Realistic Conflict Research Articles

The last acceptable prejudice in Europe? Anti-Gypsyism as the obstacle to Roma inclusion

National and European policies aim to facilitate the integration of Roma people into mainstream society. Yet, Europe’s largest ethnic group continues to be severely discriminated. Although prejudice has been identified to be at the core of this failure, social psychological research on anti-Gypsyism remains scarce. We conducted a study in six countries using student and community samples ( N = 2,089; Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, Norway, Italy, Spain) to understand how anti-Gypsyism among majority-group members predicts unfavorable acculturation preferences toward Roma people. Openly negative stereotypes predicted acculturation preferences strongly across the countries. However, stereotypes about the Roma receiving undeserved benefits were also relevant to some degree in East-Central Europe, implying that intergroup relations are framed there as realistic conflict. Stereotypes about traditional Roma culture did not play a central role in acculturation preferences. Our findings highlighted that anti-Gypsyism may be an impediment to integration efforts, and efforts should be context-specific rather than pan-national.

Perceptions of a heritage site and animosity: the case of the West Bank

Purpose Drawing on the theories of social identity and realistic conflict theory, the purpose of this study is to enrich the literature by proposing and testing a model conceptualizing the relationships between animosity, an antecedent (tourists’ perception of a heritage site) and demand variables (e.g. length of stay). Design/methodology/approach Data collected for the study is based on a combination of qualitative (20 interviews) and quantitative research (n = 330) methods. Findings The study demonstrates that animosity should be integrated into tourism research. The study provides relevant insights indicating that animosity harbored toward locals is crucial to the understanding of tourists’ behavior. Research limitations/implications The study provides relevant insights indicating that animosity harbored toward locals is crucial to the understanding of tourists’ behavior. Practical implications Managerial implications for those entrusted with the promotion of tourism and site management are suggested in areas at the heart of a conflict. Originality/value The study of animosity challenges the common view in heritage tourism which focus on positive emotions harbored by tourists. In the present study, the authors focus on the consequences of negative emotions.

한국인 대학생의 외국인 유학생과의 접촉이 다문화 역량에 미치는 영향: 삶의 만족도와 현실갈등인식의 매개효과

한국인 대학생의 외국인 유학생과의 접촉이 다문화 역량에 미치는 영향: 삶의 만족도와 현실갈등인식의 매개효과

Exploring student perceptions of offshoring

The current escalating global tariff war reflects public concern with offshoring associated with perceived loss of jobs and reduced national competitiveness. Accordingly, offshoring represents a crucial yet complex topic in business education as existing literature emphasizes how managers struggle to make objective offshoring decisions. With limited available pedagogical research however, educators are not fully aware of how students perceive offshoring and process offshoring decisions. This study subsequently applies realistic conflict theory (RCT) to provide an empirical assessment of student offshoring perceptions via survey data at one U.S. university. The results do not support RCT as positive perceptions of offshoring benefits are insufficient to overcome the effects of career concerns. Rather, offshoring benefits directly conflict with career concerns to influence offshoring resentment, which in turn, impacts offshoring decisions. Such results suggest that students are unduly biased in their offshoring perceptions, thereby elevating the importance and difficulty of effective offshoring education. As such, we offer a pedagogical framework and associated exercises from extant literature to help students critically assess offshoring.

Measuring Community Integration of Lusophone West African Immigrant Populations Through Needs Assessment, Human Security, and Realistic Conflict Theory

This article describes the process of developing and validating an immigrant community integration factor score from three different indicators based on three theories: human security, needs assessment, and realistic conflict. Over twenty days in May/June of 2015, fifty-seven semi-structured interviews were conducted with Bissau-Guinean immigrants on Boa Vista and Santiago Islands of Cabo Verde in West Africa to pilot test this instrument. Questions asked measured study participants’ needs assessment, human security levels, and conflict experiences. These findings demonstrate the applicability of combining these three indicators into an aggregate integration score, validated through confirmatory factor analysis using partial least squares path modeling. This article shows how the immigrant community integration factor score accounts for the situational context, in this case, increasing population and resource pressures leading to tension, conflict, and outbursts of violence before various institutional and policy interventions calmed the situation. While this study serves as a test case, we are confident that the validated integration score can serve as an effective proxy for measuring the level of comprehensive community integration not along individual acculturation indices, but according to broader human security and conflict potential at the community level.

