Real-time Multimedia Services Research Articles

Comparison of New Solutions in IP Fast Reroute

Currently, network requirements are placed on the efficiency and size of the networks. These conditions can be ensured by modern converged networks that integrate the functions of both data and telecommunication networks. Line or router failures have always been a part of transmission networks, which is no different from converged networks. As a result of outages, which can take from ms to tens of seconds, packets are lost. These outages cause degraded transmission quality, which is undesirable when transmitting real-time multimedia services (Voice over IP, video). To solve the mentioned problems, the IETF organization has developed IP Fast Reroute mechanisms to minimise the time to restore the connection after a line or node failure and, consequently, less packet loss. The article reviews and compares the latest IP Fast Reroute mechanisms deployed in the last three years. First, we have Optimistic Fast Rerouting, which calculates optimistic and fallback scenarios. The second is Post-processing Fast Reroute, which decomposes the network according to metrics such as load and route length. Third, Local Fast Reroute focused on low congestion and random access.

QSMVM: QoS-Aware and Social-Aware Multimetric Routing Protocol for Video-Streaming Services over MANETS

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a set of autonomous mobile devices connected by wireless links in a distributed manner and without a fixed infrastructure. Real-time multimedia services, such as video-streaming over MANETs, offers very promising applications, e.g., two members of a group of tourists who want to share a video transmitted through the MANET they form, a video-streaming service deployed over a MANET where users watch a film, among other examples. On the other hand, social web technologies, where people actively interact online with others through social networks, are leading to a socialization of networks. Information of interaction among users is being used to provide socially-enhanced software. To achieve this, we need to know the strength of the relationship between a given user and each user they interact with. This strength of the relationship can be measured through a concept called tie strength (TS), first introduced by Mark Granovetter in 1973. In this article, we modify our previous proposal named multipath multimedia dynamic source routing (MMDSR) protocol to include a social metric TS in the decisions taken by the forwarding algorithm. We find a trade-off between the quality of service (QoS) and the trust level between users who form the forwarding path in the MANET. Our goal is to increase the trust metric while the QoS is not affected significantly.

AI-enabled mobile multimedia service instance placement scheme in mobile edge computing

Leveraging cloud infrastructure to the mobile edge computing helps the mobile users to get real time multimedia services in Fifth Generation (5G) network system. To ensure higher Quality-of-Experience (QoE), faster migration of mobile multimedia service instances is required to cope up with user mobility. By deploying the mobile multimedia service instances proactively in multiple edge nodes (ENs) helps the users to get higher QoE. However, excessive deployment of service replicas might increase the cost of the overall network. To establish trade-off between these two conflicting objectives, we have formulated the problem as a Multi-objective Integer Linear Programming (MILP) by integrating the users’ path prediction model. This problem is proven to be an NP-hard one for large networks, thus we develop an artificial intelligence (AI) based meta-heuristic Binary Particle Swarm Optimization (BPSO) algorithm to achieve near-optimal solution within polynomial time. The performance analysis results show the significant performance improvement in terms of QoE and user satisfaction as compared to other state-of-the-art works.

A Multipath Transport Scheme for Real-Time Multimedia Services Based on Software-Defined Networking and Segment Routing

It is still a challenging task to provide satisfactory quality of experience (QoE) to users by traditional routing mechanism in current public Internet for real-time multimedia services with high bandwidth and strict end-to-end latency constraint. Multipath transmission is a promising way to improve the performance of data delivery, due to its advantage in bandwidth aggregation capacity over multiple paths to speed up high volume transfers between endpoints. However, existing multipath transmission has many disadvantages such as the requirements for end-host support (i.e. the necessary multi-homed network setting, and operating system or upper applications updates of user devices), and blindingly pursuing maximum of transmission throughput. Path allocation and end-to-end transmission control are two important factors affecting the quality of multipath transmission. As an emerging network architecture, software-defined networking (SDN) is flexible, manageable, and responsive to rapid changes in traffic requirements. In this paper, we propose a multipath transport scheme based on SDN with segment routing (SR) which can meet the bandwidth and low end-to-end transmission latency requirements of real-time interactive multimedia services. The centralized SDN controller is extended to allocate multiple disjoint paths meeting bandwidth requirement meanwhile balancing the network load. The proprietary multipath media server (MMS) dynamically controls the assignment between subflows and routing paths to reduce the end-to-end transmission latency and thus improve QoE of end-users. To show the feasibility of our approach, we construct an SDN platform using Mininet. Simulation results show that our approach performs better compared to the conventional approaches in terms of traffic balancing and end-to-end transmission delay.

