Rear Axle Housing Research Articles

Effect of velocity and road quality to the dynamic load acting on the rear axle housing multifunction forest firefighting automotive

Effect of velocity and road quality to the dynamic load acting on the rear axle housing multifunction forest firefighting automotive

Working Duration Prediction of Electric Tractors According to Weight Reduction

Highlights A method for weight reduction of the tractor's structure through topology optimization was presented. A dynamic model of an electric tractor was developed to predict working duration for various agricultural works. The increase in working duration due to the weight reduction of the tractor structure was predicted. A method for predicting the appropriate battery weight of an electric tractor was proposed. Abstract. Recently, the demand for electric tractors has grown substantially in efforts to achieve carbon neutrality. To successfully introduce electric tractors into the market, ensuring sufficient working duration on a single charge is crucial. Increasing the battery capacity is one approach to extend the working duration. However, structural weight reduction strategies for tractors should be explored to mitigate potential issues associated with excessive weight, such as soil compaction. To increase the working duration of electric tractors, this paper proposes methods for structural weight reduction, to predict working duration per agricultural work based on tractor weight reduction, and to predict the appropriate battery weight for electric tractors. The proposed method involves implementing topology optimization on the rear axle housing of tractors to achieve weight reduction. The allocation of weight reduction resulting from structural improvements to the battery weight is determined using a dynamic model of a tractor to calculate the increase in working duration. Additionally, the extended working duration for various agricultural works is estimated, considering different types of batteries and battery weight ratios. Notably, light-weighting achieved a 20.21% reduction in weight when compared with the initial model. The findings of this study indicate an increase in the working duration, with approximately 56.2 and 7.1 min additional for road driving and rotavator work when using Li-S batteries, respectively. Furthermore, the battery weight required to achieve the targeted working duration is calculated, accounting for variations in power demand across different agricultural works. Finally, a method for predicting the optimal battery weight for electric tractors based on the specific power needs and targeted working duration for various agricultural activities is proposed. Keywords: Battery weight, Electric tractor, Topology optimization, Weight reduction, Working duration prediction.

Automobile rear axle housing design and production process improvement using Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA)

The safety of automobile design is crucial to protect drivers, passengers, and other road users, ensuring reliable performance, accident prevention, and regulatory compliance.The rear axle housing in automobiles serves as a protective enclosure for the rear axle assembly, providing support, protection, and structural integrity for the drivetrain components. This research paper employs Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) to comprehensively identify and assess common failures in the design and manufacturing process of rear axle housings in automobiles. The study highlights five critical failure modes, namely less durability, faulty blank, hole position out, burred edges, and bore position out. Through the application of recommended solutions, including design optimization, maintenance of shear blades, and the use of jigs, substantial reductions in Risk Priority Number (RPN) values were achieved. Specifically, the RPN values for the aforementioned failure modes were significantly decreased from 280 to 40, 256 to 48, 378 to 21, 378 to 45, and 392 to 56, respectively. Implementation of these solutions promises several benefits, such as enhanced customer satisfaction, reduced failure rates, elevated product/process quality and reliability, streamlined processes, and optimized resource utilization. This study emphasizes the significance of continuous improvement efforts in the automotive industry and demonstrates the pivotal role of FMEA as an invaluable tool for achieving and sustaining these improvements.

Review on Failures of Rear Axle Housing

Abstract: A study of the mechanical system which is responsible for transferring power to the wheels and to bear the load of the vehicle, which is known as axle housing, is provided in the paper. Axle housing may fail for many reasons. The reasons which are responsible for the failure of the axle housing and corrective actions for failure are discussed in this paper. Some papers were studied related to the failure of axle housing and the summary of those papers is provided in this paper. The study in this paper highlights what kind of issues happen with the axle housing which lead to failure of the axle housing and how to tackle them.

An Energy-Based Anti-Fatigue Optimization Design Method of Welded Rear Axle Housing in a Mining Dump Truck

In order to improve the life expectancy of the rear axle housing in a mining dump truck, an energy-based anti-fatigue optimization design method was presented in this paper. The finite element model of rear axle housing was constructed and testified by the experimental data. The load history was obtained through multi-body dynamics analysis, and the multi-load step nonlinear finite element analysis was carried out to obtain the stress-strain response under different working conditions. The strain energy density method was used to evaluate the fatigue life of rear axle housing, and the results showed that its fatigue endurance was insufficient. Then, the lifetime of the most dangerous point was taken as the optimization objective, and the different plate thickness was considered as the design variables. The approximate model was constructed based on the response surface method, and the anti-fatigue optimization design was finally conducted on the bearing structure through the multi-island genetic algorithm. The minimum fatigue life of optimized rear axle housing was doubled.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ КОНСТРУКЦИИ ТРАКТОРОВ ДЛЯ РАБОТЫ НА СКЛОНАХ

