Realization Of Speech Research Articles

Varying acoustic-phonemic ambiguity reveals that talker normalization is obligatory in speech processing.

The nondeterministic relationship between speech acoustics and abstract phonemic representations imposes a challenge for listeners to maintain perceptual constancy despite the highly variable acoustic realization of speech. Talker normalization facilitates speech processing by reducing the degrees of freedom for mapping between encountered speech and phonemic representations. While this process has been proposed to facilitate the perception of ambiguous speech sounds, it is currently unknown whether talker normalization is affected by the degree of potential ambiguity in acoustic-phonemic mapping. We explored the effects of talker normalization on speech processing in a series of speeded classification paradigms, parametrically manipulating the potential for inconsistent acoustic-phonemic relationships across talkers for both consonants and vowels. Listeners identified words with varying potential acoustic-phonemic ambiguity across talkers (e.g., beet/boat vs. boot/boat) spoken by single or mixed talkers. Auditory categorization of words was always slower when listening to mixed talkers compared to a single talker, even when there was no potential acoustic ambiguity between target sounds. Moreover, the processing cost imposed by mixed talkers was greatest when words had the most potential acoustic-phonemic overlap across talkers. Models of acoustic dissimilarity between target speech sounds did not account for the pattern of results. These results suggest (a) that talker normalization incurs the greatest processing cost when disambiguating highly confusable sounds and (b) that talker normalization appears to be an obligatory component of speech perception, taking place even when the acoustic-phonemic relationships across sounds are unambiguous.

Realization of speech in design intent of geometric modelling

The conventional interactive mode is especially used for geometric modeling software. This paper describes, a voice-assisted geometric modeling mechanism to improve the performance of modeling, speech recognition technology is used to design this model. This model states that after receiving the voice command, the system uses the speech recognition engine to identify the voice commands, then the voice commands identified are parsed and processed to generate the geometric design based on the users voice input dimensions, The outcome of the system is capable of generating the geometric designs to the user via speech recognition. This work also focuses on receiving the feedback from the users and customized the model based on the feedback.

한국어 추측 표현의 화행 실현 양상과 교수학습 내용 연구

한국어 추측 표현의 화행 실현 양상과 교수학습 내용 연구

Mapping the Speech Code: Cortical Responses Linking the Perception and Production of Vowels.

The acoustic realization of speech is constrained by the physical mechanisms by which it is produced. Yet for speech perception, the degree to which listeners utilize experience derived from speech production has long been debated. In the present study, we examined how sensorimotor adaptation during production may affect perception, and how this relationship may be reflected in early vs. late electrophysiological responses. Participants first performed a baseline speech production task, followed by a vowel categorization task during which EEG responses were recorded. In a subsequent speech production task, half the participants received shifted auditory feedback, leading most to alter their articulations. This was followed by a second, post-training vowel categorization task. We compared changes in vowel production to both behavioral and electrophysiological changes in vowel perception. No differences in phonetic categorization were observed between groups receiving altered or unaltered feedback. However, exploratory analyses revealed correlations between vocal motor behavior and phonetic categorization. EEG analyses revealed correlations between vocal motor behavior and cortical responses in both early and late time windows. These results suggest that participants' recent production behavior influenced subsequent vowel perception. We suggest that the change in perception can be best characterized as a mapping of acoustics onto articulation.

Persuasives Handeln im wissenschaftlichen Diskurs und seine lexikografische Darstellung: das Beispiel der Kollokation Bild zeichnen

Persuasive speech-acts in scientific texts and their lexicographic representation: The example of the collocation Bild zeichnenCommunication in science can be described as persuasive as far as it is characterized by the need to convince the community of recipients of the scientific value of one’s own results. Lexicography of academic language has to take this into consideration. But how can one describe the linguistic realisation of persuasive speech acts lexicographically in scientific communication? As this cannot be captured on the level of single words, but is rather expressed in the form of more complex struc­tures, the concepts of multi-word units, such as collocations, provide a useful approach. The paper pursues the question as to whether collocation is a suitable means for describing the presentation of the linguistic realisation of persuasive speech acts in science communication. The collocation Bild zeichnen that is used across disciplines serves as a basis for our analysis. We show how qualifying adjectives attributed to the noun Bild can establish reference to acquiring knowledge and thereby furnish the speech act with a persuasive character. Based on the results, we illustrate how an exten­ded concept of collocation can be applied to integrate the linguistic realisation of persuasive aspects of scientific communication in a lexicographic presentation.

