Reasonable Standard Research Articles

Neurological involvement, immune response, and biomarkers in Kawasaki disease along with its pathogenesis, therapeutic and diagnostic updates.

Kawasaki disease is an acute, febrile disease that is not typically fatal if treated and affects infants and children more commonly. More than 80% of the afflicted patients are under the age of four. This disease most commonly affects coronary arteries. In a minority of cases, Aneurysms can burst or produce thrombosis, and they can cause infarction. The distinctive redness in the palms and soles of the feet might result from a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to a cross-reactive or recently discovered antigen (s). Autoantibodies against epithelial cells and smooth muscle cells are produced as a result of subsequent macromolecule synthesis and polyclonal white blood cell activation, which intensifies the redness. Kawasaki disease's clinical manifestations range from oral skin disease to the blistering of the mucosa, symptoms involving the hands and the feet, skin disease of the palms and soles, a desquamative rash, and cervical lymphatic tissue enlargement (so it is also referred to as tissue layer lymphatic tissue syndrome). Most untreated patients develop some vessel sequelae, from well-organized coronary inflammation to severe arterial blood vessel dilatation to giant artery aneurysms with rupture or occlusion, infarction, and thrombosis. With human gamma globulin administration, reasonable standards of medical care, and the use of analgesics, the speed of symptomatic progression and inflammatory artery changes are reduced. In this review, we have covered the immunology of Kawasaki disease, its biomarkers, and the neurological manifestations of this multisystem illness. We have also included a discussion on its pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment.

The criminal law's person By C.Lernestedt, M.Matravers (Eds.), Oxford: Hart. 2022. pp. 216. £85.00 (hbk). ISBN: 9781509923748

The criminal law's person By C.Lernestedt, M.Matravers (Eds.), Oxford: Hart. 2022. pp. 216. £85.00 (hbk). ISBN: 9781509923748

Social Security Reform and the Untapped Potential of Human Rights Law

Abstract The courts have done little to ameliorate the harsh ‘austerity’ reforms pursued by the government since 2010, adopting a highly deferential approach towards human rights claims in the social security context. This article identifies the two key moves to achieve this result: adopting the manifestly without reasonable foundation standard of justification and treating indirect discrimination claims on suspect grounds as not ‘real’ discrimination claims. It shows nonetheless the untapped potential of Convention rights, since even within this framework strong arguments were still available to the courts, based on the functioning of the social security system, which should have rendered two of the harshest reforms, the two-child limit and especially the benefit cap, Convention incompatible. The cap, which limits the subsistence benefits of unemployed families, is justified as a work-incentive policy, yet through Universal Credit the state also independently assesses families affected by the cap as doing all that they reasonably can to find work.

Perlindungan Hukum terhadap Anak sebagai Penyalahguna Narkotika di Wilayah Hukum Polres Pelabuhan Belawan

The purpose of this study was to analyze the legal protection arrangements for child narcotics abusers and their obstacles in the Belawan Harbor Police Legal Area. The research method used is descriptive method, while the data analysis technique uses qualitative. The results of the study indicate that the legal protection carried out against children as narcotics abusers in Indonesia based on Law No. 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice System has been regulated starting from the process of investigation, arrest, detention, prosecution, examination in court and correctional. The Belawan Harbor Police Resort has made efforts to protect children who use narcotics by fulfilling children's rights during the investigation process, as well as seeking to resolve cases through diversion. Various obstacle factors faced by the protection of children who abuse narcotics are deviant behavior from child suspects, pressure on children from narcotics networks, the detention time of children is relatively short, there are restrictions on diversion requirements as non-repetition of criminal acts, and the cost of resolving cases through diversion is relatively large for costs. rehabilitation and consultation costs. It is recommended that the police not use children to uncover narcotics networks. The government needs to consider revising the SPPA Law by removing the diversion restriction as regulated in article 7 paragraph (2). The government needs to consider fully covering the costs of rehabilitating children who use narcotics at a more reasonable cost standard.

