Realistic Targets Research Articles

Resonances in ν¯e−e− scattering below a TeV

We consider the resonant production and detection of charged mesons in existing and near-future neutrino scattering experiments with ${E}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}\ensuremath{\lesssim}1\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{TeV}$, characteristic of high-energy atmospheric neutrinos or collider-sourced neutrino beams. The most promising candidate is the reaction ${\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}}_{e}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\rho}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$. We discuss detection prospects at $\mathrm{FASER}\ensuremath{\nu}$, the LHC's forward physics facility with nuclear emulsion ($\mathrm{FASER}\ensuremath{\nu}2$) and liquid argon detectors (FLArE), and we estimate the number of expected resonance-mediated events in the existing data set of IceCube. We also outline possible detection strategies for the different experimental environments. We predict dozens of events at the forward physics facility and identify cuts with order-one signal efficiency that could potentially suppress backgrounds at $\mathrm{FASER}\ensuremath{\nu}$, yielding a signal-to-background ratio larger than 1. Antineutrino-induced $s$-channel meson resonances are yet unobserved Standard Model scattering processes which offer a realistic target for near-term experiments.

Climate change litigation: directors’ duties, legal developments and risk management

Climate change is being repositioned in commercial, financial and legal spheres as a matter that requires board-level strategic attention. With a broad-ranging consensus that climate change risks are material and reasonably foreseeable, activists are pursuing a myriad of legal challenges seeking to hold government and companies to account. As the law develops, a number of trends are emerging which will require companies and directors to adapt their response to climate-change-related risks. In particular, directors are required to adequately inform themselves as to the broader physical and economic consequences of climate change, to critically evaluate the implications for financial performance and risk management, to adapt their company’s strategic response, and disclose and report relevant information to stakeholders. These requirements need to be managed amid significant uncertainties and complexities about the impacts of climate change, and also as to realistic emissions reduction targets, offsetting, innovation, measurement and reporting methodologies. This paper outlines climate litigation trends to assist in equipping boards, directors and general counsel to understand and engage with their company’s exposure. In particular, we consider claims against government which are of relevance to companies, including challenges to project approvals on climate change grounds; as well as potential actions against companies, directors and advisors in respect of fiduciary duties, disclosures and greenwashing.

DEF-Net: A Face Aging Model by Using Different Emotional Learnings

Face aging has attracted widespread attention in recent years, but most studies are based on the same emotional situation. Is the same person’s aging in different emotional situations the same? To solve the above confusion, this paper proposes a novel face aging model DEF-Net, which consists of two parts: different emotional learnings (Emotion-Net) and face aging (Age-Net). Given a target emotion category, DEF-Net first assists the image from the original dataset to learn the emotion features through Emotion-Net and the generated dataset is used as the inputs of Age-Net. At the same time, multiple loss functions are used to ensure that the crucial information of the original image is not lost. Secondly, Age-Net, which has been pre-trained on the original dataset, began to adopt the generated dataset to learn the aging distribution under different emotions. Designed loss functions are utilized to ensure that the realistic target images generated by Age-Net do not lose the learned emotional characteristics. Finally, extensive experiments are used to verify the performance of DEF-Net. Compared with other state-of-the-art methods: (1) DEF-Net can learn different facial emotions across different datasets and generate corresponding realistic aging images; (2) the results achieved by our DEF-Net are demonstrated to be better than those by the model that performs face aging first and then learns different emotional characteristics.

Design of Total Site-Integrated TrigenerationSystem using trigeneration cascade analysis considering transmission losses and sensitivity analysis

Distribution of energy from a Total Site Trigeneration Energy System (TSTES) to fulfil process energy demands can result in transmission losses due to frictions in pipelines and the electrical grid. Sensitivity analysis can be used to design the required backup system to address such risk. Previously, the Trigeneration System Cascade Analysis (TriGenSCA) method that was used to design a TSTES has assumed no transmission losses and ignored the need for a backup utility system. This paper proposes an extension of the TriGenSCA to consider transmission and storage energy losses and sensitivity analysis to enable a trigeneration system involving batch processes to produce realistic energy targets and to design a backup utility system of appropriate capacity. The methodology was applied on a case study involving a Pressurised Water Reactor (PWR) integrated with a trigeneration system within an industrial Total Site comprising four process plants. This study shows an increase of up to 15% in total annual cost for a trigeneration system with transmission losses as compared to the one without transmission losses, and it shows that Plant B shutdown, which requires additional 3.1 MW low-pressure steam and 3.25 MW of hot water represents the worst-case scenario of a single plant shutdown.

