Reasons Research Articles

Divine Obligations as Theodicy in Leibniz’s Jurisprudence and Metaphysical Theology

Leibniz’s jurisprudence and theory of natural law, which began development as early as the 1660s, has implications for his mature theodicy. In this essay, it is shown that based on an analysis of a few key jurisprudential texts, the Nova Methodus (1666), the Elementa Juris Naturalis (1670–1671), and the Codex Juris Gentium Diplomaticus (1693), Leibniz developed the legal term ‘obligatio’ from Roman Law and the Spanish Jesuit traditions, but that his usage shifted at different stages of his life. Nevertheless, these views are compatible and provide a grounding for his philosophical optimism. It is further shown that Leibniz took the concept of obligatio to provide something like legal standing (locus standi or klagebefugnis) so that rational minds can undergo the theodicean project, that is, because God has obligations to substances, they can seek an explanation for their suffering from God. And because human reason is analogous to divine reason, according to Leibniz, God provides the explanation that the actual world is the best possible world. The goal, then, is to prove that we should take Leibniz’s insights into jurisprudence more seriously, at least in part, because they help to explain his philosophical optimism.

Diet and Culture Exchange between Central Plains and Turpan during Tang Dynasty

The culinary culture of the Tang Dynasty was extremely prosperous, with a wide variety of food and a meticulous production process. Moreover, due to the development of the Silk Road and cultural exchange between the central plains and Turpan, the diet communication between the central plains and western regions are especially frequent. The phenomenon of dietary Hu Feng in the Tang Dynasty is one of the main examples of Cultural exchange between China and the West and the absorption of foreign culture by Han ethnic group. According to the researches on the diet communication between central plains and western regions, it can be a different perspective to learn about the history and culture of Tang Dynasty. This paper mainly expounds the communication between the Central Plains and Turpan in the Tang Dynasty in terms of diet, which is analyzed and studied from three aspects: the overview of differences, the influence of blending and the possibility and inevitability of cultural exchange. This paper probes into the types and structural differences of staple food and non-staple food between the Central Plains and Turpan. And the spread of Hu food, such as Hu cakes and grapes, in the Central Plains, and the spread of the Central Plains special diet in Turpan. This paper analyzes the blending of food culture from the description of food culture by literati in Tang Dynasty. Finally, it analyzes the possibility and inevitability of food exchange between the Central Plains and Turpan in terms of geographical environment, historical reasons and phenomena.

Nahdlatul Ulama dan Program Moderasi Beragama

Abstract: Religious moderation as a religious deradicalization program formulated by the Ministry of Religion, in the public domain, has raised concerns from several parties that it will become a practice of power and domination. Starting from this, this article attempts to examine the central role of Nahdlatul Ulama in the construction of official discourse on the religious moderation program. After reading two documents, the book Religious Moderation and the Roadmap for Strengthening Religious Moderation, this article concludes that the strategic position of Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) cadres in the Ministry of Religion is a quite logical reason why the principles that NU always promotes become key terms in the construction of official discourse on religious moderation programs.

Le premesse di una poetica. Note sulla resistenza dell'io nella poesia di Cecchinel

This article provides a reflection on the stability and strength of the self in Cecchinel’s poetry and on the personal, historical, and existential reasons for a poetics that is not inclined towards experimentation and clings to the lattices of tradition (equally in its ‘high’ and ‘low’ lines and all the more so as today it is neglected). Against this background, the idiolectic use of the noun+aInfinitive construction is also examined.

Perdebatan Aspek-Aspek Ketuhanan dalam Teologi Islam dan Kaitannya dengan Kalimat Tauhid (Analisis Terhadap Tiga Mazhab Besar Teologi Klasik: Mu’tazilah, Asyariyah dan Al-Maturidiyah)