On the Functions of Stylistic Devices in Newspaper Texts (Anaphora and Parallel Syntax)

The article observes the functions of two stylistic devices in modern newspapers. The author studies how the functions of anaphora and parallel syntax depend on their structures and lexical stylistic composition. The analysis of the syntactic structure of each figure is based on the theory of lexical meaning and componential structure of the connotation of stylistic devices. The author reveals the system-semantic relationship between the structural components of the stylistic devices in question, and analyses how the functions of stylistic figures depend on the lexical stylistic content of its speech realization. The author concludes that the logical realization and function of expressive stylistic figures depend on the typical logical-linguistic relationships between the components of constructed speech in the stylistic figures. The logical capacity of anaphora and parallel syntax is caused by the semantic relationship of the repeating units, which form a coherent syntactic structure. An expressive effect is created by repeating an element or repetition in general. The article points out that the aforementioned functions may often be combined with one of them dominating. The author argues that there is a tendency for anaphora and parallel syntax to be used together along with other stylistic devices. As a result, the analysis clarifies the application of stylistic devices.

The Relation Between Pragmatic Awareness and Realization of Requests Among Non-Native English Instructors

Language acquisition requires the learners to develop their pragmatic competence so that they are able to comprehend and produce the language as a mean of conveying meaning that is understandable by certain strategy or manner. Foreign language learners with lack of pragmatic awareness realized inappropriate target language. This study, therefore, was aimed to describe the English instructors’ pragmatic awareness and realization in requests, and how the awareness relates to the realization. The study used a descriptive qualitative in order to describe and elaborate the pragmatic awareness and realization of request speech acts among the 12 representations of non-native English instructors studying English Education in Graduate Program of State University of Semarang. Multiple Discourse Completion Task (MDCT) and role play were used in collecting data. Triangulation that included English native speaker’s analysis was also used in order to enhance the validity of the data. The result of the study shows that the participants’ awareness was high in the term of power relation but lower in ranking of imposition and social distance. Power relation was the social factor that mostly influenced the choices of request strategies in the oral production of requests. It is, therefore, concluded that there is causal relation between pragmatic awareness and its realization.

Стилевая вариативность интонации в межкультурной коммуникации и в практике обучения английскому языку

The article is devoted to the problems of stylistic variation of phonetic means in English oral discourse. The author gives an overview of contextual factors which influence the prosodic realisation of speech. It is demonstrated that in speech interaction the factors related to the local context (the immediate speech situation) are closely connected to the sociocultural context. The problems of phonostylistics are discussed with regard to cross-cultural communication and EFL teaching. It is argued that phonostylistics should be integrated into the course of phonetics for the students of foreign languages faculties. The author outlines some approaches to teaching the fundamentals of phonostylistics.

Коммуникемы со значением «оценки»: этимологический аспект (на материале английского языка)

The paper is dedicated to the description of principles, mechanisms and models of communikemes construction with «evaluative» meaning. The research is fulfilled on the basis of the English language. The results correlate with those that were obtained while studying this type of units on the basis of the Russian language. At that, the integral and differential characteristics are identified, which makes the research results significant not only in the aspect of special (Germanic) linguistics but the general linguistics as well. Communikemes are the separate class of syntactic phraseological units. They function in many languages including English. Communikemes are extremely active in the oral-colloquial communication form due to their anthropocentricity, expressivity and economy. The majority of communikemes are derivative. Many of their specific features are determined by the peculiarities of the productive base. That is why the communikemes research in the etymological aspect provides insight into the essence of their linguistic nature and the rules of speech realization. In the sphere of evaluative communikemes two basic models of their construction are established: the first one is based on the actual division of the sentence (it prevails), and the second one is logical-semantic one. In whole, the amount of evaluative communikemes in the English language is more than the communikemes with the positive/negative meaning. The evaluative communikemes in both languages are more «indifferent» to the character of the grammatical meaning of their productive base (in comparison with other semantic groups units). The evaluative communikemes study in the cognitive and psycholinguistic aspects (as well as other groups) is rather perspective.