Efficient GPU implementation of the time-domain shooting and bouncing rays method on electrically large complex target

In order to rapidly obtain the scattered echo from large complex target, we have developed a high-frequency simulation tool through the combination of time-domain shooting and bouncing rays (TDSBR) method and time-domain physical optics (TDPO). For ray tracing is time consuming, compute unified device architecture (CUDA) and OptiX from Nvidia are used to reduce computational time. The closed-form expression of TDPO integral is adopted to predict the far field of the illuminated area. A new TDPO integral expression is derived based on the original expression for ray tube integral area in multiple bounce scattering. The simulation results are compared with full-wave method to demonstrate the accuracy of our method. Finally, this improved TDSBR-TDPO method is used to simulate the scattering echo from complex realistic targets and the results are also discussed. The simulation time and hardware configuration are given to show the efficiency of our work.

System Performance and User Feedback Regarding Wearable Bioimpedance System for Multi-Site Knee Tissue Monitoring: Free-Living Pilot Study With Healthy Adults.

Knee-focused wearable devices have the potential to support personalized rehabilitation therapies by monitoring localized tissue alterations related to activities that reduce functional symptoms and pain. However, supporting these applications requires reported data to be reliable and accurate which can be challenging in the unsupervised free-living conditions that wearable devices are deployed. This pilot study has assessed a knee-focused wearable sensor system to quantify 1) system performance (operation, rates of data artifacts, environment impacts) to estimate realistic targets for reliable data with this system and 2) user experiences (comfort, fit, usability) to help inform future designs to increase usability and adoption of knee-focused wearables. Study data was collected from five healthy adult participants over 2 days, with 84.5 and 35.9% of artifact free data for longitudinal and transverse electrode configurations. Small to moderate positive correlations were also identified between changes in resistance, temperature, and humidity with respect to acceleration to highlight how this system can be used to explore relationships between knee tissues and environmental/activity context.

Responsible plant nutrition: A new paradigm to support food system transformation

The coming 10–20 years will be most critical for making the transition to a global food system in which mineral nutrients in agriculture must be managed in a more holistic manner. Fertilizers play a particular role in that because they are among the key drivers for securing global food security and improving human nutrition through increased crop yields and nutritional quality. A new paradigm for responsible plant nutrition follows a food systems and circular economy approach to achieve multiple socioeconomic, environmental and health objectives. Achieving that requires utilizing all available organic and inorganic nutrient sources with high efficiency, tailored to the specific features of food systems and agroecosystems in different world regions. Critical actions include: (i) sustainability-driven nutrient roadmaps, (ii) digital crop nutrition solutions, (iii) nutritious crops, (iv) nutrient recovery and recycling, (v) climate-smart fertilizers, and (vi) accelerated innovation. The outcome of this transformation will be a new societal plant nutrition optimum rather than a purely economic optimum. New partnerships and sustainability-focused business models will create added value for all actors in the nutrient chain and benefit farmers as well as consumers. Research needs to become more problem-driven and merge excellent science with entrepreneurial innovation approaches in order to develop robust solutions faster and at larger scale. Evidence-based policies should focus on creating and supporting the necessary nutrient stewardship roadmaps, including realistic national targets, progressive regulation and incentives that support technology and business innovation.

Proposed city-specific interim targets for India based on WHO air quality guidelines 2021

The World Health Organization has proposed the ambient air quality guidelines 2021. The uniqueness of the guidelines of the World Health Organization - air quality guidelines 2021 - is the inclusion of interim targets. Higher levels of air pollutants including PM2.5 for ambient air in India were recorded in recent times, and its association with respiratory and cardiovascular health risks was evidenced in the recent literature. To achieve the ambient air quality standards in India as per the World Health Organization - air quality guidelines, there is a need for interim targets in the future National Ambient Air Quality Standards to be proposed in India. These interim targets may be proposed for non-attainment/attainment cities based on the PM2.5 concentration levels to achieve a realistic target of recommended levels in a graded manner and thereby minimize air pollution in the specific location.