Deep neural network-aided Gaussian message passing detection for ultra-reliable low-latency communications

Ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC) is a key technology in 5G supporting real-time multimedia services, which requires a low-cost signal recovery technology in the physical layer. A kind of well-known low-complexity signal detection is message passing algorithm (MPA) based on factor graph. However, reliability and robustness of MPA are deteriorated when there are cycles in factor graph. To address this issue, we propose two novel Gaussian message passing (GMP) algorithms with the aid of deep neural network (DNN), in which the network architectures consist of two DNNs associated with detections for mean and variance of the signal. Particularly, the network architecture is constructed by transforming the factor graph and message update functions of the original GMP algorithm from node-type into edge-type. Then, weights and bias parameters are assigned in the network architecture. With the aid of deep learning methods, the optimal weights and bias parameters are obtained. Numerical results demonstrate that two proposed DNN-aided GMP algorithms can significantly improve the convergence of original GMP algorithm and also achieve robust performances in the cases without prior information.

Reliable and Energy-Efficient Hybrid Screen Mirroring Multicast System

This paper presents a reliable and energy-efficient hybrid screen mirroring multicast system for sharing high-quality real-time multimedia service with adjacent mobile devices over WiFi network. The proposed system employs overhearing-based multicast transmission scheme with Raptor codes and NACK-based retransmission to overcome well-known WiFi multicast problems such as low transmission rate and high packet loss rate. Furthermore, to save energy on mobile devices, the proposed system not only shapes the screen mirroring traffic, but also determines the target sink device and Raptor encoding parameters such as the number of source symbols, symbol size, and code rate while considering the energy consumption and processing delay of the Raptor encoding and decoding processes. The proposed system is fully implemented in Linux-based single board computers and examined in real WiFi network. Compared to existing systems, the proposed system can achieve good energy efficiency while providing a high-quality screen mirroring service.

Multivariate statistical approach for estimating QoE of real-time multimedia applications in vehicular ITS network

Though absolute QoE assessment, requires a subjective approach, performing a subjective test to assess real-time multimedia quality is expensive in terms of time and resources. The process involved in subjective approach is not suited for assessing real-time multimedia services such as IPTV over a dynamic network such as VANETs. Thus, the only practical solution during service operation is to apply an objective quality assessment model, which produces an estimate of the perceived quality. Hence, in this paper, we propose a novel objective QoE prediction model that estimates the QoE of real-time multimedia services over VANETs. Our proposed model is based on a multivariate statistical approach, in conjunction with ordinal regression analysis, that estimates perceived multimedia service quality as a function of aggregated QoE influencing parameters. We assume that each parameter has a different weight depending on the application used. Therefore, to create a standardized QoE model, we develop a correlation model where we estimate the QoE as a weighted sum of the QoE influencing parameters. To validate the effectiveness of our proposed model, Monte Carlo simulation was carried out to investigate the model predicting capabilities. The results attest to be very promising as the proposed model exhibits good predictive ability coherent with the observed data.