КОНЦЕПТЫ «САД» И «ПУСТЫНЯ» В РОМАНАХ ФРЭНКА ГЕРБЕРТА СЕРИИ «ДЮНА»

The study is based on effective methods of cognitive linguistics to study concept in the system of language. Speech realization of the concept in a literary text is examined as determined in its functions by an author’s idea, genre and style of the text. The research is a timely development of a modal framework notion for a work of literature, which enabled to describe verbalization of the concept as a system of semantic, formal and functional characteristics. The study confirmed that science-fiction novels from the series “Dune” by Frank Herbert are characterized by philosophical depth and complexity of language, while the concepts “garden” and “desert” play the key role in creating ideological and esthetic contents of the novels. The paper contains analyses of the concepts on various levels of the literary text. It is noted that a concept can be examined at the level of language verbalization, at the levels of the text, the hypertext and literary discourse, while concepts are represented on phonetic, lexical and syntactic levels of the language. Concepts in a literary text have a cohesive hypertext function and provide the dialogue of the writer and the reader in literary discourse. The basis of concept realization in F. Herbert’s science-fiction was linguistic and stylistic analysis, referring to the broader context. Research discloses hypertext function of the concept in the literary text to provide communication of the reader and the writer in the literary text. It is discovered that the cultural component of the text of novels is closely connected with verbalization of concepts. Analyses disclosed opposition of the concepts providing the principle of reader’s choice. The study showed that the writer models reader’s perception of heroes and events of novels by creating axiological modality. The paper brings forth conclusions about F. Herbert’s values experiments, the role of the reader in creating the system of values and the connection of axiology with epistemic and deontic modalities semantics.

Perception of Emotions on the Background of Prosodic Prominence of Words

Abstract The paper tests the hypothesis that prosodic highlighting of individual words with emotional connotation can affect the recipient’s perception of the expressiveness of the entire utterance. Seventeen respondents listened to two speech realizations of the same text and marked its emotional level on the scale between positive and negative. To achieve emotional neutrality of the utterances, they were synthesized with Kempelen 3.0 speech system. The results show a tendency of respondents to perceive speech with prosodically highlighted negative words as more negative (sad) than speech with positive words highlighted, which was marked as more positive (joyful).

Ways of idiom transformation and modification

The present research focuses on phraseological derivation as an important key source of phraseological language system development and broadening. The study of contemporary British literature for teens and the analyses of the idioms used in literal works of selected and nominated authors let us come to certain conclusions which will be given in the present session. The aim of the present research is to reveal the contemporary ways of phraseological derivation and their speech realization in modern literal texts for teens. The object of the present research is a phraseological way of development in the contemporary phraseological English language system. The subject of the research is the communicative value and characteristics of phraseological derivatives. The results and data which were received will be useful for language instructors and teachers, as well as for further linguistic analyses in this field. Keywords: lexicology, phraseology, idioms, contemporary British literature for teens.

ЧАСТИНИ МОВИ В ДІАЛЕКТНОМУ ТЕКСТІ

The object of the article is the problem of the description and functioning of parts of speech in the Ukrainian dialects. The subject of this study is the specificity of parts of speech realization in dialects. The purpose of the article is to investigate the peculiarities of parts of speech functioning in dialectal macro texts of the Ukrainian steppe dialect spoken in the v. Shevchenkove, Kiliya district, Odessa region, spread in the multi-lingual and multi-dialectal area between the Danube and the Dniester rivers. The author gives reasons for the necessity to apply dialectal text as a source of the linguistic information, highlights its peculiarities, distinguishes central and peripheral morphological phenomena of dialect system on the basis of frequency of occurrence; identifies functional lacunas as specific markers of dialectal morphology. Methodology comprises of such methods and procedures of dialectal analysis as: statistical method for establishing central and peripheral morphological phenomena of the dialect grammatical system; an invariant overdialectal model which is devised and employed innovationally for a consistent description of all the parts of speech of the dialect and allow revealing of functional lacunas and superfluity. The latter are finding of research. The practical value of the investigation is to use the suggested tools of the morphological level description for analysis of other Ukrainian dialects.

