Reasonable Exploitation Research Articles

Six decades of pike and perch population dynamics in Windermere

We use six decades of catch-at-age data for perch ( Perca fluviatilis) and pike ( Esox lucius) in Windermere (UK) to estimate age- and sex-specific population sizes, natural mortalities and catchabilities in both species. Population sizes are estimated by fitting age structured population models to the catch-at-age data using standard maximum likelihood methods. We validate our methods using data simulations, and use our estimates of vital rates (natural mortality, recruitment and catahability) to address important aspects of fisheries biology. Our model indicates that strong fishery selection against male perch apparently triggered a population collapse, highlighting that sex-selective fisheries can be harmful even at a reasonable exploitation rate (here ≤30%). Recruitment (R) increased with the abundance of spawners (S) in both species, but it also responded to both abiotic and other biotic factors. In particular, increased predator (pike) abundance induced a change from compensation to depensation in the prey (perch) SR relationship, thus favouring the occurrence of an Allee effect. Our study provides reference points for the effective exploitation of pike and perch populations, and underscores the need for ecosystem-based harvesting management.

Study on mechanism of overburden rock failure during coal mining with shallow depth and thin bedrock

Abstract The paper studies the mechanism of overburden rock failure of Hongshuliang mine of Junger coalfield in Inner Mongolia. With overlying bedrock of shallow depth and thin thickness, after mining the first-extracting coal seam, the instability of overlying rock may result in collapse disaster of sand and water. Then, using plastic softening model and UDEC numerical simulation, deformation and failure laws and mechanism of overburden bedrock are studied during two phases of rock driving and coal mining. Finally, the risk of surface water bodies bursting is evaluated and a reasonable exploitation of programs and prevention measures are put forward, which will provide a valuable reference for exploitation of coal resources in semi-arid areas in China.

On Marxism, Institutionalism, and the Problem of Labor Exploitation

In Are Worker Rights Human Rights? Ric McIntyre explores the unintended manner in which rights discourse may impede the project to empower labor in today's globally integrated economy, while offering a synthesis of critical insights from the institutionalist and Marxian traditions. In his synthesis McIntyre draws on the related concepts of convention and class, on the one hand, and reasonable value and exploitation, on the other. This essay pursues that synthesis, and raises questions about what is gained and what is lost in the development of a theoretical account that respects the contributions of both traditions.

Sustainable Strategies and Status of Unconventional Water Resources Development and Utilization in Manas River Basin

Because of the Lack of water resources and the increasing water quantity used in living and production, the water resources are becoming the restrictive factor of regional economic and social development in in Manas river basin. The exploitation and utilization of conventional water resources has reached more than 95% in the basin,it caused great attention that the development and utilization of non-conventional water resources for agricultural development and ecological environment construction. At present, the exploitation and utilization of the non-conventional water resources(shallow underground salt water，saline water) for agriculture and forestry has become more and more widespread and in-depth. because of the lack of scientific instruction and reasonable exploitation, which not only caused water level falling, leading to degradation of the brittle natural entironment, but also caused SBHCSS and the decline in productivity. With the analysis of the non-conventional water resources actual exploitation and utilization, under the scientific development concept, the aryicle puts forward the sustained strategies of non-conventional underground water resources (salt water, saline water) reasonable exploitation and the irrigation return flow reuse efficient exploitation which is used for ecological restoration and reconstruction.

Development of Land Subsidence in Xi'an in Past 50 Years

Land subsidence is one of the most prominent geological disasters in Xi’an, China. A review of the occurrence and development of land subsidence in Xi’an in past 50 years is given in this article. The characteristics of land subsidence in Xi'an were analyzed from time-space distribution, the development of subsidence center and its relationship with the withdrawal of groundwater. The development and characteristics of land subsidence indicate that the withdrawal of groundwater especially the confined groundwater is the major cause of land subsidence in Xi’an. Shutting down the private wells and reducing groundwater exploitation have very apparent effect on decelerating subsidence development. Limiting the exploitation and making reasonable exploitation program of groundwater are effective measures to prevent the land subsidence.

Variation of microfibril angle in developmental Phyllostachys pubescens culms by two forestation methods

To provide a scientific basis for reasonable exploitation of bamboo resources，temporal and spatial variation patterns of the microfibril angle（MFA） in Phyllostachys pubescens（moso bamboo） were studied. Buried rhizomes （R） and seedlings （S） aged 30，54，and 78 months were measured and analyzed by X-ray diffraction estimation. Results showed that when the distance ranged from bark to pith for all bamboo，MFA radial variation of secondary cell walls for the three ages decreased or had no pattern. The maximum MFA（R） was 12.05 and MFA（S） was 10.97 with the minimum of 7.67 ［MFA （R）］ and 8.24 ［MFA （S）］ for a difference of less than 5. There was a significant difference between age and MFA（P＜0.05） but no regular pattern. No pattern for longitudinal variations of MFA with bamboo height were found with bamboo rhizomes having a base of 9.64，a middle of 9.25，and a top of 9.34，significantly（P＜0.05） more than bamboo seedlings of 9.73 for the base，9.82 for the middle，and 9.58 for the top. ［Ch，4 fig. 3 tab. 22 ref.］