A partial feedback reporting scheme for LTE mobile video transmission with QoS provisioning

Opportunistic frequency-domain scheduling and link adaptation enable the long term evolution (LTE) cellular systems to maximize the throughput. Successful scheduling and link adaptation require perfect channel state information (CSI) at the eNodeB. However, for multi-carriers systems, a huge undesirable amount of signaling overhead is required to report the channel quality indicator (CQI) for the whole bandwidth. On the contrary, reducing the size of CQI overhead detriments the downlink performances and does not guarantee the quality-of-service (QoS) when real-time multimedia services are applied. As a consequence, a tradeoff between CQI overhead and the downlink performances is presented in this paper. Then, an Adaptive Threshold CQI Partial Feedback (ATCPF) scheme is proposed by using multi-objective swarm intelligence to find the optimal feedback threshold. Based on an LTE system-level simulation, significant enhancements of 20% and 38% in throughput and packet loss ratio (PLR) respectively are obtained compared to a fixed threshold feedback. Since video flows are considered, a self-optimized partial feedback (SOPF) is further developed by using cross-layer optimization to guarantee QoS. The results show that the feedback overhead is minimized at low-load network condition while maintaining the PLR below its target. The proposed algorithm provides a high flexibility in responding to certain variations, and it enables the cellular systems to support multimedia services.

Designing and evaluating the usability of an API for real-time multimedia services in the Internet

In the last few years, multimedia technologies in general, and Real-Time multimedia Communications (RTC) in particular, are becoming mainstream among WWW and smartphone developers, who have an increasing interest in richer media capabilities for creating their applications. The engineering literature proposing novel algorithms, protocols and architectures for managing and processing multimedia information is currently overwhelming. However, most of these results do not arrive to applications due to the lack of simple and usable APIs. Interestingly, in this context in which APIs are the critical ingredient for reaching wide developer audiences, the scientific literature about multimedia APIs and their usability is scarce. In this paper we try to contribute to fill this gap by proposing the RTC Media API: a novel type of API designed with the aim of making simple for developers the use of latest trends in RTC multimedia including WebRTC, Video Content Analysis or Augmented Reality. We provide a specification of such API and discuss how it satisfies a set of design requirements including programming-language agnosticism, adaptation to cloud environments, support to multisensory multimedia, etc. After that, we describe an implementation of such an API that has been created in the context of the Kurento open source software project, and present a study evaluating the API usability performed in a group of more than 40 professional developers distributed worldwide. In the light of the obtained results, we conclude that the usability of the API is adequate across the main development activities (i.e. API learning, code creation and code maintenance), with an average usability score of 3.39 over 5 in a Likert scale, and that this result is robust with respect to developers' profiles, cultures, professional experiences and preferred programming languages.

Delay analysis of MSW-ARQ system based on wireless multimedia services

This paper firstly analyzes the transmission mechanism of the wireless broadband multi-media services in the MSW-ARQ(Multi-channel Stop-and-Wait ARQ) system. Considering the real-time multimedia service's four features (high requirement for delay but allows some loss rate, the constraints of the delay and jitter), in order to meet with professional standard, we model the real-time multimedia service packet transmission as an M[X]/G/1 queuing model for MSW-ARQ. The packet transition probability is derived by constructing steady state Markov Chain based on the method of selecting the reference packet. On the basis of equivalent service delay, we also solve the packet mean service delay. Then under the given condition, we analyze the influence of the channel number and channel environments on the mean delay through numerical simulating. The characteristics and superiorities of multi-channel transmission mechanism in wireless communication are checked enough by solving the M[X]/G/1 queuing model. So this paper provides useful thought and approach for optimizing system delay and throughput by checking the change of channel environments and the used number of parallel channels.

Content-Aware Fast Motion Estimation Algorithm for IoT Based Multimedia Service

Various applications based on IoT real-time multimedia are under the spotlight. To implement real-time multimedia service, motion estimation in video compression service has a high computational complexity. In this paper, an efficient motion search method based on content awareness is proposed consisting of three steps. The first step is motion classification using the center position cost distribution. The second step is calculation of a predictor based motion classification. The third step is setting the arm size of the search pattern based on adaptive use of the distance between the predictor and the center position. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm achieves speed-up factors of up to 48.57% and 16.03%, on average, with good bitrate performance, compared with fast integer-pel and fractional-pel motion estimation for H.264/AVC (UMHexagonS), and an enhanced predictive zonal search for single and multiple frame motion estimation (EPZS) methods using JM 18.5, respectively. In addition, the proposed algorithm achieves a speed-up factor of up to 42.61%, on average, with negligible bitrate degradation, compared with the TZ search motion estimation algorithm for the multiview video coding (TZS) method on HM 10.0.