The hierarchies of phonetic realization of focus in second language speech

Two experiments were conducted to examine the phonetic realization of focus in L2 Mandarin by L1 American English speakers and in L2 English by L1 Beijing Mandarin speakers. The production data in both experiments indicated an acoustical hierarchy of duration > intensity > F0 at the sentential level. This hierarchy was correlated with another hierarchy in sentence location relative to focus: pre-focus > in-focus > post-focus. In other words, L2 learners tended to produce more nativelike patterns of duration than intensity, and intensity than F0, to code focus. These patterns were more salient in pre-focus condition than in-focus condition, and in in-focus condition than post-focus condition. These findings are consistent with Wu and Chung (2011, ICPhS) and Chen, Xu and Guion-Anderson (2014, Phonetica) that bilingual learners used more duration and intensity than F0 and more in-focus expansion than post-focus compression to code focus in L2 speech. Post-focus compression of F0 was the most difficult acoustic cue in phonetically realizing L2 focus. The nativelikeness of focus realization in L2 speech increased with the increase of L2 experience. [This work was supported by the National Science Foundation of China #61573187 and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities in China NJUSTWGY14001.]

Vowel-dependent variation in Cantonese /s/ from an individual-difference perspective.

Individual variation is ubiquitous in the acoustic realization of human speech; however, little is known about the nature of individual differences in coarticulation. Through an in-depth case study of the temporal dynamics of vocalic influences on the acoustic realization of Cantonese /s/, this study demonstrates that coarticulatory effects may vary by the sex and self-reported autistic-like traits of the individual. These findings have significant implications for research in phonetics, phonology, and sound change.

Extrinsic talker normalization via rapid accumulation of talker-specific phonetic detail

Talker normalization makes speech processing more efficient by reducing the degrees of freedom between the highly variable acoustic realization of speech and its abstract mental representation. However, it is unknown how processing gains afforded by talker normalization depend on the amount of talker-specific information available in the preceding speech context. We explored the timecourse of extrinsic talker normalization in a series of speeded classification tasks that parametrically varied the amount of talker-specific phonetic detail available in the preceding speech context. In single- and mixed-talker conditions, listeners identified a target word (either “boot” or “boat”) preceded by either no speech context, a short carrier phrase (“It's a...”), or a long carrier phrase (“I owe you a...”) spoken by the same talker as the target word. Listeners' word identification was always slower in the mixed-talker condition than the single-talker one. However, the amount of interference decreased as the amount of preceding speech context increased: the interference effect of the mixed-talker condition was greatest with no carrier, less with a short carrier, and least in the long-carrier condition. These results reveal how extrinsic talker normalization facilitates speech processing via rapid accumulation of talker-specific detail from the speech context.

Entropy as a measure of mixedupness of realizations in child speech

AbstractTypical morpho-phonological measures of children’s speech realizations used in the literature depend linearly on their components. Examples are the proportion of consonants correct, the mean length of utterance and the phonological mean length of utterance. Because of their linear dependence on their components, these measures change in proportion to their component changes between speech realizations. However, there are instances in which variable speech realizations need to be differentiated better. Therefore, a measure which is more sensitive to its components than linear measures is needed. Here, entropy is proposed as such a measure. The sensitivity of entropy is compared analytically to that of linear measures, deriving ranges in component values inside which entropy is guaranteed to be more sensitive than the linear measures. The analysis is complemented by computing the entropy in two children’s English speech for different categories of word complexity and comparing its sensitivity to that of linear measures. One of the children is a bilingual typically developing child at age 3;0 and the other child is a monolingual child with speech sound disorders at age 5;11. The analysis and applications demonstrate the usefulness of the measure for evaluating speech realizations and its relative advantages over linear measures.

