Reasons For Refusal Research Articles

Relationship of patients with multiple sclerosis to vaccination against COVID-19

To study the attitude of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) to vaccination as a method of preventing infectious diseases, in particular, COVID-19. The data of a survey of 408 patients with MS in the Sverdlovsk region in relation to vaccination against COVID-19, conducted using the original questionnaire, were analyzed. According to the survey data, 266 (65.2%) patients with MS are positive about vaccination. 222 (54.4%) patients with MS refused vaccination. The most common reasons for refusal were - fear that the vaccine could worsen the state of health - 44.1%, coronavirus infection in the last 6 months - 14.85%, «I was always told that I should not be vaccinated» - 14.4%, a combination of the above answers - 16.65%. The accumulated world experience and our observations demonstrate the important role of vaccination of patients with MS from COVID-19. It is necessary to rise the awareness of vaccination among patients with MS, since until recently this has been given insufficient attention.

ДІЛОВА РЕПУТАЦІЯ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ ЯК ОБОВ’ЯЗКОВА СКЛАДОВА УСПІХУ В ГРАНТОВОМУ КОНКУРСІ

The study states that there is no single standardized definition of business reputation in Ukrainian legislation, but approaches to its interpretation from some laws of Ukraine and the resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of Ukraine are given. The article examines the main requirements of grantees for the business reputation of business representatives in order to receive funding for the development of entrepreneurship, using the example of two grantees: the USAID program "Competitive Economy of Ukraine" in the direction of supporting processing enterprises and the "eRobota" Program in the direction of opening or developing one's own business. The main reasons for the rejection of project proposals during expert selection, which relate to the applicants' business reputation, are demonstrated. It is emphasized that the eligibility criteria for applicants differ in these two programs, but there are also common requirements for business reputation, such as: no tax and credit debt, no ties to the Russian Federation, etc. It is emphasized that it is important for grant-givers to support only those organizations that are not classified as legal entities or individuals, to which special economic and other sanctions are applied, for which bankruptcy proceedings have not been initiated and/or which have not been recognized as bankrupt, and/or which are not at the stage of liquidation; in respect of which there is no court decision, which has entered into force, on bringing to criminal responsibility for a corruption offense. It was emphasized that one of the most common reasons for refusal of grant applicants is a negative business reputation. Generalization and systematization of the eligibility criteria applied to potential applicants in the "eRobota" grant program in the direction of "Own business" has been carried out. Tactical methods of minimizing barriers related to business reputation are proposed, which are divided into 2 groups: preventive and those that should be applied after the applicant receives a refusal of grant funding with the wording "due to bad business reputation". It was concluded that the presence of requirements for the business reputation of applicant organizations in grant programs minimizes the use of grant resources by unscrupulous business representatives.

Особенности вакцинации у пациентов с иммуновоспалительными заболеваниями

Patients with immune-inflammatory diseases (IID) are a special group of patients at risk of infectious diseases with a probability of a more severe course and outcome. This problem has become more urgent with the emergence of a new coronavirus infection (NCVI) and the need for vaccination against COVID-19. The purpose — to study the features of vaccination against COVID-19 in patients with immune-inflammatory diseases (IID). Material and methods. Conducting surveys and interviews with rheumatological and nephrological patients about vaccination against COVID-19. Results. The study included 225 patients with IID of the Nephrology and Rheumatology Departments of the Republic Clinical Hospital aged 18 to 82 years, among them 133 women and 92 men. Among the 133 women surveyed, 76 (57%) were vaccinated; the main reasons for refusing vaccination were high IID activity and previous NCVI. Among the 92 men surveyed, 59 (64%) were also vaccinated. Just like in women, the main reasons for refusal were high IID activity and previous NCVI. Conclusions. Rheumatological and nephrological patients in general have a rather high (59%) commitment to vaccination against COVID-19. Patients over 35 y.o. were more committed. The main reasons for refusing to be vaccinated were medical withdrawal due to a high activity of the underlying disease and a recent NCVI. In this group of patients, vaccination against COVID-19 was effective and safe; there were no cases of NCVI within 6 months after vaccination.

