Real-time Logic Research Articles

Heralded initialization of charge state and optical-transition frequency of diamond tin-vacancy centers

Diamond tin-vacancy centers have emerged as a promising platform for quantum information science and technology. A key challenge for their use in more-complex quantum experiments and scalable applications is the ability to prepare the center in the desired charge state with the optical transition at a predefined frequency. Here we report on heralding such successful preparation using a combination of laser excitation, photon detection, and real-time logic. We first show that fluorescence photon counts collected during an optimized resonant probe pulse strongly correlate with the subsequent charge state and optical-transition frequency, enabling real-time heralding of the desired state through threshold photon counting. We then implement and apply this heralding technique to photoluminescence-excitation measurements, coherent optical driving, and an optical Ramsey experiment, finding strongly increased optical coherence with increasing threshold. Finally, we demonstrate that the prepared optical frequency follows the probe laser across the inhomogeneous linewidth, enabling tuning of the transition frequency over multiple homogeneous linewidths. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Design of a Rectangular Wave High Voltage Generator for the Evaluation of Inverter-Fed Motor Insulation

The urgent need for the safer operation of inverter-fed motors is leading research to the qualification tests under high frequency rectangular wave voltages. Consequently, the generation of rectangular wave voltages with adjustable parameters has become a major concern for manufacturers and researchers. This paper presents a design of high frequency and high voltage pulse generator able to provide unipolar or bipolar pulses up to 20 kV peak-to-peak with variable rise and fall time that can be tuned down to 40 ns. Such a generator is performant enough for testing a large part of motors following standards and with more stressful conditions for research of new winding technologies. Resorting to high voltage push-pull solid-state switches and dielectrics liquid & air-cooling technique, the tested capacitance load can reach up to 3000 pF. Also, the over-current protection circuit is carefully designed and verified by using real-time logic control hardware. The proposed generator has been successfully used for endurance tests and partial discharge inception voltage (PDIV) detection at repetitive impulsive voltages for capacitive, inductive insulation structures and windings during the qualification evaluation of inverter-fed motors.

Adaptive Model of Discrete Real-Time Linear Dynamic Logic for the Optimization of Big Data Game Education Mode

With the advent of the era of big data and mobile Internet, the traditional teaching model of colleges and universities has been hit unprecedentedly. In the current big data and artificial intelligence network environment, new teaching concepts, characteristics, and model applications should be analyzed, and an education model based on artificial intelligence adaptive control and negative feedback adjustment mechanisms under the big data environment should be explored. The study of this model can provide practical experience and reference value for the application, popularization, and innovation of teaching information technology in the future. Combining the characteristics of big data games, this paper proposes a college student education model based on discrete dynamic model big data game. The scores of college students represent comprehensive information such as their qualifications to provide big data university education, the credit of historical records, and the degree of reliable data transmission. Based on the general model of the adaptive learning system, we have perfected the functions of each module in the overall structure of the domain-based special subject system and designed the overall workflow of the system. Computerized evaluation is introduced into the learner module, and an adaptive evaluation system structure based on cognitive diagnosis theory is designed to achieve a personalized topic selection model for different learners and enrich learners’ experience through more detailed and specialized evaluation results. The model lays the foundation for adaptive course path recommendation. This paper proposes a discrete real-time linear dynamic logic that can express discrete real-time characteristics and all regular characteristics. It can easily describe the behavior of some complex real-time systems. Experiments show that the discrete dynamic model big data game efficiency is improved by 35.71%, which can better optimize the education model of college students. In addition, it can be concluded that the research on the effectiveness of college student education in the era of big data not only determines the safety of the ideological field of colleges and universities but also affects the thinking orientation of college students.

Accelerating laser processes with a smart two-dimensional polygon mirror scanner for ultra-fast beam deflection

Abstract In laser processing, the possible throughput is directly scaling with the available average laser power. To avoid unwanted thermal damage due to high pulse energy or heat accumulation during MHz-repetition rates, energy distribution over the workpiece is required. Polygon mirror scanners enable high deflection speeds and thus, a proper energy distribution within a short processing time. The requirements of laser micro processing with up to 10 kW average laser powers and high scan speeds up to 1000 m/s result in a 30 mm aperture two-dimensional polygon mirror scanner with a patented low-distortion mirror configuration. In combination with a field programmable gate array-based real-time logic, position-true high-accuracy laser switching is enabled for 2D, 2.5D, or 3D laser processing capable to drill holes in multi-pass ablation or engraving. A special developed real-time shifter module within the high-speed logic allows, in combination with external axis, the material processing on the fly and hence, processing of workpieces much larger than the scan field.

