefore, this study provides an integrated model from a set of theories, including the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Technology–Organization–Environment (TOE), Social Capital Theory (SCT), and Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA). The data were gathered from 155 accountants working in Jordanian governmental organizations. PLS-SEM was performed on the data using the Smart-PLS 3 software. The study found a positive relationship between organizational culture, management support, policies, perceived ease of use, and subjective norms with perceived usefulness. In addition, the study found a positive supported relationship between perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, and subjective norms and attitude toward use. Lastly, this study found a positive supported relationship between attitude toward use and behavioural intention and actual use. This study recommends that future research expand the model by adopting the technological context. In addition, further research could implement the study over a new geographical context in developed and developing countries and compare outcomes.

The Entrepreneurial Intention of Business Students: Applying the Theory of Planned Behavior and Theory of Reasoned Action

The Philippines is an entrepreneurial country, with MSMEs constituting 99.6% of registered businesses, employing 62.80% of the working population. The number of registered businesses in the country is increasing, especially among young entrepreneurs. This study highlights the significance of attitudes, norms, and self-efficacy in shaping entrepreneurial aspirations among the youth in the Philippines. It examines the entrepreneurial intention of graduating students pursuing Accountancy, Management Accounting, and Customs Administration degrees at the Lyceum of the Philippines University-Manila. The research is anchored on the study of Lars Kolveried & Espen Isaksen, which incorporates the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) to develop hypotheses about attitudes toward entrepreneurship as a career and entrepreneurial intentions. Through Factor Analysis (Principal Axis Factoring), the researchers identified seven (7) factors that predict the intention to be self-employed: one (1) for attitude (Business than Career), two (2) for subjective norm (care about people's opinion and people's opinion), and four (4) for self-efficacy (Risk, Investor, Opportunity, and Economy). The findings suggest that factors such as attitudes toward entrepreneurship, subjective norms, and self-efficacy significantly impact students' intention to pursue self-employment. Notably, students who prioritize business over career, value other people's opinions, and possess greater self-efficacy in areas of risk, investment, opportunity, and the economy are more inclined towards self-employment. Conversely, factors such as extended academic tenure, managing cash flow concerns, and age negatively affect entrepreneurial intentions. Personal circumstances, including relationship status, location, employment status, and scholarships, can also influence students' likelihood of intending to be self-employed. Furthermore, market opportunities, investor relationships, and risk approaches positively influence students' entrepreneurial intentions.

Developing a Framework of Citizen’s Engagement in Open Government Data’s Website

Website is one of the OGD initiatives that provide input and spread information to the public. This research’s objective is to develop a framework for citizen engagement in using OGD’s website, i.e. Ministry’s websites. This research proposes a few combinations of determinants from the Theory of Human Behavior, Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), and Information System Success Model (ISSM). This research will provide input and information on how the implementation of OGD in Malaysia can become a sustainable innovation in developing a user-friendly website to attract engagement from the public.

Implementation of Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) to Understand Factors that Influence Working Mothers to Rent Breast Pumps using PLS-SEM

Breastfeeding rates in Jakarta have seen a significant increase, with a rise from 37.88% to 65.63% in exclusive breastfeeding for six months between 2015 and 2021. This achievement is not limited to full-time housewives but also includes working mothers who face the challenge of being away from their babies for extended periods. While breastfeeding is often promoted as a cost-effective option, working mothers encounter hidden expenses associated with breastfeeding equipment such as breast pumps, storage containers, and nursing accessories, with costs ranging from IDR 2.6 million to IDR 8.8 million per year. Consequently, in the present circumstances, the act of renting a breast pump has transformed into an essential requirement for employed mothers who are committed to breastfeeding. This decision allows them to mitigate superfluous costs and financial burdens. The research utilizes the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) framework to understand the impact of attitudes and subjective norms on behavioral intention, considering factors such as perceived usefulness, ease of use, compatibility, personal innovativeness, interpersonal influence, and external influence. Additionally, the research employs Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) to test the TRA. The TRA Analysis highlights the significance of internal and external influences, particularly in supporting subjective norms as the primary driver of behavior.