This article aims to discuss the debate on the aspects of divinity in Islamic theology and its relation to the sentence of monotheism based on the madhhab Mu'tazilah, Asyariyah and Al-Maturidiyah. This study is a literature study with a qualitative approach that uses descriptive analysis. The data is taken from articles published on Google Scholar. Furthermore, a strict selection is carried out for these articles by evaluating the abstract, methodology, results, and relevance of each article. Conclusions were drawn from the findings, and the practical and theoretical implications of the study were identified. The results of the analysis show that Islamic theological schools such as Mu'tazilah, Ash'ariyah, and Maturidiyah debate various aspects of divinity in the context of monotheistic sentences. Mu'tazilah emphasizes the intellect and justice of Allah, while Ash'ariyah balances reason and revelation, rejects anthropomorphism in understanding God's attributes, and affirms God's decree and destiny. Maturidiyah, on the other hand, has a more moderate approach and emphasizes the importance of faith, and views the attributes of Allah as something that can be understood in a limited way by human reason. Despite their different approaches, these schools seek to understand and explain aspects of divinity within the framework of monotheism which is a fundamental principle in Islamic teachings

Ratio aut auctores? Reason, Authority and the Anagogic Ascent in the Twelfth Century

In the twelfth century, certain thinkers in the north of Europe were exalting human reason in a manner that had not been seen since the time of the ancient philosophers. Adelard of Bath, William of Conches, Thierry of Chartres and Peter Abelard all championed ratio in a way that seemed to challenge the hegemony of learning that rested securely with the authority of scripture, the testament of the Fathers and the canons of the established councils. In so doing, it represented a significantly different approach from the firmly established ‘authors’ (auctores) as certain scholars pursued their learning, and indeed even divine ascent, via other avenues. Even the visionary Hildegard von Bingen set enormous stock in rationality. This paper will discuss the use of reason for the anagogic ascent to the divine in order to trace its roots to a Platonic understanding of the universe in tandem with a highly positive anthropology that allowed for a bold reassessment of human capabilities, as well as a new appreciation of nature.

Aksiologi Ilmu Dalam Perspektif Barat Dan Islam

Axiology breaks down social values, symbolic and physical-material aspects into things that must be fulfilled in the application of scientific disciplines. Axiology is a parameter of truth, morals and ethics that functions as the normative basis of science. The aim of this research that the author wants to achieve in writing this paper is: To find out the axiology of science. To know the axiology of science from a Western perspective, To find out the axiology of science from an Islamic perspective. The conclusion of axiological research is a study of scientific values ​​or the usefulness of science from both western and Islamic perspectives viewed from a philosophical perspective. Axiology, which is essentially the study of values, has given rise to a branch of discussion that focuses on good and bad values, namely Ethics. Ethics is a theory about human behavior that is viewed from a good and bad angle using the standard of human reason.

Levelling-up economics

Abstract This commentary argues that our awareness of the nature and scale of UK interregional inequalities has only lately begun to develop in a manner which is appropriate, given the scale of the challenge. The UK economics profession across government, business and academia has been slow to understand the gravity of the issue, in comparison to many other OECD countries. Indeed, this intellectual failure reflects a more fundamental failure on the part of the whole UK institutional and governance system, which has evolved, largely for historical and political reasons, into a form that is entirely inappropriate and ineffective for addressing these issues. The problem now is that reforming the system via devolution-related reforms is far more difficult than it otherwise might have been if these issues had been addressed decades earlier, as has been the case in other OECD countries.

P-107 Sperm DNA fragmentation impacts embryonic developmental potential but is not associated with PGT-A outcomes

Abstract Study question Does sperm DNA Fragmentation Index (DFI) affect embryonic development and influence Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy (PGT-A) outcomes in IVF? Summary answer DFI adversely affects early embryonic development, diminishing blastocyst potential. Nonetheless, PGT-A outcomes are unaffected, underscoring the importance of selecting optimal sperm for enhanced IVF results. What is known already Several major factors are thought to cause DFI. The relationship between sperm DFI and IVF results remains debated. Study design, size, duration This study was conducted from January 2018 to March 2023, included 56 married couples undergoing IVF after performing a sperm DFI test. The DFI was assessed at the first semen examination and categorized into three groups: low (≤15%), moderate (15-30%), and high (≥30%). Participants/materials, setting, methods Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) was performed on 1006 mature oocytes, followed by blastocyst culture. A total of 278 blastocysts meeting freezing criteria were vitrified. Trophectoderm biopsies from 216 blastocysts underwent Next-Generation Sequencing for aneuploidy analysis. Statistical analysis utilized the Cochran-Armitage test to compare outcomes among the DFI groups. Main results and the role of chance The average age of the husbands and wives who underwent IVF after the DFI examination was 42.3±4.2 and 41.4±2.4 years old. Normal fertility rates after ICSI in low, moderate, and high DFI were 85.5%, 84.5%, and 83.1%, with no significant difference. Similarly, the blastocyst freezing rates were 35.4%, 26.3%, and 29.6%, and tended to decrease as the DFI value increased (p < 0.05). However, the euploid rates for PGT-A were 22.4%, 16.3%, and 18.2%. There were no statistically significant differences between the DFI groups in terms of euploidy. Limitations, reasons for caution Cases declining ICSI due to patient preference or historical medical reasons were excluded from this study. Wider implications of the findings This suggests that sperm DNA imperfections have a negative impact on the developmental process during the early stages of division, but during late stages of division, the ability to repair DNA works to differentiate into blastocysts with normal developmental potential. Trial registration number not applicable