DESIGN TIMED FSM WITH VHDL MOORE PATTERN

Context. The relevance of the work consists in the development of computer-aided design methods for automatic real-time logic control devices by developing a single template in a synthesized subset of the hardware description language in the style of automatabased programming with implementation on the PLD hardware platform (FPGA, CPLD). Development of the description template for timed control finite state machines (FSM) in the hardware description language VHDL, automated synthesis and implementation of the model in PLD (FPGAs, CPLDs) using Xilinx ISE, subsequent analysis of the received circuit implementation for compliance with values of timing parameters of the circuit after implementation.Objective. The aim of the work is to develop principles for constructing models of timed control FSM in the VHDL hardware description language. In this work, we solved the problem of constructing a pattern for describing models of timed control Moore FSM using VHDL, automated synthesis and implementation of the obtained VHDL model in PLDs (FPGA, CPLD) using Xilinx ISE and subsequent analysis of the resulting circuit implementation for compliance with values of timing parameters of the circuit after implementation.Method. Realization of models’ parameters of timed FSM in logical control systems using VHDL statements. Development of VHDL language constructions of timed FSM models for timing parameters implementation that provide the correct automated synthesis and implementation of these models in PLDs (FPGA, CPLD) using CAD tools Xilinx ISE.Results. Synthesis and implementation of proposed templates of VHDL-models of timed control Moore FSM in logic control systems by XILINX ISE CAD tools confirmed the receipt of not redundant circuits in PLD (FPGA, CPLD), and simulation after implementation showed the efficiency of such models.Conclusions. The work solves the problem of computer-aided design of timed control FSM in real-time logic control systems. To solve this problem, VHDL-models of timed control Moore FSM were developed, which made it possible to implement control FSM with time constraints, timeouts and output delays. Automated synthesis and simulation of VHDL models based on the developed templates confirmed the efficiency and correctness of the proposed models.The scientific novelty of the work consists in the further development of methods for constructing templates of HDL models of timed control Moore FSM, which made it possible to implement control FSM with time constraints, timeouts and output delays, as well as perform their correct automated synthesis and simulation.The practical value of results is in the development of procedures for constructing VHDL models of timed Moore control FSM in real-time logic control systems, which made it possible to automate the synthesis of control FSM taking into account the possibility of processing external events and implementing arbitrary delays for output signals and to increase the flexibility and speed of designed systems. The developed procedures can be useful for designers of timed control FSM in Xilinx ISE.

Development of Raspberry-Pi Based IoT Agricultural System using Fuzzy Techniques

In India, agriculture plays an important role in national development. Agricultural problems have always hindered the country's development. The only solution to this is smart farming by modernizing traditional farming methods today. The Internet of Things (IOT) allows a variety of applications such as monitoring and selecting crop development, supporting irrigation decisions, etc. The result of this work is the monitoring of soil moisture, temperature, humidity, pH, reproduction and water level . Field Using a sensor network that collects data from different types of sensors and then sends it to the main server using Raspberry pi, it uses vague logic in real time to make decisions based on the decisions made by the system.

A real-time fuzzy logic biofeedback controller for freestyle swimming body posture adjustment.

Wearable body area networks (BANs) have been widely used in activity measurements for kinematic information collection. This paper presents the design and implementation of a wearable device used as a training tool in freestyle swimming. The device supplies a close-loop control mechanism via a fuzzy logic controller. Swimming posture data is collected quantitatively and audibly fed back to swimmers in real time through bone conductors. Two recreational swimmers were invited to participate in a series of experiments including 7 days of baseline capability test (no feedback), 7 days of feedback training, and 2 days of retention test. It was found that both swimmers could well adapt to the feedback instructions. A maximum of 7.62% of lap time improvement and 29.64% of trunk roll improvement were observed in FB training, and such pattern was maintained after feedback was removed. We conclude that real-time fuzzy logic feedback can be used to improve recreational swimmers performance.

Design of Central Controller for EAST ECRH System Based on FPGA

Electron cyclotron resonance heating is one of the important heating methods for controlled nuclear fusion reactions, which can make up for the shortcomings of the traditional heating methods. To this end, a 4MW long pulse electron cyclotron heating system was designed on the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak device. This paper mainly introduces the design of the gyrotron controller of ECRH system based on FPGA chip. The control logic of the central controller is based on state machine. Throughout the entire control process, each signal in the system is monitored in real time. Once an abnormality occurs, the main control logic will cut off the high voltage power of the gyrotron as required to protect the gyrotron from damage. In addition to the normal control logic, the FPGA also embeds abnormality diagnosis logic, which monitors the control state transitions of the main control logic and various input signals in real time to determine whether an abnormality has occurred in the system and can diagnose the cause of the abnormality. Timing simulation was done to the FPGA program. The result shows that the controller can respond to the total control trigger signal in real time, accurately control the switching of the cathode and anode high voltage power supply, diagnose and handle various abnormal conditions, and meet the control requirements of the ECRH system.