Study on optimization of underlying coal bed exploited depth for tunnel

Combined with highway construction, the analysis on the relationship between tunnel construction and coal resource exploitation was processed, which was based on the research of rational exploitation depth of coal. 3D FEM numerical analysis for tunnel excavation was carried out according to engineering geological features of coal measure strata in the project area. Based on the analysis of displacement and stress of the surrounding rock in the tunnel after excavation, the characteristics for displacement and stress of the tunnel support structure were analyzed when the underlying coal bed was exploited with sublevel and full caving method. In addition, combined with the related code and standard, the economic and safe prohibiting exploited depth of the underlying coal bed was proposed, so that a scientific basis for tunnel construction of coal measure strata and reasonable exploitation of the mineral resources in complex geological conditions can be offered.

Chemical and isotopic approach to groundwater cycle in western Qaidam Basin, China

Due to the extremely arid climate in the western Qaidam Basin, the groundwater almost becomes the single water source for local residents and industrial production. It is necessary to know the reliable information on the groundwater cycle in this region for reasonable and sustainable exploitation of the groundwater resources with the further execution of recycling economy policies. This study focused on the recharge, the flow rate and the discharge of groundwater in the western Qaidam Basin through investigations on water chemistry and isotopes. Hydrological, chemical and isotopic characteristics show that the groundwater in the western Qaidam Basin was recharged by meltwater from new surface snow and old bottom glaciers on the northern slope of the Kunlun Mountains. In addition, the results also prove that the source water is enough and stable, and the rates of the circulation and renewal of the groundwater are relatively quick. Therefore, it can be concluded that the groundwater resources would guarantee the regional requirement if the meltwater volume of the mountains has not a great changes in future, moreover, water exploitation should be limited to the renewable amount of the groundwater reservoir in the western Qaidam Basin.

Gas drainage technology of high gas and thick coal seam

Gas drainage in Jincheng Mining Group Co., Ltd. was introduced briefly and the importance of gas drainage in gas control was analyzed. Combined with coal-bed gas occurrence and gas emission, the double system of gas drainage was optimized and a progressive gas drainage model was experimented on. For guaranteed drainage, excavation and mining and realization of safety production and reasonable exploitation of gas in coal seams, many drainage methods were adopted to solve the gas problem of the working face.

Use of water balance calculation and tritium to examine the dropdown of groundwater table in the piedmont of the North China Plain (NCP)

The groundwater table in the piedmont plain was only about 1–2 m in depth in the 1950s and 1960s, but it lowered dramatically afterwards to about 25–27 m in depth (currently 21–23 m above sea level) due to overpumping of groundwater and drought in the region. This change has adversely affected the sustainable development and food supply of this important agricultural area. The groundwater table at Luancheng Experimental Station of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, located in the piedmont, dropped from 39.36 m in 1975 to 21.47 m above sea level in 1999, at an average rate of 0.72 m/year. Water balance components, such as daily rainfall, pan-evaporation, and evapotranspiration (by lysimeter after 1995) have been recorded since the 1970s, and they were used as variants to simulate monthly water table change based on a physically based statistical model. Groundwater samples were collected during the period 1998–2001, and tritium was measured in the laboratory to trace the groundwater flow from the Taihang Mountains to the piedmont. A reasonable exploitation rate of 150 mm/year was obtained from the model by assuming the annual water table is constant. The recharge and groundwater flow from the Taihang Mountains plays an important role in the water balance of the piedmont area, and it was estimated to be about 112.5 mm/year by using the variation of tritium with the depth, which followed a good exponential function. The simple water balance calculation indicated that the water table could recede at a rate of 0.8 m/year, which is close to the actual situation.

A GIS-Supported Remote Sensing Technology For Petroleum Exploration and Exploitation

Abstract This paper proposes a GIS-supported remote sensing (RS) technology for searching undiscovered oil and gas formations, and identifying potential petroleum exploration and exploitation targets. Remotely sensed surface lineament analysis, correlated with a variety of geoscience data, is applied for oil and gas exploration. A GIS technique is incorporated within the RS framework for manipulating the obtained data and improving effectiveness. This hybrid approach not only facilitates petroleum resources exploration, but also enhances the related spatial analyses, modelling studies, and systems planning. The method was applied to a case study in the Liaohe Oilfields in Liaoning Province, China, and reasonable and interesting outcomes have been generated. Introduction Many countries in the world continue to rely heavily on petroleum resources, due to rapid population growth and economic pressures. As a non-renewable energy resource with the nature of scarcity and depletion, petroleum exploration and exploitation has caused increased attention and concern for several decades since:distribution of petroleum deposits could be verified through exploration, andpetroleum supply may be increased to some extent by reasonable exploitation. Moreover, it seems quite evident that the period of massive discoveries of easily discovered oil and gas deposits had come to an end by the late 1960s(1). Since then, the exploration and development of petroleum resources have involved an enormous capital investment. Low efficiency exists in these processes due to limitations in technical and managerial effectiveness, especially in developing countries. This paper focusses on the provision of potentially more effective tools for petroleum exploration and exploitation. The process of petroleum exploration and exploitation requires the consideration, integration and updating of different types of information for creating a clear understanding of underground gas- and oil-bearing formations. Previously, the related information was collected, collated, and analysed through slow and painstaking manual methods(1). With the advent of aerial photography and satellite remote sensing, RS data has become a major source of the information required by decision-makers for petroleum exploration and exploitation. Meanwhile, various geological, geophysical, and geochemical data are now available from largescale geographical survey and laboratory analysis, with the provision of more detailed information about potential petroleum exploration targets. On the other hand, the remotely sensed data, together with other geoscience datasets, need to be properly managed, analysed, retrieved, displayed, and maintained. This could be accomplished through the introduction of geographic information systems (GIS) into the RS framework. In recent years, although remotely sensed data, together with geological and geophysical information, have been applied to many projects of petroleum exploration and exploitation(2, 3), few studies have been reported on integrated RS-GIS application. Extended from previous works, this study develops a RS-GIS framework to analyse correlations between remotely sensed lineaments data and subsurface geological and geophysical conditions for petroleum exploration and exploitation purposes. Its application to the Liaohe Oilfields in northeastern China is provided for demonstrating the applicability and effectiveness of this method.