Critical Consciousness and Youth Political Activism

Like previous generations, today's youth are engaging in political activism to positively transform their local communities and the broader society. This review applies critical consciousness theory to shed light on the factors that spur youth political activism and to highlight how developing critical consciousness engenders developmental benefits. Critical consciousness refers to structural and historical reasoning about inequality, motivation to promote social change, and political activism to bring about social equity. A succinct review of outcomes associated with critical consciousness is presented first, followed by a nuanced contemporary understanding of the precursors to youth critical consciousness development. In closing, this review highlights exciting emerging directions in this area of research and offers reflections on the trajectory of critical consciousness scholarship. All told, critical consciousness research illuminates a strength-based approach for supporting youth's healthy development that adequately attends to the psychological, historical, and structural facets of youth experience.

Что отличает традиционную индийскую эпистемическую культуру от классической эпистемической культуры Запада?

The paper presented to the reader’s attention pursues two goals. The first is a substantiation of the productivity of the concept “epistemic culture” (hereinafter – EC) as a tool of historico-philosophical intercultural research by the example of its application to the interpretation of the meanings of Indian logico-epistemological texts. The second is a demonstration of differences in understanding the purposes and ideals of cognition in traditional Indian EC, and in the Western classical EC with its scientific orientation. Wholeness of the foundations of traditional theoretical knowledge in India, and the leading role of religion in the process of its elaboration (1) led to a different understanding of the aims (2) and ideals (3) of cognition than those which took shape in Western theoretical knowledge, and which became the basis of the scientific revolution of the XVII century. The absence of the concept of the Divine Reason in Indian culture also prevented the formation in EC of the concepts of absolute (4) and objective (5) truth, human reason (6) and rationality (7) as criteria for the truth results of cognition. Indian philosophers placed the superintelligent comprehension (anubhava, pratibhāsa) (8) of the supreme truth (paramārtha) at the top of the hierarchy of cognitive abilities. The eight listed features of the Indian EC determined significant differences in the orientations of civilizational development in India and in the West: invariable orientation to the life “according to dharma”, getting rid of the suffering of the material world – in the Indian civilization, and to a material prosperous life based on technogenic development – in the West from the modernity.

How Should the Use of Opioids Be Regulated to Motivate Better Clinical Practice?

This article describes historical and political reasons for-and devastating consequences of-US opioid prescribing policy since the 1990s, which has restricted opioid prescribing for pain less than for treating opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment. This article considers merits and drawbacks of a new diagnostic category and proposes a regulatory and clinical framework for prescribing long-term opioid therapy for pain and for prescribing opioids to treat OUD.

Key topic or bare necessity? How Research Ethics are Addressed and Discussed in Computational Communication Science

In Computational Communication Science (CCS) researchers grapple with intricate ethical challenges arising from the collection and analysis of complex data sets, often including sensitive or copyrighted data. Taking into consideration differences between the two main lines of philosophical reasoning in the realm of (research) ethics—deontology and consequentialism—we argue that ethical challenges faced in CCS are multidimensional and, hence, require multiple perspectives and approaches. Our general considerations are complemented by an empirical study that aims to assess the nature, prevalence, and discussion of ethical issues in CCS literature. Through a manual content analysis of 476 CCS publications, we shed light on ethical challenges as well as reflections thereof by CCS researchers. Notably, we find that only 5.88% of studies explicitly address general ethical considerations. Ethical review processes are also only mentioned in 6.51% of the considered studies, with the majority focusing on specific ethical procedures, such as obtaining informed consent, data anonymization measures, or debriefing. This suggests that, in the absence of consensus and field-specific standards, researchers in CCS prioritize context-specific ethical procedures, emphasizing the importance of flexibility in addressing ethical considerations.