Onboard reasoning and other applications of the logic-based approach to the moving objects intelligent control

This article provides the theoretical background and practical case studies of the application of reasoning and other logic-based approaches to the moving objects control. Modern moving objects, both manned and unmanned, utilise computers as their 'onboard brain'. Since planes, spacecraft, cars, trucks and trains must demonstrate flexible and safe behaviour in various situations, it seems prospective to use intelligent control means instead of rigid control logic dispersed in a program source code. This article is concerned with the possible implementation of onboard intelligence. In contrast to the popular use of neural networks, the logic-based approach is based on clear and exact control rules with strict responsibility. Thus, formal specification and verification methods can be utilised. The article describes the real-time control algorithm logic (RTCAL) for the above-mentioned purposes. We also present case studies of reasoning at the design and operation stages for providing the fault tolerant control of a spacecraft.

Deductive Verification Method of Real-Time Safety Properties for Embedded Assembly Programs

It is important to verify both the correctness and real-time properties of embedded systems. However, as practical computer programs are represented by infinite state transition systems, specifying and verifying a computer program is difficult. Real-time properties are also important for embedded programs, but verifying the real-time properties of an embedded program is difficult. In this paper, we focus on verifying an embedded assembly program, in order to verify the real-time safety properties. We propose a deductive verification method to verify real-time safety properties, based on discrete time, as follows: (1) First, we construct a timed computational model including the execution time from the assembly program. We can specify an infinite state transition system including the execution time of the timed computational model. (2) Next, we verify whether a timed computational model satisfies RTLTL (Real-Time Linear Temporal Logic) formulas by deductive verification. We can specify real-time properties by RTLTL. By our proposed methods, we are able to achieve verification of the real-time safety properties of an embedded program.

Runtime Verification over Out-of-order Streams

We present an approach for verifying systems at runtime. Our approach targets distributed systems whose components communicate with monitors over unreliable channels, where messages can be delayed, reordered, or even lost. Furthermore, our approach handles an expressive specification language that extends the real-time logic MTL with freeze quantifiers for reasoning about data values. The logic’s main novelty is a new three-valued semantics that is well suited for runtime verification as it accounts for partial knowledge about a system’s behavior. Based on this semantics, we present online algorithms that reason soundly and completely about streams where events can occur out of order. We also evaluate our algorithms experimentally. Depending on the specification, our prototype implementation scales to out-of-order streams with hundreds to thousands of events per second.

Egg Quality Detection System Using Fuzzy Logic Method

Determining the quality of eggs in general is used by placing eggs on a flashlight. The detection system is very necessary to determine good egg quality or rotten eggs, so that the conditions of the eggs can be known by the chicken farm company and then will be sold to the community. This egg detecting system utilizes several sensor devices that are combined. The sensor used to detect the quality of eggs is a light sensor and a heavy sensor by connected with a microcontroller. So that there is no ambiguity towards the decision making of good egg or rotten eggs, then processing the data is obtained from these sensors using Fuzzy Logic and Firebase methods in real time as data storage media, and actuators will distribute or separate good eggs or the rotten eggs one. With the development of technology now, we can use the Internet of Things (IoT) technology, one of the systems check the quality of eggs which are good or not good. This system is built using a microcontroller to coordinate the running of the system using the Fuzzy Logic Method that applies inside. Final information is obtained on the form of egg quality in real time. The test results were carried out using the Fuzzy Logic method and obtained 95% results from 20 eggs and had 1 wrong egg. When using system hardware without using the fuzzy logic method on the microcontroller that using only a light sensor and a heavy sensor it produces a result of 75% from 20 eggs and had 5 wrong eggs. Using the egg detection optimization method can be increased up to 20%.