Phase-In to Phase-Out-Targeted, Inclusive Strategies Are Needed to Enable Full Replacement of Animal Use in the European Union.

Simple SummaryIn the European Union (and elsewhere), the overall use of animals in laboratories has failed to undergo any significant decline, despite six decades of purported adherence to the “3Rs” principles of replacement, reduction, and refinement. In the EU, the 1986 adoption of a legal requirement to use scientific methods not entailing the use of live animals, rising public opinion against the use of animals and the almost exponential rise in development and application of non-animal new approach methodologies (NAMs) signals a readiness to end animal testing. Indeed, the European Parliament recently carried an almost unanimous vote to adopt an action plan to phase out the use of animals in research and testing. This article explores what is needed to make this action plan a success, considering all stakeholders and their needs.In September 2021, the European Parliament voted overwhelmingly in favour of a resolution to phase out animal use for research, testing, and education, through the adoption of an action plan. Here we explore the opportunity that the action plan could offer in developing a more holistic outlook for fundamental and biomedical research, which accounts for around 70% of all animal use for scientific purposes in the EU. We specifically focus on biomedical research to consider how mapping scientific advances to patient needs, taking into account the ambitious health policies of the EU, would facilitate the development of non-animal strategies to deliver safe and effective medicines, for example. We consider what is needed to help accelerate the move away from animal use, taking account of all stakeholders and setting ambitious but realistic targets for the total replacement of animals. Importantly, we envisage this as a ‘phase-in’ approach, encouraging the use of human-relevant NAMs, enabling their development and application across research (with applications for toxicology testing). We make recommendations for three pillars of activity, inspired by similar efforts for making the shift to renewable energy and reducing carbon emissions, and point out where investment—both financial and personnel—may be needed.

Changes in organic carbon to clay ratios in different soils and land uses in England and Wales over time

Realistic targets for soil organic carbon (SOC) concentrations are needed, accounting for differences between soils and land uses. We assess the use of SOC/clay ratio for this purpose by comparing changes over time in (a) the National Soil Inventory of England and Wales, first sampled in 1978–1983 and resampled in 1994–2003, and (b) two long-term experiments under ley-arable rotations on contrasting soils in the East of England. The results showed that normalising for clay concentration provides a more meaningful separation between land uses than changes in SOC alone. Almost half of arable soils in the NSI had degraded SOC/clay ratios (< 1/13), compared with just 5% of permanent grass and woodland soils. Soils with initially large SOC/clay ratios (≥ 1/8) were prone to greater losses of SOC between the two NSI samplings than those with smaller ratios. The results suggest realistic long-term targets for SOC/clay in arable, ley grass, permanent grass and woodland soils are 1/13, 1/10, and > 1/8, respectively. Given the wide range of soils and land uses across England and Wales in the datasets used to test these targets, they should apply across similar temperate regions globally, and at national to sub-regional scales.

Using palaeolimnology to guide rehabilitation of a culturally significant lake in New Zealand

Abstract Lakes are becoming degraded at an accelerating rate owing to human activity, and understanding their past ecology is necessary for lake management and rehabilitation. Palaeolimnology provides numerous methods that enable the historical state of lakes to be determined. New Zealand provides an ideal setting in which to do this as human modification of the landscape occurred later here than in most regions of the world (approx. 1300 CE). Lake Oporoa is a shallow lake that is highly significant to the local indigenous Māori community. This study used multiple proxy palaeolimnology to explore how lake ecology shifted following Māori and European settlement in the catchment, and how palaeolimnological data can be used to inform lake rehabilitation and conservation measures, alongside the desires of the indigenous community. Sedimentary pollen, diatoms, bacterial communities, and elemental and hyperspectral imaging scanning were used to infer ecological changes in the lake and catchment from pre‐human times to present. Following Māori settlement (approx. 1620 CE) there was gradual vegetation change and a rapid shift in diatom and bacterial assemblages, but not in phytoplankton pigments or sediment geochemistry. An increasing abundance of diatom taxa Discostella stelligera and Staurosirella cf. ovata indicates early nutrient enrichment. European pastoralism from approximately 1840 CE resulted in further deforestation, and all proxies show evidence for enhanced primary productivity driven by a combination of nutrient enrichment and changing lake levels, particularly since the 1960s. This has caused degradation in water quality and is likely to have contributed to the decline in populations of tuna (eel, Anguilla spp.). Conversations with local Māori, together with the palaeolimnological results, indicate that a culturally acceptable and realistic rehabilitation target for Lake Oporoa aligns with ecological conditions in the 1950s. The palaeoecological data provide information to guide catchment and lake revegetation and other methods of nutrient abatement, with the eventual aim of restoring culturally important tuna and native fish populations.