The problems of creating tractors, self-propelled chassis, forestry and agricultural machines of special designs for the mechanization of crop production, land reclamation and construction in hard-to-reach conditions of forest, agricultural and mountain lands are considered in the work. A comparative analysis of design solutions that have found application in domestic and foreign tractors used in the performance of technological and transport operations on sloping lands and badlands in agriculture and forestry is given. It is noted that a number of models of universal row-crop tractors provide for the possibility of increasing stability by turning the housings of the remote final drives relative to the rear axle housing. For tractors, at the same time, the wheelbase increases and the ground clearance (ground clearance) decreases. It is indicated that the analysis of the features of the operation of wheeled tractors on the slopes made it possible to substantiate the methods and means that improve their main indicators: differential lock; lowering the center of gravity; the use of tires with high lugs, additional steel wheels, lugs, expanders; the use of half-tracks and wheeled tractors with a 4K4 wheel arrangement. The advantages and disadvantages of using tracked and wheeled tractors as the base machine have been established. Slope preference for tractors with front drive axle. Such tractors, equipped with the previously listed devices, have better traction properties, maneuverability and controllability, approaching caterpillar tractors in these indicators. Recommendations for the implementation on slopes, forest and agricultural lands of all-wheel drive low-clearance wheeled tractors are given in the work. In conclusion, it is indicated that, despite the considered features, when creating tractors for working on small-contour plots located on slopes up to 25 °, preference is given to wheeled low-clearance tractors, which is caused by a cheap design due to minor design changes compared to the basic models.

Multi-body simulation with notch stress analysis of an axle assembly

The optimization of mining vehicle rear axle weld joints is a complex procedure. The designs for low-cycle fatigue with peak loads were analyzed using computational models and rig testing. On-road evaluation of high-cycle fatigue was performed with the entire vehicle. The iterative analysis is used in design optimization to minimize design cycle time. In sophisticated fatigue calculations with all affecting factors, FEM is utilized. In fatigue failures using road load data, the present deterministic method yields up to 80% correlations. Some critical failure spots were most likely missed owing to operational variations caused by the randomness and multiaxiality of load transfer in link mechanisms with non-linear elements. The fabricated rear axle housing joints are optimized by comparing damage state estimates using stochastic type and multiaxial equivalent loads obtained using Multibody Simulation. The damage state analysis as MBS input stimulus in FE weld models and bolted designs were compared.

Design optimization focused on failures during developmental testing of the fabricated rear-axle housing

In the development of fabricated rear axle housing for heavy-duty off-road applications, engineering against failures was challenging due to budget and timeline limitations. Rear-axle housing failure on the road is a threat to other road users and hence zero failures targeted in the design verification phase. The analysis of rear axle housing beam failures had been well established. Failure in Torture-Track (TT) was resolved by engineering against the stress concentration at the notch, by adding inner side weld at the central section of the axle. This optimized design got verified in FEA and Rig testing for maximum stress concentration reduction and fatigue life improvement, respectively. The optimized design completed the target mileage in TT successfully. Further strengthening of the central section resulted in the failure mode shift from the central section to the beam section (proved in Rig testing). Hence, reestimated the life of rear-axles based on new strain measurement in severe operation. The strain measurement data from off-road testing of the design prototype closer to real-world application gave more accurate stress concentration results. It became the critical influencer to reduce further design iterations based on failures observed during design verifications in the new product development process.

Energy Interconnection between Rock Mass Transportation and Destruction of Rear Axles Structural Sections of BelAZ Mining Dump Trucks

The paper presents analytical formulae of the transportation en- ergy of blasted rock mass depending on the route slopes. The figures are obtained for mining dump trucks with a carrying capacity of up to 55 tons, from 55 to 130 tons and from 130 to 320 tons. In addition, analytical for- mulae are presented for the total destructive energy of the structural section elements of dump trucks depending on the longitudinal slope of the route. The work uses the parameters of crack-like defects that are formed on the rear axle housing component of BelAZ heavy dump trucks. The energy de- pendences of the transportation and destruction processes for mining trucks of various carrying capacities are given. An energy joint diagram has also been constructed, which allows determining the maximum allowable val- ues of the transportation energy of the rock mass and the destruction of the structural section elements for given route slopes.