EXPLAINING PURCHASE INTENTIONS AND ONLINE SHOPPING BEHAVIOUR AMONG YOUNG MALAYSIAN MUSLIM CONSUMERS

The commercialisation of the Internet in 1991 ushered in the era of e-commerce, in which online shopping plays an increasingly important role. Despite this, Malaysian online shopping has grown slowly, with the COVID-19 pandemic being the catalyst. Since then, Malaysians have become increasingly reliant on the internet and the proliferation of smarter, more powerful devices to shop for goods and services. As online shopping becomes more popular and has become the norm, the question arises as to what factors influence Malaysians' online shopping intentions and behaviour. The objective of the proposed study is to investigate the online shopping intentions and behaviour of young Muslim consumers in Malaysia. By using the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) as the underlying theory, this study will extend the variables to include new variables such as trustworthiness, security and safety, loyalty, and marketing information that influence online shopping intentions. In addition, consumer intentions that influence behaviour will also be investigated. This study is expected to contribute to theory while highlighting practical implications for academics and practitioners in the fields of marketing, consumer behaviour, and online shopping.

Teacher Empowerment to Prevent Oral Health Problems Related to Anemia in Adolescent Girls at SMPN 41 Surabaya

Background: An epidemiological study at SMPN 41 Surabaya revealed that approximately 50% of 7thand 8th-grade adolescent girls have poor daily eating behavior. Around 19 female students (63.3%) experience oral health problems related to anemia during menstruation. According to the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), subjective norms were found to have the most influence on forming intentions toward good daily eating behavior. Subjective norms refer to the influence or pressures from the surrounding environment. Within the school environment, teachers play a role as one of the subjective norms that affect the decision-making of female students regarding their daily eating behavior. Aims: To empower teachers to conduct examinations for anemia symptoms and clinical signs of oral health problems during menstruation among adolescent girls and to record their findings in the manual book. Methods: This program provides counseling and training on examining anemia symptoms and oral health problems to 23 teachers, utilizing a manual book as a medium. The effectiveness of the activity was evaluated using pre-test and post-test assessments. The scores obtained from both tests were analyzed using paired sample tests to assess the teachers' knowledge and skills improvement. Results: Based on the scores obtained from the pre-test and post-test assessments, it was found that the level of knowledge and skills of the teachers after the empowerment (Mean= 73.26; SD= 10.72) was higher compared to before the empowerment (Mean= 61.95; SD= 15.5). Statistically, it was determined that teacher empowerment significantly (p<0.05) improved their knowledge and skills in examining anemia symptoms and oral health problems. Conclusion: Empowering teachers through counseling and training significantly enhances their knowledge and abilities in examining anemia symptoms and oral health problems.

Understanding the Antecedents of Green Cosmetics Purchase Among Indonesian Consumers

Green cosmetics have an added value where they are not only made of natural ingredients, but also being produced with less pollution, free from animal cruelty and using less of non-renewable materials. Previous research shows that environmental concerns tend to have a significant effect on the purchase intention of the green cosmetics. Yet, consumers react differently toward the idea of green cosmetics itself, it becomes important to have solid understanding on the internal and external factors that lead to a purchase decision. This research aims to understand Indonesian consumers’ behavior toward green cosmetics by adapting the theory of reasoned action (TRA) framework. It focuses on how consumers’ attitude toward green cosmetics and subjective norms could affect the purchase intention, which would later affect the purchase decision. This research conducted using the survey method. The questionnaire consists of 5 Likert scales. The data analysis of this research was conducted by using the latent variable analysis (lavaan) packages on RStudio. From the test results, it was found that attitude and subjective norm positively affect purchase intention. Then, purchase intention and environmental responsibility have a positive effect on the purchase decision of green products. This study contributes to the literature of green marketing, and future research is expected to reach more green cosmetic users to be more representative.