An Anti-Jamming Method against Interrupted Sampling Repeater Jamming Based on Compressed Sensing.

Interrupted sampling repeater jamming (ISRJ) is an attracted coherent jamming method to inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) in the past decades. By means of different jamming parameters settings, realistic dense false targets can be formed around the true target. This paper proposed an adaptive anti-jamming method against ISRJ by adjusting the number of measurements based on compressed sensing (CS). The jamming signal is energy concentrated and segmented sparse in the frequency domain. The measurements number of the reconstructed target signal and the jamming signal is different. According to the restricted isometry property (RIP) condition of CS theory, signal reconstructing performance depends on the number of measurements that varies with the sparsity of the vector. Thus, the jamming signal is suppressed, and the true target signal is retained by altering the measurements number of echo signals. Besides, the two-dimensional (2D) anti-jamming method is derived in detail. The anti-jamming effect is analyzed with different signal-to-noise ratios (SNR), sampling rates, and jam-to-signal ratios (JSR). Simulations prove the effectiveness of the proposed anti-jamming method.

Investigate the Relationship between Corporate Entrepreneurship with Financial Performance in Pakistan: An Empirical Study

The main purpose of this research is to look into the link between corporate entrepreneurship and financial performance in Pakistani manufacturing firms. Corporate entrepreneurship is becoming increasingly popular among huge corporations. The idea is employed in major corporations to stimulate innovation or to improve the company's performance. Existing companies' new ventures confront numerous obstacles, and data suggests that the majority of them fail. For large corporations, corporate entrepreneurship is very important. This is a quantitative study that used a questionnaire research methodology since it was deemed appropriate for this type of research.The respondents were chosen from the manufacturing sector of the Lahore Chamber of Commerce using simple random sampling. The study's target population was managers in Pakistan's manufacturing industry. This study employed a sample size of 307 people from a population of 10,000. The validity and reliability of the research instruments utilised in the study were tested in a pilot study. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyse the study's findings (SPSS version 21). For assessing associations between variables, the researchers utilised the Pearson-Correlation Coefficient and the Multiple Linear Regression Model.The study established that corporate entrepreneurship dimensions (innovation, new business ventures, strategic renewal, pro-activeness, risk-taking, and autonomy) were found to have a statistically significant link with financial performance in the study. Strategic renewal and autonomy were also found to have a high relationship with financial performance in the study. According to the findings, corporate entrepreneurship features such as innovation, new business ventures, risk-taking, strategic renewal, pro-activeness, and autonomy have a favourable impact on manufacturing companies' financial performance in Pakistan.The report suggests that managers in Pakistan's manufacturing sector concentrate on corporate entrepreneurship characteristics. You'll need a goal and a plan if you want your corporate entrepreneurship attempts to succeed. Open to risk, encourage partnerships, create skills and expertise, offer management assistance, allow access to critical resources, maintain a supportive organisational structure, and set realistic performance targets are all characteristics of the most successful entrepreneurial cultures. For the best results, don't forget to analyse your entrepreneurial environment on a frequent basis.