Управління капіталом акціонерних товариств за зростання нематеріальних активів

The article provides an assessment of the value of an enterprise in the context of an increase in the capitalization of the country's economy as the most important factor in strengthening competitive advantages on the example of the market of steel and iron casting for car building. It has been substantiated that the valuation of the enterprise is limited by the poor development of the domestic securities market, since the growth potential of the current value of shares is not taken into account, depending on the perception of the value of the brand and related intangible assets. It is generalized that the existing directions of effective assessment of the cost of the production potential of an enterprise when organizing the release of new products, subject to investment in modern technologies and technological solutions, are not able to provide a significant inflow of investments in the required volume, especially in intangible assets. The analysis of the factors of formation of the potential for growth and the current value of the enterprise for shareholders is carried out according to two main elements: the present value of future cash flows in a specific forecasting period; long-term value of shares depending on the perception of the value of brands and related intangible assets, that is, research and development work, concluded contracts, brand name, new technologies and technological solutions, and the like. The main factors of the strategic prospects for building up intellectual capital in conjunction with an increase in product sales, it is advisable to include the growth of market capitalization. The key factors in the growth of market capitalization are technologies and technological solutions of innovative types of products: steel ingots, which are used to produce pipe billets used in power units and nuclear power plants; rear axle housing of KrAZ heavy-duty vehicles; automatic couplings designed for the transmission of shock and traction forces devices for placing the mechanism, together with which the coupling and uncoupling of the cars is carried out; steel castings for pipeline fittings; draft gears are designed to mitigate longitudinal forces transmitted through the automatic coupler to the frame and other parts of the car.

Deterministic and probabilistic fatigue life calculations of a damaged welded joint in the construction of the trolleybus rear axle

Abstract In trolleybuses in service, fatigue cracks were frequently encountered in a welded structural detail in their rear axle housing. Sufficiently representative stress-time histories for the critical cross section through this part were obtained by measurement during rides with empty as well as fully-loaded vehicles. The fatigue characteristics of the critical location had to be established by estimation. This information was used as the basis for parametric calculations of fatigue life. The main purpose of these calculations was to ascertain whether these in-service failures could have been predicted (and prevented) during the design stage, and what their main cause had been. Furthermore, this investigation explored the feasibility of verifying this structural detail's service life using the fatigue life distribution function. The paper is expanded work published at the 2nd International Conference on Structural Integrity, ICSI 2017, 4-7 September 2017, Funchal, Madeira, Portugal [ 1 ].

OPTIMASI PEMILIHAN MATERIAL REAR AXLE HOUSING MODEL T8 JENIS TRUK KAPASITAS 7,5 TON

Truk adalah jenis transportasi yang banyak digunakan untuk mengangkut muatan baik hasilpertanian, perkebunan, pertambangan dan lain sebagainya. Ada beberapa varian kapasitas truk yang selamaini dibuat oleh pabrik. Salah satunya truk dengan kapasitas 7,5 ton. Masalah yang timbul adalah trukmengalami patah di bagian rear axlenya. Dengan metode elemen hingga untuk menganalisa desain kekuatanrear axle housing yang menggunakan material Hot Rolled Steel Plate dengan ketebalan 8mm danmenggunakan software pro-engineer didapat tegangan von mises 158,5 Mpa, Displacement 0,307mm danstrain max 0,000835mm dengan angka keamanan sebesar 5,29

Principle of maximum entropy for reliability analysis in the design of machine components

We studied the reliability of machine components with parameters that follow an arbitrary statistical distribution using the principle of maximum entropy (PME). We used PME to select the statistical distribution that best fits the available information. We also established a probability density function (PDF) and a failure probability model for the parameters of mechanical components using the concept of entropy and the PME. We obtained the first four moments of the state function for reliability analysis and design. Furthermore, we attained an estimate of the PDF with the fewest human bias factors using the PME. This function was used to calculate the reliability of the machine components, including a connecting rod, a vehicle half-shaft, a front axle, a rear axle housing, and a leaf spring, which have parameters that typically follow a non-normal distribution. Simulations were conducted for comparison. This study provides a design methodology for the reliability of mechanical components for practical engineering projects.

Calculations of fatigue life of a welded joint in the construction of the trolleybus rear axle

In trolleybuses in service, fatigue cracks were frequently encountered in a welded structural detail in their rear axle housing. Sufficiently representative stress-time histories for the critical cross section through this part were obtained by measurement during rides with empty as well as fully-loaded vehicles. The fatigue characteristics of the critical location had to be established by estimation. This information was used as the basis for parametric calculations of fatigue life. The main purpose of these calculations was to ascertain whether these in-service failures could have been predicted (and prevented) during the design stage, and what their main cause had been. Furthermore, this investigation explored the feasibility of verifying this structural detail's service life using the fatigue life distribution function.