The Influence of the Factor of Providing Additional Contact Information by the Client on the Outcome of the Transaction in Telemarketing

The subject of the study is the search for the relationship between the provision of additional information by the client and the success of the transaction. The more information the client is willing to provide, the higher his interest in purchasing a product or service and the less likely it is to refuse after a preliminary agreement. Special attention is paid to the most common reasons for refusals, such as the inability to get through to the client, refusal dictated by close people, cases when the client changed his mind without explicitly stating the reason. Based on the methods of mathematical statistics, confirmations of the hypotheses put forward about the absence of a significant influence of the fact of providing additional contact information by the client on the outcome of transactions in general were obtained, but its significant influence in certain classes of refusals was confirmed. The importance of studying the model of making a purchase decision among the client's inner circle is substantiated. The novelty of the research lies in the detailed analysis of particular cases of failure and the mathematical justification of the hypotheses put forward. The main conclusion based on the results of the study is that additional information from the client is an intangible pledge that reinforces the desire to purchase a product or service. Additional information about another person indicates an evasion of responsibility or a hidden refusal. The results confirm the words said by psychologist Boris Mikhailovich Teplov that despite his individuality, a person is under the influence of society and acts in certain social conditions. It is necessary to analyze the client's refusal without interrupting the models of his interaction with other persons influencing the purchase decision.

The shift in COVID-19 vaccination policy for pregnant women, from restricted to required, and the confusion that ensued.

The aim was to investigate the response of pregnant women when the COVID-19 vaccination policy shifted from restricted to required, and the confusion that ensued during pregnancy, bearing in mind that women undergo unique physiological and immunological changes during pregnancy, making them at risk of developing a more severe course of COVID-19 infection compared to their non-pregnant peers. A cross-sectional study was carried out at the outpatient clinics at Jordan University Hospital for all pregnant women during the period of the survey from 1st October 2021 to 31st December 2021, focusing on the source of information about the vaccine, receiving the vaccine, and the reasons for rejecting the vaccine, especially during pregnancy. In total, 468 pregnant women were interviewed. The single primary source of information about the COVID-19 vaccine was the traditional media, audio-visual and print media being the most important as reported by 191 women (40.81%), while possible harm to the fetus was the single main reason for refusal of vaccination during pregnancy as reported by 111 women (23.72%). Reluctance toward vaccination is primarily driven by the fierce media campaign that portrayed its initially ambiguous effects on the pregnancy and fetus in a negative light, in conjunction with the open media platforms that enabled semi-experts to issue medically inaccurate statements and information and further complicated the matter by planting the seed of fear and mistrust of the public in the health care system and providers. More public healthcare awareness regarding the safety of the COVID-19 vaccine is needed.

Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on offering and acceptance in a cardiac rehabilitation programme: introduction of a remote CR programme

Abstract Background The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on multimodal cardiac rehabilitation (CR) programmes has forced a continuous readjustment of clinical practice. Our regional healthcare system was faced with providing quality remote CR to ischaemic heart disease (IHD) patients in a scattered, mostly rural population, for which three new CR modalities replaced the previous in-person CR program: 1) telephone follow-up programme, 2) TELEA online platform for patient follow-up and 3) TELEA online follow-up & online training sessions. Purpose To study the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on CR offering and acceptance and the reasons for patient refusal, and to assess the outcome of new remote CR modalities in this setting. Methods Single center, observational retrospective study from all consecutive patients with IHD eligible for CR from 2015 to 2021. A descriptive analysis of patient baseline characteristics, CR modality, offering and acceptance rates, and reasons for refusal per year was performed. Additionally, a comparative analysis of “pre-COVID period” (Jan 2015–Feb 2020) vs. “COVID period” (Mar 2020–Dec 2021) was performed to assess the impact of the pandemic on patient recruitment and the usefulness of remote CR modalities to enhance participation. Results N=2626 patients (20% women, 69.7±45.8 years) were offered CR from 2015 to 2021. CR offering decreased from the pre-COVID (78.6%) to the COVID period (52.6%), while participation increased (67.9% and 79.7%, respectively) Figure 1. Reasons for CR refusal significantly changed with an odds ratio (OR) of 5.63 and confidence interval (CI) 95% (3.2–9.9). In the pre-COVID period main reasons for CR refusal was “transportation difficulties” (47%); while during the COVID-19 period, the main reason shifted to “lack of interest” (78.2%) (Table 1). Conclusions Offering CR decreased during the COVID pandemic possibly due to stricter inclusion criteria. However, the implementation of new remote CR modalities allowed not only to maintain similar levels of acceptance but also to improve it despite the unfavourable setting, and helped to amend transportation difficulties as the leading reason for refusal. Remote CR may be a useful tool, combined with in-person programs, to enhance participation in CR. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None.