History as the narrative of a people: From function to structure and content

We summarize our perspective on social representations of history first presented by Liu and Hilton and extended in later publications. We situate our functional approach in the context of contemporary social psychological approaches to intergroup relations, particularly realistic conflict theory, social identity theory, and the literature on social cognition/stereotypes. We note that this approach leads us to analyze social representations of events and people as narratives, with properties of verisimilitude rather than factuality often governing their acceptability. We highlight the moral functions of historical figures for a group, as well as the lessons (schemas) afforded by historical events, and analyze history as a symbolic reserve for constructing social identities with historical narratives. We review evidence supporting our functional analysis of the group functions of social representations of history and focus on the “charters” that sometimes form the core of these representations. We identify future challenges, in particular the need to better understand how to characterize the narrative structure and elements of social representations of history.

Barriers to Multiculturalism

Bias in favor of the in-group is a key determinant of discrimination and is thought to be largely independent of, and qualitatively distinct from, out-group hostility. One key difference, according to realistic conflict theory, is that in-group preferences become more closely associated with discrimination when intergroup threat is salient. The current study presents a direct comparison of the level of association of in-group favoritism and out-group hostility with opposition to multiculturalism policies in New Zealand. With both predictors operationalized as affect ratings of warmth and anger across separate models, in-group favoritism and out-group hostility were independently associated with European New Zealanders’ (N = 10,869) opposition to both resource-specific and symbolic policies. Furthermore, in-group favoritism was more strongly associated with opposition to resource-specific policies that represent high realistic threat (compared with symbolic policies). In contrast, out-group hostility was more consistently associated with both policy domains.

Diversity of a Different Kind: Gentrification and Its Impact on Social Capital and Political Participation in Black Communities

AbstractThe literature examining the effect of residential integration on political behavior primarily focuses on how whites react to the entrance of non-whites into their communities. Over the past few decades however, the process of “white return” to urban centers throughout the nation has created the opportunity to invert the standard approach to studying racial context by exploring how minorities react to the entrance of whites into their communities. We adapt realistic conflict theories to the case of gentrification, and offer a model of the effect of white in-migration on social capital (SC) and political engagement in black communities. We demonstrate that white population growth erodes SC in black neighborhoods only where the larger surrounding community is majority black, and where such growth is accompanied by rising housing costs. Further, we find that residing in a gentrifying context, by eroding social capital, ultimately results in the political demobilization of black citizens.

The Uighurs Versus the Chinese Government: An Application of Realistic Conflict Theory

ABSTRACTThis article applies Realistic Conflict Theory to the understanding of Uighur terrorism against the Chinese in the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region. By and large, Realistic Conflict Theory posits that disagreement over objectives and competition over limited resources tend to lead to intergroup conflict. By the same token, as an “in-group” mentality emerges, a great amount of discrimination and negative stereotypes are the consequences for the out-group. The Uighurs (a Muslim people) have had complicated relations with China, so much so that they were increasingly bent on creating their own independent state. As the People's Republic of China grew more powerful, its stance toward the Uighurs was reflected through a shift from mild hostilities to more acute persecutions. For these reasons, the Uighurs have resorted to terrorism.

Maximal throughput scheduling based on the physical interference model using learning automata

Wireless link scheduling is one of the major challenging issues in multi-hop wireless networks when they need to be designed in distributed fashion. This paper improves the general randomized scheduling method by using learning automata based framework that allows throughput optimal scheduling algorithms to be developed in a distributed fashion. A distributed scheduling algorithm that operates on more realistic conflict graph was proposed based on the physical interference model. This model uses a combination of a distributed learning automata based on the pick algorithm and an algorithm that compares successive scheduling solutions. Comparison was made by creating spanning tree on the conflict graph of the two consecutive schedules. Briefly, a distributed scheduling schemes was proposed, that: (i) is throughput optimal, (ii) intelligently choose links for new schedule, and (iii) message and time complexity is in O(n3).

The Effect of Realistic Conflict Perception toward Multicultural Groups on the North Korean Defectors' Life Satisfaction: Focusing on the Mediating Effect of Perceived Discrimination