Discursive-Pragmatic and Translation Features of the Semantic Situation of Apology in Linguocultures

Formulas of apology are widely used in communication systems in many socio-cultural communities as a means of realizing the crucial social function that ensures the maintenance of harmony of interpersonal relationships between the participants of a communicative act. However, so far a number of problems associated with the peculiarities of the functioning of the formulas of apology in speech have not been studied yet, including the problem of the use of language units with the semantics of apology for the realization of other speech acts and formulas, as well as the problem of translation of the formulas used in the semantic situation of apology in general and translation of the formulas used in the British culture from English to Russian in particular. A traditional linguistic analysis, aimed at studying isolated linguistic forms, as a rule, does not take into account its closest context environment, conditions of use, as well as culturally-based interactive parameters, and as a result, can not determine the actual communicative value of this formula in natural interaction. In this paper, the author describes the functioning of the semantic situation of apology from the standpoint of discursive-pragmatic analysis, taking into account the extra-linguistic parameters of the situation of communication.

Визуальная коммуникация в системе политических отношений

The research article represents communication principles of functional and
 speech realization of visual communication. Pragmalinguistic analysis is actualized
 in the political attitudes system context. Communication component
 of the notion “power” is indicated. The range of communication channels in
 the format of visual symbolism within which the multichannel mechanism
 has its impact. The whole complex of visual means that transmit the meaningful
 component directly and indirectly is analyzed. The experimental data
 of contradiction visual channels and specificity of their perception transmission
 are represented. The obligatory multifactor principles of professional
 visual political communication realization are given. The visualization national
 cultural specificity, social etiquette component, gender differences
 of communicators’ political thoughts is pointed out. The communication
 manifestation bases of the strategic and tactical complex within visual political
 communicative plane are stated. The conclusions dealing with correct
 visual information production and perception parametres are formulated.

POLITENESS STRATEGIES IN RESPONDING TO COMPLIMENTS IN JAVANESE

Abstract: Javanese has been studied from many different perspectives. However, no one discusses how Javanese respond to compliments politely. The aim of this study is to investigate the politeness strategies as applied to respond to compliments by the Javanese people in Jember, East Java. The notion of politeness plays crucial role in the realization of speech acts (utterances and verbal communication) in Javanese, such as responding to compliements. As utterances and verbal communications should be interpreted based on the sosio-cultural background, the politeness strategies in responding to compliments in Javanese cannot be separated from the concepts of the Javanese culture, such as: andhap-asor (lowering oneself , while exalting the others) and tanggap ing sasmita (understanding the hidden meaning). First, as a Javanese, one must be able to apply the concept of andhap-asor in responding to compliments by denigrating himself. Second, a good Javanese should also have a sense of tanggap ing sasmita while responding to compliments. Consequently, failure to apply one of the cultural factors can be detrimental to the speaker, reducing the harmony of the conversation. This paper examines how politeness is manifested and conveyed within the major framework of the Javanese culture. This study is about socio-cultural pragmatics in which utterances are discussed in relation to their situations, and the cultural background which support them. The data are in the form of dialogues among students-teachers, and students-students which show the different social status among the interlocutors. The data of this research were collected by recording, and by note taking (for the parts in which recording is not possible). The data are aimed to generate the strategies used by the Javanese (in Jember, Indonesia) to build politeness strategies in responding to compliments. Finally, the data of this research are examined both from the general theory of politeness, and the Javanese cultural concepts ( andhap-asor and tanggap ing sasmita ). This study provides important findings which reveal that responding to compliments in Javanese can be achieved in five strategies: (1) disagreeing and denigrating, (2) disagreing and raising a question, (3) accepting and turning back, (4) accepting and giving explanation, and (5) accepting only, or accepting and offering.