Ebelik Öğrencilerinin Aşı Ve Aşı Reddi İle İlgili Görüşlerinin İncelenmesi

Amaç: Bu çalışma ile ebelik birinci ve dördüncü sınıf öğrencilerinin aşı ve aşı reddi ile ilgili görüşlerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır.
 Yöntem: Kesitsel tanımlayıcı tipteki araştırma birinci ve dördüncü sınıf 286 ebelik öğrencileriyle ebelik bölümlerinde yürütülmüştür. Veriler literatür taranarak oluşturulan 18 soruluk anket ile alınmış ve SPSS 21.0 programında tanımlayıcı ve ilişki arayıcı analizler ile değerlendirilmiştir. 
 Bulgular: Öğrencilerin %92’sininaşıların koruyuculuğuna inanmaktadır. Ret nedenleri arasında %46,9 ilaç firmalarına karşı güvensizlik, %43,7 aşının zararlı içeriği, %39,5 doğal bağışıklığın daha güçlü olduğu gibi nedenler yer almıştır. Gelecekte aşı reddi ile karşılaşması durumunda %63,6’sı bilgilendirme yoluyla aşıya teşvik edeceklerini belirtmiştir. Sınıflara göre, aşı reddini bireysel hak olarak görme, yan etkilerin gizlendiği görüşü, aşı reddine saygı duyma, ret durumunda aydınlatılmış onam alma birinci sınıfta yüksek bulunurken (p

The Impact of Social Media on Employee Mental Health and Behavior Based on the Context of Intelligence-Driven Digital Data.

With the rapid development and widespread popularity of the Internet, employee social media use at work has become an increasingly common phenomenon in organizations. This paper analyzes 105 related papers from the Social Science Citation Index in Web of Science through Scoping Review to clarify the definition and characteristics of employee social media use and the types of social media and summarizes the current research methods. Then, the reasons for employees' willingness and refusal to use social media and the positive and negative effects of employee social media use on employees' work attitudes, behaviors, and performance are discussed. Then, the mediating variables, moderating variables, and theoretical frameworks used in the relevant studies are described, and a comprehensive model of employee social media use is constructed. Finally, this paper indicates future research directions based on the latest research results in 2020-2022, i.e., improving research methods, increasing antecedent studies, expanding consequence research, and expanding mediating variables, moderating variables, and theoretical perspectives.

Is It Mum or the Dad? Parental Factors That Influence the Use and Acceptance of Fluoride Varnish among Parents in Eastern Saudi Arabia.

To investigate parental factors that influence knowledge, use, and acceptance of fluoride varnish (FLV) application. This cross-sectional study was conducted during December 2021. A multistage sampling technique was used to recruit parents with children aged 3 to 6 years and residing in Eastern Saudi Arabia, excluding those working in the dental field. The questionnaire consisted of four parts: demographics, knowledge, previous experience, and acceptance of FLV and was pilot-tested and distributed online using social media. A total of 623 parents responded to the survey. Only 36.9% of parents had good FLV knowledge with dentists being the main source of information. Gender, educational level, family income, being in the medical field, and source of knowledge were factors that significantly (P < 0.05) influenced parental knowledge. Only 24.6% of the parents applied fluoride varnish to their children before, of whom only 29% were satisfied with the experience. Parent's FLV knowledge, view of dental visits, satisfaction with previous experience, perception of children's oral health, and willingness to reapply FLV were factors that significantly (P < 0.05) influenced FLV use. Working in the medical field, perception of dental visits, and the source of knowledge were factors that significantly (P < 0.05) influenced the parent's acceptance to apply FLV. While lack of knowledge about fluoride benefits (15%) was the main reason for parental refusal to apply FLV. The current study highlights the lack of knowledge and application of FLV among parents. There were more factors influencing mothers' acceptance of FLV application compared to fathers. Age, educational level, working in the medical field, perception, and patterns of dental visits were some of the identified factors. Dentists played a major role in parental knowledge and FLV acceptance. In a country with high caries prevalence, preventive programs such as FLV education and application are crucial.