Extremely premature birth bioethical decision-making supported by dialogics and pragmatism

Moral values in healthcare range widely between interest groups and are principally subjective. Disagreements diminish dialogue and marginalize alternative viewpoints. Extremely premature births exemplify how discord becomes unproductive when conflicts of interest, cultural misunderstanding, constrained evidence review, and peculiar hierarchy compete without the balance of objective standards of reason. Accepting uncertainty, distributing risk fairly, and humbly acknowledging therapeutic limits are honorable traits, not relativism, and especially crucial in our world of constrained resources. We think dialogics engender a mutual understanding that: i) transitions beliefs beyond bias, ii) moves conflict toward pragmatism (i.e., the truth of any position is verified by subsequent experience), and iii) recognizes value pluralism (i.e., human values are irreducibly diverse, conflicting, and ultimately incommensurable). This article provides a clear and useful Point-Counterpoint of extreme prematurity controversies, an objective neurodevelopmental outcomes table, and a dialogics exemplar to cultivate shared empathetic comprehension, not to create sides from which to choose. It is our goal to bridge the understanding gap within and between physicians and bioethicists. Dialogics accept competing relational interests as human nature, recognizing that ultimate solutions satisfactory to all are illusory, because every choice has downside. Nurturing a collective consciousness via dialogics and pragmatism is congenial to integrating objective evidence review and subjective moral-cultural sentiments, and is that rarest of ethical constructs, a means and an end.

High Prices for High Profits?

Canadian and foreign governments are struggling with determining whether to reimburse expensive drugs for rare diseases. The problem is that although insurers want to offer fair access to medicines for patients with rare diseases, the drugs are often priced far above normal cost-effectiveness thresholds. This leaves insurers with no tools to determine how much to pay. This article notes one reasonable standard: prices should not, in these circumstances, allow for profiteering by innovative companies.

Russia’s domestic and international politics. No explanation without the cognitive-developmental approach

Russia’s war on Ukraine is not a failure by accident but reflects the mentality and stance of the Kremlin and greater parts of the Russian people. Russia’s international politics pursue imperial dreams, conducted by the most brutal methods. Obviously, the political consciousness of Russians has not progressed to the rates and standards that shape the minds and behavior of politicians and the electorate in the most advanced nations of our time. It is argued that political science must consider research conducted by the cognitive-developmental approach. Contemporary nations operate on differently developed stages of mind and cognition with far-reaching effects on moral reasoning, social understanding, and humanitarian standards. There is evidence that a weaker development of the fourth stage of human cognition, the stage of formal operations, accounts for backwardness concerning the process of civilization. This seems to be the main cause of the chasm between the “Russian World” and the “Free World”.

An analysis of interpretation of insurance contracts: common law versus strict contra proferentem

The majority of states recognize insurance policies as contracts of adhesion, in which the applicant must either accept the terms of the policy as written by the insurance company or reject the terms and accept similar terms from another insurance company (Plitt, 2010). As of June 2014, 44 states have adopted special rules interpreting insurance contracts to balance unequal bargaining power.1 One common alternative to traditional contract law is strict contra proferentem, which interprets ambiguous terms against the drafter without reviewing extrinsic or parol evidence. A second alternative, known as the reasonable expectations doctrine, interprets unambiguous policy language using the reasonable person standard. This article provides a discussion of the methods available to courts as it relates to interpreting ambiguous insurance contracts.

Нормативы скорости автомобиля в планировании перевозок с использованием электронных путевых листов

The development of digital technologies unveils prospects for paperless document management in road transport, which is confirmed by a pilot project on the use of an electronic shipping manifest and a bill of lading. It is important to use the shipping manifest not only as a digital document, but also as a specialized software tool for calculating planned and actual performance indicators of vehicles as part of the enterprise management information system. An algorithm is proposed for constructing the information system for managing transport activities using electronic waybills, which are used as software for calculating planned performance indicators of vehicles and summarizing the results of transportation. The established standards and legal documents regulating the transfer of document flow in the field of road freight transportation to electronic basis are given. The importance of reasonable standards of average technical speed and idle time of vehicles at loading and unloading points for scheduling the performance of freight trucks on routes is illustrated. The factors influencing the value of the average technical and operational speed of a vehicle during transportation are studied and systematized, recommendations on establishing of their regulatory standards are given, formulas for calculating quantitative values are provided. Based on the specified standard of average technical speed, the calculation of the radius of cargo delivery during the day in intercity communication is demonstrated.

The Effects of Sports Training and Nutritional Intervention on Disabled Athletes’ Abilities of Sports Performance

The differences of sports training for the disabled and the normal are distinct. They exist not only in sports categories but also in training intensity and nutritional intervention for the disabled athletes. Therefore, to keep the competition fair and better show the creativity and value of the disabled athletes, in addition to setting reasonable standards for the sports competition, targeted schemes for training intensity and nutritional intervention are also necessary to promote athletes’ performances and enable them to have a equal competition with other athletes in the aspects of physical fitness, mental ability and live performances, etc. Therefore, this paper takes disabled athletes ‘performance ability as the research object and analyzes how to strengthen the performance of disabled athletes through sports training and nutritional intervention. Hopefully, this study will lay the foundation for the development of disabled athletes in the field of sports.