An Adaptive Threshold Based CQI Compression Scheme for LTE Cellular Networks

The frequency domain scheduling gain can be maximized when precise channel information is available at the eNodeB for the whole bandwidth. To compensate for the continuous variations of channel conditions in time and frequency domains, a huge undesirable amount of signaling overhead is required to report the channel quality indicator (CQI). On the contrary, partial channel state information detriments the downlink performances and does not guarantee the quality-of-service (QoS) when real-time multimedia services are applied. Thus, in this paper, the impact of CQI signaling overhead on the downlink performances is formulated. Then, an adaptive signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) threshold based CQI scheme is proposed by using multi-objective swarm intelligence to find the optimal feedback threshold. Based on an LTE system-level simulation, significant enhancements of 20% and 38% in throughput and packet loss ratio (PLR) respectively are obtained compared to a fixed threshold feedback with reasonable cost of feedback overhead. The proposed algorithm provides a high flexibility in responding to certain variations without complex modifications

선박 네트워크에서 신뢰성있는 멀티미디어 데이터 전송을 위한 자원 관리 기법

In this paper, a resource management scheme for preventing the video frame loss in the presence of network congestion is proposed. WiMedia protocol is suitable for the application that supports the real-time multimedia service in the ship area network since it supports high speed data transfer. However, network congestion causes the degradation of video quality, since WiMedia standard discards video frames regardless of importance of video frame. Therefore, a resource management scheme for WiMedia network is proposed in this paper. The proposed technique can intelligently treat the network congestion, and solve the degradation of video quality.

무선 USB 시스템에서 신뢰성과 연결성 향상을 위한 자원 관리 기법

본 논문에서는 무선 USB 시스템에서 신뢰성과 연결성을 향상하기 위한 기법을 제안하였다. 무선USB 프로토콜은 고속의 전송속도를 지원하기 때문에, 실시간 멀티미디어 서비스 제공과 같은 응용분야에 적합하다. 하지만, 디바이스의 이동은 네트워크 토폴로지와 디바이스간 링크 상태의 급격한 변화를 야기하며, 네트워크의 성능 저하의 원인이 되기도 한다. 특히 사람의 이동이 빈번한 선박 네트워크 환경에서는 디바이스의 이동성이 더 심해진다. 본 논문에서는 기존의 무선 USB 표준에서 무선 채널의 상태 변화를 적절하게 대처하지 못하여 발생하는 네트워크 성능 저하 문제를 해결하는 릴레이 통신을 위한 자원 관리 기법을 제안하여 성능을 분석하였다. In this paper, a resource management scheme for enhancing the network connectivity and reliability in wireless USB system is proposed. Wireless USB protocol is suitable for the application that supports the real-time multimedia service in Ship Area Network since it supports high speed data transfer. However, the device's mobility is caused the dramatic change of link state and network topology, and is occurred the degradation of network performance. Therefore, a resource management scheme for wireless USB system is proposed in this paper. The proposed technique can intelligently treat the change of link state, and solve the degradation of network performance. The simulation results show that proposed protocol can enhance the throughput and delay performance by selecting relay device with better link state.

선박 네트워크에서 스마트 장치간 연결성 향상을 위한 릴레이 통신 기법

본 논문에서는 디바이스의 이동으로 인한 WiMedia 네트워크의 성능 저하를 개선하기 위한 릴레이 통신 기법을 제안하였다. WiMedia 프로토콜은 고속의 전송속도를 지원하기 때문에, 선박 네트워크(Ship Area Network)등과 같은 환경에서 고속의 전송률을 요구하는 실시간 멀티미디어 서비스 제공과 같은 응용분야에 적합하다. 하지만, 디바이스의 이동은 네트워크 토폴로지와 디바이스간 링크 상태의 급격한 변화를 야기하며, 네트워크의 성능 저하의 원인이 되기도 한다. 본 논문에서는 기존의 WiMedia 프로토콜에서는 채널의 링크 상태 변화를 적절하게 대처하지 못하여 발생하는 네트워크 성능저하를 해결하는 릴레이 통신 기법을 제안하였다. In this paper, a relay communication scheme for enhancing the WiMedia network performance by device's mobility is proposed. WiMedia protocol is suitable for the application that supports the real-time multimedia service in Ship Area Network since it supports high speed data transfer. However, the device's mobility is caused the dramatic change of link state and network topology, and is occurred the degradation of network performance. Therefore, a relay communication scheme for WiMedia network is proposed in this paper. The proposed technique can intelligently treat the change of link state, and solve the degradation of network performance.