Consumer protective behaviors at wellbeing tourism destinations: the function of norm activation model and reasoned action theory

ABSTRACT This research discusses the COVID-19 protective behaviour of Chinese nationals by examining the formation of protective behaviors of Chinese outbound travelers in Thailand as a wellbeing tourism destination. The study successfully explores intention generation for protective behaviors at wellbeing tourism destinations, while investigating perceived risk as a control variable. The developed conceptual model was supported by the norm activation model and reasoned action theory, and protection motivation variables. Performing confirmatory analysis, structural analysis, and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis, this research successfully demonstrated how travellers’ protective behaviours are formed and are influenced by the perceived risk of wellbeing tourism.

The push-pull factor model and its implications for the retention of international students in the host country

PurposeDue to high demand for international talents and skilful workforces, many countries around the world, especially the ageing populations are now looking for new ways and strategies to attract more international talent. Drawing on push-pull factor theory, integrated with theory of reasoned action (TRA), this research examines international students' intention to stay or to leave the host country after completion of the students' studies.Design/methodology/approachA conceptual model has been proposed and evaluated aimed at understanding the factors that influence the decision-making of international students studying in Finland. Data were collected from a sample of 292 international students in Finland and structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to analyse the data and examine the relationships between various constructs in the model.FindingsThe SEM results show that several factors influence students' decision to stay or leave the host country after graduation. Aspects related to host country, institutional and economic factors and social influence (norms) directly impact students' attitude towards staying. In addition, attitude towards staying not only has a direct impact on the intention to stay, but also mediates the relationship between different pulling factors and students' intention to stay in the host country. Moreover, challenges and barriers (such as local language, challenge of finding employment and challenge of assimilating into the community or making friends) have a negative impact on the decision to stay in the host country.Originality/valueThis study uses push-pull theory in the Finnish context, contributing to the growing body of literature on international education policies and practices. The findings highlight the need for a more holistic approach to supporting international students, one that considers the students' unique needs and experiences in the host country and provides the students with the necessary resources and support to succeed.

From supporting to practising leave no trace: an explanation from the theory of reasoned action and the social exchange theory

ABSTRACT This study proposes an integrated model that incorporates the theory of reasoned action (TRA) and the social exchange theory (SET) to investigate the Leave No Trace (LNT) behaviour of hikers in Hong Kong. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was performed to analyse the data of a voluntary survey (n = 374) conducted from December 2019 to June 2020. The results indicate that attitude and subjective norm significantly control intention, which eventually affect LNT participation, as suggested by the TRA. Perceived benefit positively influences attitude, which affects support for LNT intervention, leading to LNT intention, participation, and intensity, as predicted by the SET. LNT participation is significantly correlated with LNT intensity. This study contributes to the knowledge body by offering a new perspective on LNT behaviour of visitors to protected areas. This study also provides a reference for Hong Kong and other cities around the world in managing the sustainability of protected areas.

The Effect of Payment Accounting Information System on the Effectiveness of Internal Control

<p>This study aims to test whether the payroll accounting information system affects the company's internal control. This research was conducted in 2022 where the approach used was an approach with quantitative data. The population in this study are companies in the city of Jakarta, with the sample criteria being employees who carry out functions in the accounting or finance and HR departments of the company. The sampling technique used is a saturated sample with a sample of 103 respondents. The collected data is processed using smartPLS software version 4.0. The results of this study indicate that the payroll accounting information system has a positive effect on the effectiveness of the company's internal control. The results of this study support the theory of Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) which explains that a person or individual will realize that an accounting information system will generate benefits for its users.</p>

Level of teachers’ information and communication technology (ICT) integration in teaching and learning English