Behavior and Psychological Analysis of Electric Bike Rider Going Straight to Cross the Street at Signal Intersections

As an important part of China’s transportation means, electric vehicles have an important impact on China’s traffic environment and traffic safety, and the straight violation behavior of electric vehicles is widespread, which has become one of the main causes of traffic accidents. This paper uses the video method to observe the behavior of electric cyclists crossing the street and study the characteristics, and analyzes the behavior of running a red light in the process of going straight across the street. Using questionnaire survey to collect cyclist’s psychological data, understand the different rider in the street psychological state, the classification of various psychological activities, analysis of different psychological activities on the influence of the rider behavior choice, establish behavior and psychological contact, find measures to improve traffic safety, and help for reasonable standardization management.

CISG상 매수인의 이행정지권 행사를 위한 매도인의 계약위반 심각성 요건에 관한 연구

The buyer’s right to withhold performance is a important and useful self-help remedy to protect himself from the seller’s actual breach of contract. However, the buyer’s exercise of such a right without qualifying the requirements for suspending of performance often exposes himself to the risk of breaching the contract. On the other hand, If the buyer performs his obligations under the uncertain situation that the seller may not perform his obligations, he may also face the risk of the seller’s non-performance. In addition, if the right to suspend performance is recognized without any requirements, it is a problem that can be abused as a means for the contracting party to avoid its obligations. Therefore, reasonable standards are needed to solve these problems, and this study executes a comparative study on the requirement of Severity of Seller’s Breach of Contract for the exercise of the buyer's right to suspend its performance against the seller's actual breach of contract under the CISG, the CESL and PICC. Furthermore, based on this study, we intend to provide practical and legal considerations and implications.

Assessment of the Ecological Compensation Standards for Cross-Basin Water Diversion Projects from the Perspective of Main Headwater and Receiver Areas

This paper aims to explore how to develop reasonable ecological compensation standards to improve the effectiveness of water diversion projects. Watershed ecological compensation is an important means to coordinate watershed protection and development and, additionally, compensation standard accounting is the core issue of ecological compensation. The previous literature has mainly calculated watershed ecological compensation standards from a single perspective, such as the main headwater or receiver areas, meaning the interests of another under-appreciated area would inevitably be ignored. The calculation results of different perspectives and methods vary greatly, directly affecting the implementation of watershed ecological compensation mechanisms. In this paper, the world's largest water diversion project, the Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, was selected as the study area. The total cost correction model was selected from the perspective of the main headwater areas. The water resources input-output model was selected from the perspective of the receiver areas to evaluate the ecological compensation criteria and compare the differences between the two models. The results show that the ecological compensation standards based on the perspective of water source areas are mainly influenced by the ecological construction expenditures and industrial opportunity cost losses in the watershed, with higher compensation costs in the early period but a more moderate growth trend in the later period. The ecological compensation standards based on the perspective of the receiver areas increase with the annual increase in project water diversion, with a low compensation cost in the early period, but a faster growth trend in the later period. The ecological compensation standards calculated by different perspectives and methods differ significantly; the main contribution of this paper is to enrich the ecological compensation research on cross-basin water diversion projects from multiple perspectives.

Wheat Self-sufficiency in Different Policy Scenarios and Their Likely Impacts on Producers, Consumers, and the Public Exchequer

Every government faces a challenge to select an optimum policy to provide food supplies to the consumers at a reasonable price and maintain a reasonable nutritional standard. The alternative policy options available are an uninterrupted market, imports, input subsidies, price support, combined policy developed by the combination of input subsidy and price support, and investment on research and infrastructure development. This paper analyses the impact of these options on consumers’ and producers’ welfare, tax revenue, and foreign exchange requirement. The import and input subsidy give net return to the society while price support generates net loss. The triple combined policy option generates the highest net return to the society when each import and input subsidy component is combined with price support in the ratio of 40 and 20 percent, respectively. The best policies to provide higher wheat supplies at lower prices and to improve the welfare of consumers and producers were investment on agricultural research and development of irrigation infrastructure in the long run, but for the short run, the first and the second best option were respectively the combined and the input subsidy policy.

Agreement between self-report and administrative health data on occurrence of non-cancer chronic disease among participants of the BC generations project.