The Design of Network Communication System for Smart Phones Based on VoIP

Along with the computer technology, network transmission technology and the rapid development of digital signal processing technology, the application of real-time multimedia services based on IP packet networks more and more, including VoIP is a typical multimedia communication based on IP packet network business, has become the hot topics in the study of the current technology. As a network researchers, to research and development of VoIP technology is of great significance. In this paper, the VoIP key technologies were studied, especially the SIP agreement, then put forward and designed a kind of network communication system for smart phones based on VoIP.

Process Migration Scheme based on Dynamic Fault Avoidance Strategies for Dependable Real-time Multimedia Services

Process Migration Scheme based on Dynamic Fault Avoidance Strategies for Dependable Real-time Multimedia Services

Analytical Approach of New Random-walk Based Mobility Management Scheme in IP-based Mobile Networks

In next-generation wireless networks, provisioning of IP-based network architecture and seamless transmission services are very important issues for mobile nodes. For this reason, a mobility management mechanism to support global roaming is highly regarded. These technologies bring a broader life by using a global roaming account through the connection of multiple devices or technology to mobile users; they also provide real-time multimedia services. This paper presents a comprehensive performance analysis of fast handover for hierarchical mobile IPv6 (F-HMIPv6), hierarchical mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6), Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6), and fast Proxy Mobile IPv6 (FPMIPv6) using the fluid-flow model and random-walk model. As a result, the location update cost of the PMIPv6 and FPMIPv6 is better than that of HMIPv6 and F-HMIPv6. These results suggest that the network-based mobility management technology is superior to the hierarchical mobility management technology in the mobility environment.

A CROSS-LAYER SCHEDULER WITH CHANNEL STATE INFORMATION FOR GUARANTEED QUALITY OF SERVICE

WiMAX networks are deployed for commercial use because of its nature high bandwidth. This requirement invokes the application level changes i n QoS provisioning techniques. The objective of the broadband wireless technologies is to ensure th e end to end Quality of Service (QoS) for the service classes. WiMAX is a revolution in wireless networks, which could support real time multimedia services. In order to provide QoS suppor t and efficient usage of system resources an intelligent scheduling algorithm is needed. The des ign of the detailed scheduling algorithm is a major focus for researchers and service providers. In thi s study, a channel aware cross-layer scheduling algorithm for WiMAX networks has been proposed. This scheme employs the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) value, which allocates the bandwidth based on the information about the quality of the channel and the service requirements of each connection. Th e proposed algorithm is described in detail and evaluated, through a series of simulations. The QoS parameters of throughput, bandwidth efficiency and transmission efficiency have been measured in s imulation.

Real-time upstream services demonstration in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing-passive optical network system

Real-time digital service and multimedia service upstream transmission in Digital Signal Processing (DSP)-based Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing-Passive Optical Network (OFDM-PON) is experimentally demonstrated with Centralised Light Source (CLS) configuration in this paper. After transmitted over 25 km Standard Single Mode Fibre (SSMF) with −16.5 dBm optical power at receiver, the Bit Error Rate (BER) is 9.5 × 10−11. The implementations of digital domain up-conversion and down-conversion based on Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) are introduced, which can reduce the cost of In-ph-ase and Quadrature (IQ) radio frequency mixers utilised at transmitter and receiver. A carrier synchronization algorithm is implemented for compensating carrier offset. A channel equalization algorithm is adopted for compensating the damage of channel. A new structure of Frequency Synchronization Unit (FSU) designed in FPGA is also proposed to cope with the frequency shifting at receiver.