Kant on the self-preservation of reason

The concept of self-preservation was one of the central concepts in modern philosophy and jurisprudence. Many researchers rightly point out that this concept was quite justifiably associated with the human reason. In Kant’s philosophy you can also find this idea of self-preservation of the reason, primarily in the sense of the self-affirmation of the reason. But this plot, strange as it may seem, does not play any important role in modern studies of Kant. Undoubtedly, the “rationality of self-preservation” underlies all cognition and action, but this is only one meaning of self-preservation. In “Metaphysics of Morals” Kant talks about “moral self-preservation”, which consists in the fact that a person does not violate his ethical and legal obligations. At the same time, for Kant, self-preservation also stands for a strong moral position that is goal-oriented. In this connection, Kant talks about the preservation of “humanity in our person”. Where self-preservation becomes a special topic in Kant, it is about the sentences about goals, about formation and development, about overcoming immaturity. This topic is explicated through a number of other concepts: self-thinking, self-determination, self-mastery, self-control, self-approval, self-feeling, self-legislation, autonomy, etc. As you know, Kant compares the categorical imperative with a “compass” with which people can orient themselves in their actions. However, for complete orientation, knowledge about the world and people is required; attention must be paid to specific things and real people. In his article “What does it mean to orient oneself in thinking?” (1786) Kant formulates the “maxim of the self-preservation of reason”, which appears as a concretization of the idea that a rational being exists as an end in itself. This maxim is identified with the maxim of self-thinking, the purpose of which is to overcome immaturity. As you know, this fundamental thesis is a program of enlightenment. “The maxim self-preservation of reason”, as the supreme principle of our use of reason, can be interpreted as a maxim of the second order. It is important to emphasize that the scope of application of this maxim is much wider and more comprehensive compared to the scope of application of the categorical imperative.

Al-Suhrawardi's Knowledge Construction: A Philosophical Analysis of Illumination, Light, and Isyraqiyah Wisdom

Suhrawardi's Isyraqiyah philosophy emerged as a critique of the perceived limitations within Aristotelian peripatetic philosophy. This study investigates the enduring significance of Suhrawardi’s teachings and their relevance in contemporary philosophical discourse. Employing a qualitative research methodology and an extensive literature review, we analyze Suhrawardi's philosophical contributions towards understanding the complexities of existence. Our findings highlight how Isyraqiyah philosophy promotes tranquility and contemplation, offering a blend of philosophical and spiritual reasoning. This philosophy provides profound insights into the multifaceted nature of existence, guiding individuals in navigating contemporary challenges. Thus, Suhrawardi's Isyraqiyah philosophy remains a vital source of enlightenment and guidance, offering a robust framework for philosophical and spiritual contemplation in modern contexts.

Najmuddin Ath Thufi Mashlahah as Legal Reasoning for Judges' Decisions and Its Contribution to the Reform of Indonesian Islamic Family Law

This article explores the concept of Mashlahah Najmuddin Ath Thufi as a legal reasoning for judges' decisions. The concept of Mashlahah Najmuddin Ath Thufi can be a solution for judges in deciding cases in court. The judges are required to build legal reasoning, who do not have strong legal reasoning can produce decisions that are considered Onvoldoende Gemotiveerd, namely decisions that are insufficient judgment. The question to be answered in this article is how is the construction of Mashlahah according to Najmuddin Ath Thufi in the legal reasoning of judges' decisions? What is the contribution of Najmuddin Ath Thufi's Mashlahah to the renewal of Islamic family law in Indonesia? The method of analysis uses qualitative, while the approach is normative. Data sources are obtained from books, law journals, court decisions and dictates. The results show that, Najmuddin ath Thufi's Mashlahah theory bases the constellation of Mashlahah on the superiority of human reason, based on the interpretation of the Prophet's hadith which reads la dharar wala dhirar. Mashlahah Najmuddin Ath Thufi as the basis of Legal Reasoning for judges' decisions focuses on rechtsvinding (law discovery) and creating new laws (rechtsschepping). Judges because of their position (ambtshalve), are not just the mouth or mouthpiece of the law (bouche de la loi), but become translators or givers of meaning (interpreters). Najmuddin ath Thufi's Mashlahah theory contributes to the reform of Islamic family law in Indonesia through court decisions.