Inverse design optimization framework via a two-step deep learning approach: application to a wind turbine airfoil

The inverse approach is computationally efficient in aerodynamic design as the desired target performance distribution is prespecified. However, it has some significant limitations that prevent it from achieving full efficiency. First, the iterative procedure should be repeated whenever the specified target distribution changes. Target distribution optimization can be performed to clarify the ambiguity in specifying this distribution, but several additional problems arise in this process such as loss of the representation capacity due to parameterization of the distribution, excessive constraints for a realistic distribution, inaccuracy of quantities of interest due to theoretical/empirical predictions, and the impossibility of explicitly imposing geometric constraints. To deal with these issues, a novel inverse design optimization framework with a two-step deep learning approach is proposed. A variational autoencoder and multi-layer perceptron are used to generate a realistic target distribution and predict the quantities of interest and shape parameters from the generated distribution, respectively. Then, target distribution optimization is performed as the inverse design optimization. The proposed framework applies active learning and transfer learning techniques to improve accuracy and efficiency. Finally, the framework is validated through aerodynamic shape optimizations of the wind turbine airfoil. Their results show that this framework is accurate, efficient, and flexible to be applied to other inverse design engineering applications.

A Wearable NFC Antenna Sewn on Leather Substrate for Immersive IoT Applications

The Internet of Things (IoT) is considered a promising realm of innovation and revenue generation for the forthcoming years, revolutionizing the way we interact with objects, other people and the world. With an unprecedented but realistic target of trillions of interconnected devices, the IoT calls for technological innovations that lie in the heart of rapid, low-energy and user-friendly communication between people and things. In this respect, the Near Field Communication (NFC) protocol offers advanced efficiency and applicability with low energy consumption, ease of use, flexibility, and increased payload. NFC tags may be embedded in everyday objects, including clothing and apparel, offering an immersive user experience. Wearable NFC antennas and NFC tags embedded in clothing have been presented in the past; nonetheless, in this paper we present, to the best of our knowledge, the first reported development of a NFC antenna on leather substrate. The proposed antenna is sewn using stainless steel thread and operates at the 13.56 MHz frequency range. It may be used alongside with NFC tags in leather apparel like clothing, shoes, accessories, etc., thus extending the possible use cases and applications of the NFC technology and offering an all the more immersive experience for the end user.

Deciphering endothelial heterogeneity in health and disease at single-cell resolution: progress and perspectives.

Endothelial cells (ECs) constitute the inner lining of vascular beds in mammals and are crucial for homeostatic regulation of blood vessel physiology, but also play a key role in pathogenesis of many diseases, thereby representing realistic therapeutic targets. However, it has become evident that ECs are heterogeneous, encompassing several subtypes with distinct functions, which makes EC targeting and modulation in diseases challenging. The rise of the new single-cell era has led to an emergence of studies aimed at interrogating transcriptome diversity along the vascular tree, and has revolutionized our understanding of EC heterogeneity from both a physiological and pathophysiological context. Here, we discuss recent landmark studies aimed at teasing apart the heterogeneous nature of ECs. We cover driving (epi)genetic, transcriptomic, and metabolic forces underlying EC heterogeneity in health and disease, as well as current strategies used to combat disease-enriched EC phenotypes, and propose strategies to transcend largely descriptive heterogeneity towards prioritization and functional validation of therapeutically targetable drivers of EC diversity. Lastly, we provide an overview of the most recent advances and hurdles in single EC OMICs.

Deceleration-stage Rayleigh–Taylor growth in a background magnetic field studied in cylindrical and Cartesian geometries

Experiments have identified the Rayleigh–Taylor (RT) instability as one of the greatest obstacles to achieving inertial confinement fusion. Consequently, mitigation strategies to reduce RT growth and fuel–ablator mixing in the hotspot during the deceleration phase of the implosion are of great interest. In this work, the effect of seed magnetic fields on deceleration-phase RT growth are studied in planar and cylindrical geometries under conditions relevant to the National Ignition Facility (NIF) and Omega experiments. The magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) and resistive-MHD capabilities of the FLASH code are used to model imploding cylinders and planar blast-wave-driven targets. Realistic target and laser parameters are presented that suggest the occurrence of morphological differences in late-time RT evolution in the cylindrical NIF case and a measurable difference in spike height of single-mode growth in the planar NIF case. The results of this study indicate the need for target designs to utilize an RT-unstable foam–foam interface in order to achieve sufficient magnetic field amplification to alter RT evolution. Benchmarked FLASH simulations are used to study these magnetic field effects in both resistive and ideal MHD.