This study highlighted the level of teachers’ ICT integration in teaching and learning English. This determined the English teachers’ attitude towards ICT integration. The study was anchored on Davis’s Technology Acceptance Model which originated from Ajzen & Fishbein’s Theory of Reasoned Action. Moreover, the descriptive research method was used in this study, involving a purposive random sampling method in obtaining data from respondents. Teachers were profiled, details and results were enumerated. Several findings were made about the English teachers, that there is no significant difference in the ICT integration in teaching and learning when grouped according to their highest educational attainment; there is no significant difference in the ICT integration in teaching and learning when grouped according to teachers’ seminars/trainings in ICT; there is no significant difference in the ICT integration in teaching and learning when grouped according to perceived usefulness of ICT in teaching and learning; and the perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use highly influenced the teacher-respondents’ actual usage of ICT. English teachers’ level of ICT integration in teaching and learning is fair or below satisfactory. Recommendations included school administrators, teachers, and future researchers, to support the integration of ICT in the teaching and learning process, create more opportunities for students to experience impactful learning with ICT, so that these interventions may further substantiate the contribution of ICT in the field of education, especially in English language teaching and learning. Further research anticipated to be undertaken leveling up to more focused tasks on ICT-centered activities.

The Determinants of Purchase Intention Halal Products: The Moderating Role of Religiosity

Halal marketing is an important concept for marketers doing business in Muslim-majority countries. To predict consumer behavior toward halal products, the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) explains the two components of the formation of purchase intentions, namely attitude and subjective norms. Consumer concern for the lawfulness of a product is also influenced by a person's level of religiosity. This study aims to empirically test the ability of religiosity as a moderator that affects attitudes, and subjective norms on purchase intentions. This study applied a quantitative design. One hundred and ninety respondents in Indonesia were collected through random sampling. Data were collected through an online questionnaire using Google Forms and analyzed by Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). This study explains that subjective attitudes and norms have a positive and significant effect on purchase intentions. Religiosity as a moderator is able to influence subjective attitudes and norms on purchase intentions. The results of this study provide information that halal products are unique because they have spiritual elements. In this regard, marketers must remember that Muslim consumers exercise additional vigilance to ensure that the product fulfills not only functional needs but also spiritual needs.

Perceptions toward antiretroviral therapy and delayed ART initiation among people living with HIV in Changsha, China: mediating effects of treatment willingness.

Delayed antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation is associated with poor HIV outcomes and a higher likelihood of HIV transmission. This cross-sectional study assessed the proportion of delayed ART initiation which was defined as initiating ART after 30 days of HIV diagnosis, and evaluated the pathways influencing ART initiation among adult PLWH in Changsha, China who were diagnosed between 2014 and 2022. Of 518 participants, 37.8% delayed in initiating ART. Based on the theory of reasoned action (TRA), delayed initiation was indirectly associated with perceptions toward ART through the mediating pathway of patients' treatment willingness, with treatment willingness significantly being the full mediator. The findings may guide the development of interventions to improve timely uptake of ART in people who are newly diagnosed with HIV.

Factors affecting the intention to receive the Sinofarm vaccine

PurposeThis study aims to explain the factors associated with receiving a specific brand of COVID-19 vaccine within the framework of the theory of reasoned action (TRA). This study extends the TRA with the country-of-origin image (COI), brand image and electronic word of mouth variables.Design/methodology/approachThis study is based on a cross-sectional survey conducted among 460 people who received the Sinofarm vaccine. Participants were selected using an online convenience sampling method. The structural equation modeling technique tests the proposed hypotheses.FindingsThe results showed that the essential factor associated with the intent to get the Chinese Sinopharm vaccine is the attitude toward the Signopharm vaccine. Also, word of mouth, subjective norms and brand image are the most critical factors that play a role in forming a favorable attitude toward the Sinopharm vaccine. Finally, the country-of-origin image does not affect attitudes toward the Sinopharm vaccine.Originality/valueThe area of vaccine marketing has been given limited attention in academic literature. This study addresses this area with little research and is greatly attractive to many brands targeting the consumer market. The study results can form a foundation for creating the branding strategy for this product category and assessing its demand in various markets.