Проблемы демографических исследований в Казахстане

The article provides a scientific overview of the development of demography in Kazakhstan. The purpose of this article is to analyze and present the current state of demographic science of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the context of current economic and political challenges. The study examined the main stages of demographic research development in Kazakhstan in the XX c and during the years of Independence; the historical reasons for the absence of a national scientific school of demography; the accumulated scientific potential; theoretical and practical prerequisites for the implementation of a longterm demographic strategy; mechanisms for socio-economic nudging the birth rate and demographic growth, as well as the impact on the economic development of the country. It is expected that the review will provide an understanding of the current situation and objectives of development of demographic research in Kazakhstan, the role of long-term demographic policy in the economic development of the country to create a scientific base for research in the field of demography, and will provide impetus to scientific research in the population economics.

Non-green ecological conservation: right-wing ecology in contemporary Germany

ABSTRACT After the rise and mainstreaming of the modern ecological movement, the right-wing ecological ideology has not gradually died out, and right-wing ecologists are still very active today. They not only actively participate in ecological debates and activities, but also combine their ideological concepts with practice, and focus on right-wing land grabbing in rural areas. As ecological issues tend to blur the boundaries between political camps, right-wing ecological conservation in ‘green’ garb is extremely misleading and harmful, and therefore needs to be studied in depth. Firstly, this article analyses the ideological basis of right-wing ecology in contemporary Germany from three aspects: historical view, human view and worldview. Secondly, by analyzing the basic positions of right-wing ecologists in the three main fields of ecological conservation, namely species protection, animal protection, green genetic engineering and organic agriculture, and their specific modes of action, this article identifies the motives of the right-wing ecologists’ participation in ecological conservation in terms of historical reasons and practical needs, and analyses the characteristics of their argumentation. Finally, on the basis of the above research, this article specifies the essential differences between right-wing ecological conservation and modern, civilized and scientific ecological conservation and its harms.

V. Textkritische Bemerkungen zu D. 47,10,15,15 (Ulp. [77] <57> ed.)

Summary While the older scholarship modified the last sentence of our text by logical reasons, the reinforced textual conservatism of the last decades led to full confidence in the text handed down in the Florentina, so they tried to solve contradictions by interpretation. The following remarks try to confirm this confidence as unjustified. Based on thoughts on the meaning of praetextatus and materfamilias in the sense of the commented edict ‘de adtemptata pudicitia’ and its telos to punish the degredation of the victim’s honour (contumelia), the first two sentences give indeed a coherent explanation of the edict’s scope. The last one however contains based on today’s prevailing interpretations neither something new nor any conclusion, but only a summary. If we assume instead – as indicated by the Eastern Roman tradition – a partial dittography in the Florentina and apply the original acceptation of habitus as behaviour, the last sentence explains the edict only to require appropriate behaviour and not appropriate dress.

1] Cao, Z. (2022). The Impact of Competence of University Teachers on Work Performance: An Analysis of the Regulating Mechanism Based on Perceived Organizational Support. Journal of Xingyi Ethnic Normal University, 4, 34-43. [2] Chen, N. (2022). Research

The essence of Chinese art is the crystallization of thousands of years of cultural accumulation, permeating the wisdom and emotions of the Chinese nation, and serving as the carrier and manifestation of the national spirit. However, due to historical reasons, a profound lack of this traditional artistic spirit is evident in modern Chinese art education. The most representative example is the complete focus on Western art as the assessment content and criteria in the art college entrance examination. This article will start with the differences between Eastern and Western artistic spirits to elucidate the uniqueness of Chinese art and ink painting. Furthermore, it will explore the influence of Chinese artistic spirit on the development of Western art from a historical perspective. By tracing its origins, the article aims to demonstrate the importance of Chinese artistic spirit in contemporary Chinese art and the necessity of incorporating it into higher education art examinations.