Level of appropriate primary diabetic eyecare delivered and achievable in optometry practices in Australia

ABSTRACTClinical relevanceCurrent levels of appropriateness for primary diabetic eyecare delivered by Australian optometrists are presented along with realistic targets (benchmarks) for quality improvement. The demonstrated methods can be used in practice evaluation and benchmarking of other clinical practice areas and settings.BackgroundTo examine the appropriateness of diabetic eye-care delivery and establish achievable benchmarks of care (ABCs) for optometry practices in Australia.MethodIn a retrospective audit, clinical records of patients with type-II diabetes obtained from a randomly selected nationally representative sample of optometry practices were assessed against evidence-based clinical indicators. Appropriate care is defined as care delivered in compliance with the indicators. The ABC for each indicator was calculated as the average performance for the top 10% of optometry practices after Bayesian adjustment to account for a low number of eligible records.ResultsThe audit of 420 randomly selected patient records from 42 practices against 12 clinical indicators showed an overall appropriateness of 69% (95% confidence interval (CI) 66%, 73%) for overall diabetic eye care. While a high level of appropriateness was identified for recall period (93%, 95% CI 85%, 100%) and referral (100%, 95% CI 38%, 100%), larger gaps existed in history taking (46%, 95% CI 44%, 52%), dilated fundus examination (80%, 95% CI 76%, 84%) and iris examination (0%, 95% CI 0%, 56%). The ABCs for 8 of 12 indicators were 100%, and the remaining three indicators had ABCs above 80%. An ABC for the iris examination indicator could not be calculated owing to the low number of eligible patient record cards.ConclusionsThis study demonstrated a systematic process of practice evaluation and benchmarking in optometry practices. The diabetic eye care delivered by Australian optometrists was largely appropriate; however, improvement opportunities exist for history taking and physical examination. The ABCs demonstrate that excellence in primary diabetic eye care is attainable and will serve as an important tool in future initiatives to reduce the identified evidence-to-practice gaps.

Containing the Risk of Phosphorus Pollution in Agricultural Watersheds

Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient to boost crop yields, but P runoff can cause nutrient over-enrichment in agricultural watersheds and can lead to irreversible effects on aquatic ecosystems and their biodiversity. Lake Erie is one prominent example as this watershed has experienced multiple episodes of harmful algal blooms over the last decades. Annual P loads crucially depend on yearly weather variations, which can create the risk of years with high runoff and excessive nutrient loads. Here we apply stochastic modeling to derive sustainable management strategies that balance crop yield optimization with environmental protection, while accounting for weather variability as well as weather trends as a result of climate change. We demonstrate that ignoring annual weather variations results in mitigation efforts for environmental pollution that are largely insufficient. Accounting explicitly for future variations in precipitation allows us to control the risk of emissions exceeding the P target loads. When realistic risk targets are imposed, we find that a package of additional measures is required to avoid P over-enrichment in the Lake Erie watershed. This package consists of a substantial reduction of P inputs (approximately 30% for different accepted risk levels), adoption of cover crops throughout the near- and mid-century, and cultivation of less nutrient-intensive crops (30% more soy at the expense of corn). Although climate change reinforces these conclusions, we find that the accepted risk level of exceeding P target loads is the predominant factor in defining a sustainable nutrient management policy.

Spatial Consistency Constrained GAN for Human Motion Transfer

In this paper, we propose a new GAN-based framework to implement video-based human motion transfer, <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">i.e.</i> , transferring the motions from the source person to the target one with the help of pose information. Human motion transfer involves large scaled spatial deformations from pose to body image and emphasizes spatial consistency of details. However, GAN is not suitable for the region-unaligned task due to the global adversarial loss does not focus on the spatial details. Therefore, we design a two-stage Spatial Consistency Constrained GAN architecture to generate realistic target person images. Within the model, we first generate a segment map to align the regions of different body parts with a given pose in stage-I and then concatenate the pose and the segment map as condition to generate a target person image in stage-II, so that the deformation problem is avoided. Furthermore, to improve the spatial detail consistency, we propose the shape consistency loss for the segment map generation to make the model pay more attention to the shape of each body part. We also propose a pose consistency loss for the target person image generation to enforce the generated images to contain similar enough poses to the input ones. The synthesized images with clear shape and sharp details demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.