You’ve Over the Line! Muslim Consumers are Resistant to Opposite Brand Values

The consumer's antagonistic behavior towards brands is hotly discussed because of the political issues it carries. However, factors affecting Muslim consumers to reject a product still requires more paucity of empirical evidence. The current study casts the light on antecedent factors that influence Muslim consumers to reject a product, and on a pattern between the reasons for refusal and the intention to boycott a brand. The online survey was able to reach 450 respondents from the Muslim community. This paper uses scenarios from confirmed cases of Muslim consumer boycotts against Unilever brands in Indonesia. Using the snowball-sampling technique, many of the respondents were from the educated young urban Muslim community. The model was tested using partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Moreover, the interaction moderation technique was applied to examine the effect of moderators on the structural model. The results showed that brand hate fully mediates all variables except symbolic incongruity. The results further revealed that brand hate is a construct with three first-order formative triggers (religious animosity, ideological incompatibility, and subjective norms). In addition, this study theoretically contributes to providing clear delineation that brand hate is a dichotomous concept consisting of the dimensions of intention to boycott (intention to incite, intention to avoid, and intention to punish).

HSD32 Early Access in France: Reasons for Refusals and Impact on Market Access

HSD32 Early Access in France: Reasons for Refusals and Impact on Market Access

COVID-19 vaccination and race - A nationwide survey of vaccination status, intentions, and trust in the US general population.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy for adults and children varies depending on societal factors, race, and trust ascribed to the source of vaccine information. OBJECTIVE: To assess COVID-19 vaccination rates and trust levels for vaccine information by race at 2 time points. METHODS: Online cross-sectional data from US adults were collected in February/March 2021 (T1) and November 2021 (T2). Questions included vaccination status, reasons for vaccine refusal, trust levels for vaccine information and the Wake Forest Physician Trust Scale. At T2, parents were asked about vaccination status of children aged 12-18 years and intent for children aged 5-11 years. Vaccination rates and trust levels for vaccine information were measured. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify characteristics predictive of receiving COVID-19 vaccination. RESULTS: Vaccination rates were 20.2% and 70.8% at T1 and T2, respectively. At T1 and T2, higher proportions of White (23.2% and 72.0%) and Other race (14.4% and 75.2%) respondents were vaccinated relative to Black respondents (9.6% and 64.4%) (P < 0.05). In descending order, respondents' doctors, family members, and pharmacists were the most trusted information sources. Black parents, relative to White and Other parents with unvaccinated children aged 12-18 years or who were not very likely to vaccinate younger children, reported lowest physician trust (P < 0.01). At T1, being married, college educated, and older and having greater Wake Forest Physician Trust Scale scores and a higher number of comorbidities predicted a higher likelihood of being vaccinated. Being Black, having a median household income less than $100,000, and residing in the Northeast or Midwest, relative to the West, predicted a decreased likelihood of being vaccinated. At T2, race and comorbidities were no longer predictive of vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: Racial variation in vaccination status decreased from T1 to T2. Physician trust predicted vaccination status and intent regardless of race. Respondents' doctors, family members, and pharmacists are trusted sources of vaccine information, and targeting these influencers may reduce vaccination hesitancy. DISCLOSURES: Dr Brown reports personal fees from Taiho Oncology, outside the submitted work. Dr Morlock reports personal fees from Johnson and Johnson, Heron Therapeutics, Evofem Biosciences, Horizon Therapeutics, and Taiho Oncology, outside the submitted work. Amy Morlock reports personal fees from both AbbVie (formerly Allergan) and Ironwood, outside the submitted work. Drs Blakolmer and Heidari have nothing to disclose.

COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and its determinants in the Bono Region of Ghana.

The study assessed willingness to accept the COVID-19 vaccine among out-patient department (OPD) attendants in the Bono Region in Ghana. This was an analytical cross-sectional study. The study was conducted at the Wenchi Methodist Hospital (WMH) OPD, Bono Region, Ghana. The region had not yet been earmarked for vaccination at the time of the study. Three hundred and twenty-five (325) participants aged ≥18 years, accessing care at the OPD of WMH and willing to give informed consent, were interviewed. The proportion of participants willing to accept the COVID-19 vaccine and its determinants. Of 325 participants interviewed, 32 (9.8%) had been vaccinated already. 82.6% (242/293) indicated COVID-19 vaccine acceptance among the unvaccinated. The major reason for vaccine acceptance was "it could protect against COVID-19" (96.7%, 234/242). "Fear of vaccine side effects and "perception of not being susceptible to COVID-19" were among the reasons for vaccine refusal. Perceived susceptibility to COVID-19 (AOR 4.09, 95% CI 1.79, 9.34), knowledge of COVID-19 and COVID-19 vaccine (AOR 3.62, 95% CI 1.14, 11.46) and willingness to pay for the vaccine (AOR 5.20, 95% CI 2.49, 10.43) were associated with vaccine acceptance. Adequate knowledge of COVID-19 and the vaccine may drive vaccine acceptance in the study area and possibly other areas in Ghana. Campaign messages aimed at increasing COVID-19 vaccine coverage must emphasise its safety, likely side effects and management in order to help rid the population of misconceptions. None indicated.