The Rights of Small-Numbered Peoples of the Russian North in the Territories of Traditional Nature Use

Russia recognises the rights of the population, i.e. the small-numbered peoples of the North, Silesia and the Far East, to their languages and cultures, but has not enacted legislation to determine the rights of this population to the lands and natural resources which it has traditionally used. Problems arise in part from the facts that the officially designated ‘areas of extreme North’ contain valuable minerals, oil, gas and timber, and many cities and industrial areas, populated largely by immigrants, are located there. It is argued that legal recognition should be given to the rights of small-numbered peoples of the North to traditional, communal land use and reasonable exploitation of resources. These uses continued until the State programmes of the 1960s and 1970s brought indigenous Northern peoples into large settlements, although that process has been reversed with the withdrawal of state subsidies to traditional economies in the 1990s and the consequent ‘retraditionalization’. In the post-Soviet period people have tended to revert to a natural subsistence economy, and to disregard laws, both modern and traditional, protecting the environment. Significant and constant expenditure by the state is required, and the destructive use of resources needs to be stopped. Proposals for economic, social, ecological and ethnological and cultural approaches to the formulation of appropriate law are discussed.

Wild fruit resources and exploitation in Xiaoxing’an Mountains

The ornamental characters, nutritious composition, edible value and medical value of thirteen kinds of major wild fruit resources in Xiaoxing’an Mountains Region were synthetically analyzed such asRosa spp.,Actinidia spp. and so on. The results showed that the wild fruit resources in this region had important garden ornamental value, edible value and medical value. A lot of good germplasm resources and honey plant resources hadn’t been effectively protected and enough utilized. The right way of appropriate arrangement and reasonable exploitation of wild fruit resources in this region should be benefit to get rid of economic crisis early in this region.

Ecological techniques and their application with some case studies in China

Ecotechniques may be classified into five fundamental types. (1) Series connections of food chains (or production chains): new food chain components (added rings) are added to make full use of substances and energy and to promote ecological efficiency and high production for human needs. The added rings include production rings, increasing beneficial rings, decreasing loss rings, compound rings and processing rings. (2) Parallel connections of symbiosis networks by joining originally independent species, chains or ecosystems to promote symbiosis between them. (3) Multi-step and multi-layer utilization of substances, including waste. The spatial, temporal and trophic structure of an ecosystem or co-ecosystem is adjusted in quality and quantity to use ecological niches as far as possible and to coordinate development. (4) Promoting effective and beneficial circulation of substances, including waste. This includes circulation of materials and regeneration of substances with wastes in living and production processes; exploitation of alternative local resources unexploited at present; and designing and remaking new technological processes without waste. (5) Restoration of ecosystems. This includes two aspects: one is to protect the ecosystem from damage and to minimize the negative impact while exploiting resources, such as choosing ecologically reasonable exploitation techniques or integrated utilization of resources. Another is to promote the recovery of damaged ecosystems and speed up their progress or design new ecological landscapes. Many case studies on the application of these ecotechniques in China are described, including the duck-cum-fish pond, a polyculture of fish in a pond, a rice-fish mutualism system, a mulberry grove-fish pond system, rotation, catching, and rearing in ponds and lakes, and waste water treatment and utilization.

Rural energy and fuel forests in China

The structure of rural energy consumption for living (domestic) in China is presented based on the nationwide survey conducted from 1986 to 1987. The fuelwood energy consumed amounted to 29% of the totally consumed living energy. The average deficit of fuelwood supply was about 25% for the whole country. The reasonable exploitation of fuelwood resource was 265 Mm 3, while the actual fuelwood consumption was 355 Mm 3. A fuelwood demand of 443 Mm 3 by 2000 was predicted based on a model. Another 4.2 Mha of fuel forests need to be established. The main problems existing in the management and utilization of fuel forests in China are analyzed, and some recommendations are presented.