Youth Adoption of Innovative Digital Marketing and Cross-Cultural Disparities

This paper aims to explore Youth’s attitudes towards digital marketing utility perception and its effect on behavioral patterns in a cross-cultural perspective. The unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT 2) model was adopted together with three new variables from the reasoned action theory and the 5S Internet marketing model to propose a theoretical model on Youth’s digital marketing adoption. A survey was conducted in Italy (N = 165) and Lebanon (N = 150), and PLS analysis was implemented for the empirical testing of the proposed research model. In the Italian sample, Hedonic motivation, social influence, facilitating conditions, and efficiency significantly predicted the behavioral intention of digital marketing which, in turn, was significantly related to use behavior. Subsequently, in the Lebanese sample, the subjective norms of hedonic motivation, social influence, experience and habit predicted behavioral intention, which was positively related with use behavior. The results led to the conclusion that national cultures still play an important role in affecting digital marketing adoption among younger generations, especially in less industrialized and technologically developed countries. Therefore, companies should keep this aspect in mind when innovating and developing digital marketing strategies targeting this generation.

Pengaruh motivasi terhadap perilaku knowledge sharing pegawai di Badan Pusat Statistik wilayah Sulawesi Tengah

Introduction. The insufficient level of understanding of statistical indicators is indicated by the low level of knowledge sharing culture among BPS employees in the Central Sulawesi region. In this case, BPS needs to encourage the employees to participate in knowledge sharing activities. Individual's willingness to share knowledge can be influenced by several factors, one of them is motivation. The main objective of this paper is to understand the influence of motivation to employee’s knowledge sharing activities in BPS. A conceptual model is designed based on the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA).
 Data Collection Methods. A quantitative-explanatory research method was applied including literature study, data collection, and data analysis.
 Data Analysis. The study used the structural equation modeling-partial least squares (SEM-PLS) analysis method with a sample of 174 samples.
 Results and Discussion. Motivation has a positive-significant effect (p-value <0.05) on attitudes (β = 0.713) and employee intentions (β = 0.218). This has implications for employee knowledge sharing behavior (β = 0.758). Motivation and attitude can predict the intention by 42.7%, meanwhile, the intention can predict behavior by 57.5%.
 Conclusion. To predict the knowledge-sharing behavior of employees, a sufficient motivation is needed to develop positive attitudes and strong intentions in each employee.

Does Facebook Advertisement Matter to Entice Customers’ Responses? An Integrated Technology Acceptance Model

Facebook advertisement for food-related information is widespread on social media platforms. However, the effectiveness of this food advertisement in reaching out to the target consumers needs to get more attention. This study fills the gaps by determining the factors affecting consumer attitudes towards food advertisements on Facebook, their intentions to receive them, and their behavioural response. A research model was developed using the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), and the Advertising Value Model. Specifically, this study investigates the relationship between perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, credibility, entertainment, informativeness, irritation, personalisation, and privacy concern attitudes towards food advertisements. This study deployed an online questionnaire to collect data from 206 Facebook users. Results show that perceived usefulness, entertainment, informativeness, irritation, and privacy concern significantly affect consumers’ attitudes, as well as the positive effect on consumers’ attitudes towards intention and behavioural response. The outcomes of this study may cast novel insight into the variables that influence consumer attitudes and responses to Facebook food advertisements and provides valuable knowledge for food marketers to create superior advertising campaigns on social media platforms.

Can Biases in Perceived Attitudes Explain Anti-Conformism?

In two studies about farming practices, the respondents who are particularly favorable to organic farming tend to have a higher intention to convert their farm to organic when they perceive other farmers as not very favorable to this practice. This intention can be considered as anticonformist, as it is in opposition to the general view of others. This article hypothesizes that this phenomenon can be explained by some biases on the perceptions of attitudes. It proposes an agent-based model which computes an intention based on the theory of reasoned action (TRA) and assumes some biases in the perception of others' attitudes according to the social judgment theory. It investigates the conditions on the model parameter values for which the simulations reproduce the features observed in the studies. The results show that perceptual biases are a possible explanation of anticonformist intentions.