Vaccination in pregnancy: Healthcare provider attitudes and practices.

To assess provider attitudes and practices regarding vaccination in pregnancy to discern strategies to increase vaccination rates in pregnancy, given that in the USA, various healthcare organizations recommend that pregnant individuals be vaccinated against influenza, pertussis, and SARS-CoV-2, but vaccination rates among gravidas remain suboptimal across these vaccines. An Institutional Review Board-approved survey was disseminated to obstetric healthcare providers by email from June through October 2021. Questions assessed provider demographics, attitudes, and practices surrounding vaccination in pregnancy. A total of 192 providers consented, 179 initiated the survey, and 153 completed it entirely. Statistical software (SAS) was used to perform descriptive statistics. All providers strongly agreed/agreed that all pregnant individuals should receive vaccines in pregnancy. Following patient vaccination consent, 13% reported needing to refer patients to alternative sites for vaccine administration. Following patient vaccination decline, 13% did not determine reasons for refusal, 30% did not re-counsel at subsequent visits, and 92% did not ask another staff member to counsel the patient. Despite provider support for maternal immunization, uptake of vaccines in gravidas remains suboptimal, demonstrating a gap between provider recommendations and patient uptake. These data highlight opportunities for intervention regarding counseling and vaccine availability to increase vaccine uptake in pregnancy.

Medical abortion drug dispensing practices among private pharmacy workers in Nepal: A mystery client study.

Pharmacies are the first point of contact for women seeking medical abortion (MA) and act as important sources of information and referral in Nepal. Over the counter sale of MA drugs is not currently allowed in Nepal. This study aimed to assess the MA drug dispensing practices of pharmacy workers using mystery clients in Nepal. A cross-sectional study using the mystery client approach was conducted in 266 pharmacies in September-October 2019. These pharmacies had either received harm reduction training or medical detailing visits. A total of 532 visits were conducted by six male and six female mystery clients. Mystery clients without prescription approached the sample pharmacy and filled out a standard digital survey questionnaire using the SurveyCTO application immediately after each interaction. Pharmacy workers dispensed MA drugs in 35.7% of the visits while they refused to provide MA drugs to the mystery clients in 39.3% of visits. Lack of evidence of prior consultation with a physician (27.5%), referral to other health facilities (21.8%), unavailability of MA drugs in the pharmacy (21.3%) and lack of prescription (16.4%) were the main reasons for refusal. Seventy percent of the pharmacy workers inquired clients about last menstrual period/months of pregnancy while 38.1% asked whether the pregnancy status was confirmed. During 65.1% of the visits, mystery clients were told about when to take the MA drugs while in 66.4% of visits, they were told about the route of drug administration. Similarly, mystery clients were briefed about what to expect during the abortion process in half of the visits, and information about the possible side effects of the MA drug was provided in 55.9% of the visits. Pharmacy workers provided correct information on taking MA drugs to mystery clients in 70.7% of visits. Despite legal provision of sale of MA drugs only on prescription, pharmacy workers dispensed MA drug in one out of three visits. As pharmacies are the initial contacts of women for abortion services in Nepal, correct supplementary information through pharmacy workers can be an effective strategy to expand access to quality safe abortion services.

Combined hormonal contraception: reasons for refusal and use in high-risk women

Purpose: the article discusses the possibility of using combined hormonal contraception, the reasons for refusal and the use in women of high-risk groups. Methods: a review of data for 5 years was carried out, the factors that led to the refusal to use this type of contraception were analyzed. Information has been collected on the guidelines for action in patients with a high risk of side effects using combined hormonal contraception. Conclusions: women’s fear of adverse events, the formation of health problems, are one of the main reasons for refusing to use contraceptives or completely stopping their use. Future research should explore user bias towards hormonal contraception for a better understanding of birth control, better matching the needs and expectations of women and men today.