본 논문은 북한이탈주민이 인식하는 다문화집단과의 현실갈등이 삶의 만족에 미치는 영향의 관계에서 지각된 차별감의 매개효과를 파악하기 위하여 수행되었다. 연구를 위하여 273명의 북한이탈주민을 대상으로 성별, 연령, 남한거주기간 등의 배경변인과 현실갈등인식, 지각된 차별감 및 삶의 만족 등을 조사하였다. 연구결과 첫째, 북한이탈주민이 지각하는 다문화집단과의 현실갈등인식, 지각된 차별감 및 삶의 만족에서 성별, 연령별, 남한거주기간에 따른 유의미한 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 둘째, 다문화집단과의 현실갈등인식이 높을수록 지각된 차별감은 높아지고 삶의 만족도는 낮아지는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 북한이탈주민이 지각하는 현실갈등인식이 삶의 만족도에 영향을 미치는 과정에서 지각된 차별감이 매개효과를 지니는 것으로 나타났는데, 이러한 효과는 경제수준을 통제한 후에도 유의미하였다. 따라서 현실갈등인식이 북한이탈주민이 느끼는 삶의 만족도에 직접적으로 영향을 미치기 보다는 지각된 차별감을 통하여 영향을 미치고 있음을 시사하였다. 이러한 결과를 토대로 이론적 현실적 함의를 논의하고 후속연구를 제안하였다.

ВОСПРИЯТИЕ ИММИГРАНТОВ ЕВРОПЕЙСКИМ ОБЩЕСТВЕННЫМ МНЕНИЕМ

Migration to Europe from other countries has emerged as one of the hottest and most emotionally perceived political and social problems. The migration crisis of 2015 makes the issue even more acute. Public attitudes towards migrants are shaped by interaction of multiple factors, and are often explained in the literature from two standpoints. These are potential economic competition between migrants and natives, and tentative conflict based on differences between cultures and values. The first corresponds to the realistic conflict theory, while the second is rooted in the social identity theory. This paper explores perception of migrants across the European countries by the European population with regard to both theories. The main data source for the study is the European Social Survey for 2014 that covers 15 countries. The paper exploits two survey questions. One concerns whether migrants pose a threat to native societies and in which domains (jobs, social benefits, cultural values, crime), the other explores how populations of receiving countries see “ideal” migrants and what requirements (good education, language, Christian background, commitment to the way of life) are put forward, so that migrants could be accepted. The European countries vary significantly in perception of migrants. While Scandinavian countries and Germany demonstrate relatively high degree of tolerance, the population of Austria and the Czech Republic show much less friendly attitudes. In all countries, those who are less educated, having lower incomes and weaker labour market positions are likely to consider migrants as potential rivals for jobs and social benefits. However, the major factor shaping the attitude is the expectation that migrants should be committed to values and the life-style of a receiving country. Another key factor is the level of general trust – respondents from societies with high level of trust have more positive perception of migrants. Acknowledgements. The article is prepared with support of the Russian Humanitarian Science Foundation, project № 16-07-00008 “Integration of migrants with different cultural background: perspectives of interculturalism”.

Hybrid systems modeling and automated air traffic control for three-dimensional separation assurance

The increasing volume of traffic in the air transportation is leading to excessive workload on air traffic controllers. Developing automated air traffic management (ATM) tools is a critical technology in reducing the workload of air traffic controllers and hence increasing the airspace capacity. The existing approaches to automated ATM either use overly-simplified air traffic and aircraft dynamics models to reduce computational complexity or end up being computationally intractable for large-scale ATM scenarios. This paper presents a new hybrid system description of modeling the decision process of the air traffic controllers in en-route and approach operations. The model is based on the domain expertise provided by the State Airport Authority and Air Navigation Service Provider (ANSP) of Turkey. The emulation of air traffic controller decision process in the hybrid model provides realistic conflict resolution maneuvers and separation assurance in 3D, while being computationally tractable. The algorithm has polynomial iteration complexity in the number of waypoints of the aircraft, which makes it scalable to large-scale ATM scenarios with more than 100 aircraft. The algorithm is validated on the real air traffic data over the Istanbul region extracted from the ALLFT+ dataset provided by EUROCONTROL, which includes over 7000 flights in a 96-hour period. The developed algorithm is also integrated into a Boeing 737-800 flight deck simulator with a custom radar display to demonstrate the applicability to existing avionics systems.

Ziet men een tegenstelling tussen jong en oud?

Summary Do people perceive a conflict between the young and old? A study on the influence of social identification, competition, and contactIn this study we ask to what extent the Dutch population perceives a conflict between the young and old and how we can explain this. We use Social Identification Theory, Realistic Conflict Theory, and Contact Theory to derive hypotheses. These are tested with newly collected data on a representative sample of the Dutch population which are analyzed with Structural Equation Modelling. A considerable part of the population perceives conflicting interests between the young and old, but fewer people see a real conflict. In line with Realistic Conflict Theory people who experience incompatible interests between age groups in the labor market also perceive a larger conflict between young and old. We do not find that people who identify stronger with a certain age group (Social Identification Theory) or who have a more age-homogeneous network (Contact Theory) perceive more conflict. A weak economic position seems to be a predictor of experiencing all kinds of conflict in society, including one between age groups.