Population-based studies of non-cancer chronic disease often rely on self-reported data for disease diagnosis, which may be incomplete, unreliable and suffer from bias. Recently, the British Columbia Generations Project (BCGP; n = 29,736) linked self-reported chronic disease history data to a Chronic Disease Registry (CDR) that applied algorithms to administrative health data to ascertain diagnoses of multiple chronic diseases in the Province of British Columbia. For the 10 diseases captured by both self-report and the CDR, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), diabetes, hypertension, multiple sclerosis, myocardial infarction, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and stroke, we calculated Cohen's kappa coefficient to examine concordance of chronic disease status (i.e., ever/never diagnosed) between the data sources. Using CDR data as the gold standard, we also calculated sensitivity, specificity, and positive-predictive value (PPV) for self-reported chronic disease occurrence. The prevalence of each chronic disease was similar across both data sources. Substantial levels of concordance (0.66-0.73) and moderate to high sensitivities (0.64-0.92), specificities (0.98-0.99) and PPVs (0.55-0.84) were observed for diabetes, hypertension, multiple sclerosis, and myocardial infarction. We did observe degree of concordance to vary by age, sex, body mass index (BMI), health perception, and ethnicity across most of the chronic diseases that were evaluated. While administrative health data are imperfect, they are less likely to suffer from bias, making them a reasonable gold standard. Our results demonstrate that for at least some chronic diseases, self-report may be a reasonable method for case ascertainment. However, characteristics of the study population will likely have impacts on the quality of the data.

Burkert, Mattie. Speculative Enterprise: Public Theaters and Financial Markets in London: 1688–1763

Burkert, Mattie. <i>Speculative Enterprise: Public Theaters and Financial Markets in London: 1688–1763</i>

Review of the Distribution and Influence of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Ballast Water

The misuse of antibiotics causes antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in bacteria to be gradually enriched by environmental selection, resulting in increased tolerance and resistance in bacteria to antibiotics. Ballast water is a mobile carrier for the global transfer of bacteria and genes, thus posing a certain risk of ARGs spreading into the global ocean. Therefore, it is important to investigate the current status of ARGs in ballast water, as well as control the abundance of ARGs. Herein, we attempt to comprehensively summarize the distribution and abundance of ARGs in ballast water from different sea areas and analyze the influencing factors (such as physical factors, chemical factors, temperature, pH, etc.) on the distribution of ARGs. Furthermore, we seek to review the changes in ARGs after differential disinfection technology treatment in ballast water (including chlorination, ultraviolet, ozone, and free radical technology), especially the enhancing effect of subinhibitory concentrations of disinfectants on ARGs transfer. Overall, we believe this review can serve as a guide for future researchers to establish a more reasonable standard of ballast water discharge that considers the pollution of ARGs and provide new insight into the risk of vertical and horizontal ARG transfer in ballast water after disinfection.

What’s reasonable? An experimental test of the reasonable officer standard.

What’s reasonable? An experimental test of the reasonable officer standard.

Economic and ecological benefit evaluation of geothermal resource tax policy in China

Geothermal energy is a renewable energy source, and geothermal heating is a livelihood project, so a resource tax can protect resources and regulate prices. Reasonable geothermal energy resource tax collection standards are conducive to high-quality industrial development. This paper takes 15 provinces and cities that clearly levy geothermal resource taxes in China as the research object, constructs an System Dynamics model of geothermal resource tax, and studies the impact of geothermal resource tax on the income of geothermal enterprises and CO2 emission reduction. Then, the forecast simulates the economic and environmental benefits brought about by the use of geothermal resources from 2021 to 2035. The research results show that using geothermal resources for heating can significantly reduce CO2 emissions, and the higher the proportion of geothermal use is, the greater the CO2 emission reduction before 2035. The fifteen provinces and cities that clearly levy geothermal resource taxes will find it difficult to achieve corporate profits at the current residential heating utilization price and geothermal energy resource tax rate; that is, to achieve a balance of income and expenditures for geothermal enterprises without financial subsidies, the price of geothermal heating will be significantly higher than the heating price of traditional central heating and the price of electric self-heating.

How important are the groundbreaking cases in administrative law?

The story of Canadian administrative law could be seen as a move toward deference driven by some fundamental decisions of the Supreme Court of Canada. Debates about this move centre on the proper role for reviewing courts as well as the politics lying behind administrative law decisions. Most recently, the 2019 Supreme Court decision in Vavilov raised concerns that it licenses judges to undertake more intrusive review. Key to this story is the assumption that these groundbreaking decisions of the Supreme Court influence how lower court judges decide challenges in the administrative law context. Prior empirical studies have found that the 2008 Supreme Court decision in Dunsmuir increased the use of the reasonableness standard of review as well as the rate at which judges affirm administrative decisions. However, it can be difficult to empirically account for the variety of contexts and decision makers involved. This article uses decisions of the Federal Court to examine whether Dunsmuir and Vavilov changed how judges decide. It finds that, while the use of reasonableness has dramatically increased, the rate at which judges affirm administrative decisions has not changed over time. The article discusses these results and what they imply about the influence of these groundbreaking Supreme Court decisions.