Current challenges faced by transgender and gender-diverse patients and providers in anesthesiology.

Current challenges faced by transgender and gender-diverse patients and providers in anesthesiology.

Attitudes about involvement in hypothetical clinical trial protocols in Mexican and Mexican-American at risk for autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease

BackgroundThe enrollment into clinical trials of persons at risk for autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease (ADAD) in whom the onset of disease can be accurately predicted facilitates the interpretation of outcomes (e.g., biomarkers, treatment efficacy). Attitudes toward involvement in such studies are biased by intrinsic cultural and social characteristics. Our objective was to study how demographic factors such as country of residence, age, sex, schooling, parenthood, and urbanization affect attitudes towards participation in hypothetical clinical trials in Mexican families at risk for ADAD living either in Mexico or in the United States.MethodsParticipants were 74 members of different families known to harbor an ADAD mutation living in Mexico (n = 50) or in the United States (n = 24). Participants were asked, in a written questionnaire, their interest in participating in four hypothetical clinical trial scenarios of increasing perceived invasiveness. The questionnaire then asked about their willingness should there be a 50% chance of being assigned to a placebo group. The influences of demographic variables on decisions were performed using Wilcoxon rank-sum for continuous variables and Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables.ResultsParticipants who live in Mexico, who have or plan to have children, who do not attend or do not plan to attend school, and who live in rural areas gave more positive responses regarding their willingness to participate compared to those living in the U.S. The 50% chance of being in a placebo group increased the willingness to participate for family members living in Mexico. The main reason for participation was to help future generations, while the main reasons for refusal were not wanting to undergo genetic testing and consideration of adverse effects.ConclusionsWe found a higher level of willingness to participate in clinical trials among persons living in rural Mexico and our data suggest that altruism towards future generations is a major motivation, though this was balanced against concerns regarding side effects. Our results emphasize the importance of sharing information and assessing its understanding in potential participants with diverse backgrounds in the nature of ADAD and regarding the design of clinical trials prior to their enrollment in such studies.

COVID-19 Vaccination Rates and Factors Affecting Vaccine Hesitancy among Pregnant Women during the Pandemic Period in Turkey: A Single-Center Experience.

The new coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which was detected in the Wuhan region of China in 2019 and spread rapidly all over the world, was declared a pandemic by the WHO in 2020. Since then, despite widespread recommendations to prevent the spread of the disease and provide treatment for sick people, 6,573,968 people died all over the world, 101,203 of which in Turkey. According to the international adult vaccination guidelines, pregnant women have been recommended to get vaccinated against the new coronavirus disease, as well as influenza and tetanus, during pregnancy. Before this study, not enough information was available about the vaccination awareness and vaccination hesitancy rates of pregnant women living in Turkey. For this reason, we believe that our study will contribute to filling this gap in the literature. The main objective of this study was to investigate the vaccination rates of pregnant women in a local hospital in Turkey and the reasons for vaccine hesitancy in this patient group. The minimum sample size of the study was found to be 241, with 80% power, 0.2 effect size, and 95% confidence interval, at p &lt; 0.05 significance level. We included 247 consecutive pregnant women who applied to the Samsun Training and Research Hospital Gynecology and Obstetrics Outpatient Clinics between January 2022 and April 2022. The researchers prepared a questionnaire by taking into account the characteristics of the local community. A preliminary survey with these questions was also conducted before starting the main study. The mean age of the pregnant women participating in the study was 28.7 ± 5.3 years, and the mean gestational age was 28.2 ± 7.9 weeks. Among the participants, 26.3% were university graduates or had a higher degree, and 17% were actively working; in addition, 93 (37.7%) of the 247 pregnant women had received the COVID-19 vaccine, 203 (82.2%) had received at least one dose of the tetanus vaccine, and only 1 (0.4%) person had been administered the influenza vaccine during pregnancy. The most common reason for COVID-19 vaccine refusal and hesitancy was safety concerns, while the low rates of tetanus and influenza vaccination were due to a lack of knowledge. These results show that it is important to inform and educate the pregnant population on this subject to improve their vaccination behavior.

Voice rehabilitation after laryngectomy: problems, complications and ways of their elimination

Voice rehabilitation after laryngectomy: problems, complications and ways of their elimination