Interprofessional experiences of recent healthcare graduates: A social psychology perspective on the barriers to effective communication, teamwork, and patient-centred care

Achieving safe, quality health care is highly dependent on effective communication between all members of the healthcare team. This study explored the attitudes and experiences of recent healthcare graduates regarding interprofessional teamwork and communication within a clinical setting. A total of 68 pharmacy, nursing, and medicine graduates participated in 12 semi-structured focus group discussions in clinical workplaces across three Australian states. Discussion focussed on graduates’ experiences of interprofessional education and its impact on their capacity for interprofessional teamwork and communication. The Social Identity and Realistic Conflict theories were used as a framework for qualitative data analysis. A consistent pattern of profession-focussed, rather than patient- or team-focussed goals was revealed along with reports of negative stereotyping, hierarchical communication, and competition for time with the patient. Graduates acknowledged the importance of communication, teamwork, and patient-centred care and felt a better understanding of the roles of other health professionals would assist them to work together for patients’ wellbeing. Identifying workplace identities and differential goals has uncovered possible motivations underlying health professionals’ behaviour. These insights may help improve interprofessional collaboration by focusing attention on common team goals, increasing feelings of worth and being valued among different professionals, and decreasing the need for competition.

Health Care Mergers and Acquisitions

Many health care mergers and acquisitions have proven highly successful because of the geographic proximity of the institutions, coalignment strategies, complementary services, and improved financial performance. Other health care mergers and acquisitions, however, have been dismal failures. This article seeks to explain a primary cause of less successful mergers or acquisitions through the prism of a multiscale, iterative prisoner's dilemma that occurs between department managers. Aspects of "Coping Theory," "Resource (Conservation) Theory," and "Social Comparison Theory" are used to analyze the experience of employees charged with making mergers or acquisitions successful. Lastly, this article suggests possible culture clash remedies drawn from the realistic conflict experiment conducted by Muzafer Sherif near Robbers Cave State Park in Oklahoma.

Game and Drama Theories

Conflict theory can be used to explain the interactions between societies during times of turmoil and change (i.e. revolutions, strikes or everyday debates). Games have been produced that make use of different aspects of conflict theory; however a common framework for organizing a system to produce realistic conflicts has not been created. This paper presents the Game and Drama Theories, which describe a generalized way of organizing a system to produce realistic conflict situations among cross-cultural. With our framework, we present the reflecting upon cross-cultural conflict, describing situations that would lend themselves to these approaches.

Shall I leave or shall we fight? Effects of threatened group-based self-esteem on identity management strategies

We examined the interplay of social identity threat and group-based self-esteem on the motivation to use two identity management strategies, namely social competition and individual mobility. Following social identity theory, we postulated that threatened high group-based self-esteem leads to an increased motivation to use competitive identity management strategies. Furthermore, following realistic conflict theory and the rejection–identification model, we hypothesized that threat might reduce the desire for individual mobility among group members low in group-based self-esteem. Results of Study 1 ( N = 67), Study 2 ( N = 109), and Study 3 ( N = 101) supported these hypotheses. The results showed that threat leads to the motivation to show social competition for group members high in group-based self-esteem and that for group members low in group-based self-esteem threat decreases the motivation to leave the group. The results are discussed in relation to recent theories of intergroup relations.

국내 복싱체육관 지도자의 현실적 갈등인식에 관한 연구

국내 복싱체육관 지도자의 현실적 갈등인식에 관한 연구

The Influence of Economic Conditions on Aspects of Stigmatization

Realistic group conflict theory (LeVine & Campbell, 1972) posits that people resist policies that advance the relative standing of out-group members, especially during periods of threat. To test the viability of realistic conflict in a meaningful social context, an experimental method was used to explore the influence of economic threat on stigmatization in White individuals’ personnel decisions and resistance to diversity policies. As expected, compared to participants in a control condition, participants who were exposed to an economic threat evaluated a minority female job candidate more negatively than a White male candidate. In addition, willingness to support programs related to diversity was reduced among participants who endorsed zero-sum ideologies. This study highlights the role of economic threat on stigmatization and indicates that vigilance in addressing discrimination may be particularly important in the context of the current turmoil of the world economy.