A multi-objective optimization method based on Gaussian process simultaneous modeling for quality control in sheet metal forming

A new modeling method, related to multiple inputs and multiple outputs (MIMO), simultaneously based on Gaussian process (GP), is proposed to optimize the combinations of process parameters and improve the quality control for multi-objective optimization problems in sheet metal forming. In the MIMO surrogate model, for the use of the system information in processing and the accuracy of the model, quantitative and categorical input variables are both taken into account in GP simultaneously. Firstly, a general method is proposed for constructing covariance functions for GP simultaneous MIMO surrogate model based on correlation matrices. These covariance functions must be able to incorporate the valid definitions of both the spatial correlation based on quantitative input variables and the cross-correlation based on categorical input variables. Secondly, the unrestrictive correlation matrices are constructed by the hypersphere decomposition parameterization, thus directly solving optimization problems with positive definite constraints is needless, and the computational complexity is simplified. Compared with independent modeling method, the proposed GP simultaneous MIMO model has higher accuracy and needs less number of estimated parameters. Moreover, the cross-correlation between the outputs (quality indexes) obtained by proposed model provides some reference to further develop quality intelligent control strategies. Finally, a drawing-forming process of auto rear axle housing is taken as an example to validate the proposed method. The results show that the proposed method can effectively decrease the crack and wrinkle in sheet metal forming.

Stress and Modal Analysis for Rear Axle Housing of Mining Scraper

The scraper is one of the important equipment in coal mine. Because of its hard working condition, the complex force and load fluctuation and vibration during the working process, some structure failures on the axle housing of scraper took place in the coal mine. The 3D models of the axle housing were built based on the engineering prototype. The structure stress of the axle housing was calculated. The mechanical characteristics were studied for further development, which included mechanical structure, the vibration modes of the axle housing, the maximum amplitudes by modal analysis. According to the result, more attention must be paid to the stress concentration, violent and irregular vibration of the axle housing in the design.

Lightweight Design of Rear Axle Housing Based on FEM

A lightweight design method is presented which depends on Finite Element Method (FEM).The goal of auto parts` lightweight design is realized based on results of mechanical calculation meanwhile combining experimental results from FEM. As an application of this method, a light truck`s rear axle housing is re-designed and related standards are satisfied. This method is of important science value and guidance meaning in many engineering fields besides in auto industry on the basis of improvement as well as rational application.

Simulation of the vertical bending fatigue test of a five-link rear axle housing

This study seeks a practical method for simulating the vertical bending fatigue test of the BANJO housing of a five-link rear axle. Linear static and transient dynamic finite element models are constructed for the rear axle in which the rubber bushings and the bearings of the axle shafts are reasonably modeled with solid and shell elements, respectively, for simplicity. The calculated results are compared with the measured strain histories, and the results indicate that the finite element models constructed are reasonable. The hypothesis of equal fatigue damage is applied to determine the Hainan proving ground driving life prediction that is equivalent to the constant amplitude fatigue life in the vertical bending fatigue test.

Fatigue Life Analysis of Rear Axle Housing of Mining Dump Truck under Random Load

In order to study fatigue life of rear axle housing of the first Chinese SF33900 mining dump truck,the finite element model of rear axle housing is built.Stress analysis and experimental results are compared,which finds out that the margin of error is acceptable and verifies the accuracy of the model as well.Regarding dynamics analysis results as random load of fatigue life analysis of rear axle housing,fatigue life contours are obtained under normal conditions and the minimum life meets the engineering requirement.For the purpose of studying the sensitivity between load change and fatigue life,the impact of fatigue life under amplitude changes of the three loads is contrastively analyzed,which gets that the load of rear tie rod and suspension have greater impact on fatigue life of rear axle housing.Otherwise,the change of load frequency also plays a great role in fatigue life.The results show that the change of load frequency has a greater influence on fatigue life of rear axle housing than the change of load amplitude.

FEM Analysis on a Rear Axle Housing Oil-Leakage Prediction of Four-Wheel Farm Transporters Based on COSMOS

A finite element method (FEM) analysis based on COSMOS study with the aim to find the causes and effects of deformations in the interface between the rear axle housing and the central gear house of the four-wheel farm transporters during operation has been performed. The present design is analyzed with the aid of a mixed-fidelity, or mixed-grain, FE-model. Boundary conditions are defined on the bushings in front of the rear axle and on the air bellows behind the rear axle. The different load scenarios are represented by forces either on the wheels, the central gear or on the rear axle housing. The simulated results showed that with the worst combined load case for the different proposed design solutions suggested that modified design with a thicker flange and a removed stiffener would be significantly better than the present design; the simulated max displacement is about 0.5 mm and satisfied the design requirement. It indicated that the proposed method of finite element analysis was a good and efficient method predicts the oil leakage of rear axle housing, which can increased the knowledge of how oil leakage from the rear axle central gearbox can be controlled by design measures.