Sensitivity of the Gravity Model and Orbital Frame for On-board Real-Time Orbit Determination: Operational Results of GPS-12 GPS Receiver

This paper describes the sensitivity of both the orbital frame domain selection and the gravity model on the performance of on-board real-time orbit determination. Practical error sources, which affect the navigation solution of spaceborne global positioning system (GPS) receivers, are analyzed first. Then, a reasonable orbital frame (radial, in-track, cross-track (RIC)) is proposed to clearly represent the characteristics of the error in order to improve the performance of the orbit determination (OD) logic. In addition, the sensitivity of the gravity model affecting the orbit determination logic is analyzed by comparison with the precise orbit ephemeris (POE) of the Challenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) satellite, and it is confirmed that the Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) Gravity Model 03 (GGM03) outperforms the Earth Gravity Model 1996 (EGM96). The effects of both proposed orbit frames and the gravity model on the orbit determination logic are verified using a GPS simulator and observation data from the CHAMP satellite. Moreover, the practical performance of on-board real-time orbit determination logic is verified by updating the software of the spaceborne GPS receiver, GPS-12, on DubaiSat-2 operating at low Earth orbit (LEO). The results show that the position accuracy of on-board real-time orbit determination logic in GPS-12 is improved by 59%, from 12.6 m (1 σ) to 5.1 m (1 σ), after applying the proposed methods. The velocity accuracy is also improved by 57%, from 13.7 mm/s (1 σ) to 5.9 mm/s (1 σ).

Transient-error correction system with real-time logic switching inspired from attractor-conversion characteristics of a cancer cell

Single-event-upset (SEU) is becoming an increasingly important threat to the reliable operation of electronic integrated circuits. To cope with an SEU in a sequential element which is one of the most critical memory components in the ICs, many methods have been devised. However, existing methods can only restore an error that occurs in the sequential element, and they cannot deal with an error occurring in the restoration hardware itself. Furthermore, most existing methods expose an incorrect output while restoring an error, which could lead to an error in another sequential circuit. In this paper, we propose a new cost-effective transient-error correction system with real-time logic switching (RTLS) inspired from attractor-conversion characteristics of a cancer cell. A novel circuit architecture combining a sequential element with RTLS, which is totally different from those of traditional sequential elements, has been developed. The RTLS-based transient-error correction circuit can restore an SEU on any location of the circuit including the restoration hardware as far as the SEU is sustained within a typical time duration. Moreover, the RTLS-based transient-error correction system can autonomously switch its own transient-error correction logic when the circuit changes its normal state. Thus, the proposed system can restore any erroneous state to a normal state irrespective of the current state of a system, and it can also maintain a correct output while restoring an error. Based on simulation and experimental analysis in comparison with the existing methods, we have verified that the RTLS-based transient-error correction system can ensure higher reliability with lower hardware overhead.

Political Journalists and Their Social Media Audiences: New Power Relations

Social media use is now commonplace across journalism, in spite of lingering unease about the impact the networked, real-time logic of leading social media platforms may have on the quality of journalistic coverage. As a result, distinct journalistic voices are forced to compete more directly with experts, commentators, sources, and other stakeholders within the same space. Such shifting power relations may be observed also in the interactions between political journalists and their audiences on major social media platforms. This article therefore pursues a cross-national comparison of interactions between political journalists and their audiences on Twitter in Germany and Australia, documenting how the differences in the status of Twitter in each country’s media environment manifest in activities and network interactions. In each country, we observed Twitter interactions around the national parliamentary press corps (the Bundespressekonferenz and the Federal Press Gallery), gathering all public tweets by and directed at the journalists’ accounts during 2017. We examine overall activity and engagement patterns and highlight significant differences between the two national groups; and we conduct further network analysis to examine the prevalent connections and engagement between press corps journalists themselves, and between journalists, their audiences, and other interlocutors on Twitter. New structures of information flows, of influence, and thus ultimately of power relations become evident in this analysis.

Benchmark Tests for the Model-Checking-Based IDS Algorithms

A fundamental concern for the security community is to identify the comprehensive comparable performance of various intrusion detection algorithms which are based on the Model Checking (MC) techniques. To address this open issue, we conduct the benchmark tests for the model-checking-based intrusion detection systems algorithms. At first, linear temporal logic, interval temporal logic and real-time attack signature logic are employed respectively to establish formula models for twenty-four types of attacks selected from KDDCUP, i.e., the annual data mining and knowledge discovery competition organized by association for computing machinery. And then, a standard intrusion set, called intrusion set for intrusion detection based on model checking, which is a behavior version of a subset of KDDCUP, is constructed. On the basis of it, detection abilities and efficiency of the intrusion detection algorithms based on model checking the three logics mentioned above are compared exhaustively. The experimental results illustrate the efficiency and abilities of these three algorithms. It is beneficial for selecting the suitable MC-based algorithms in actual deployment of intrusion detection systems.

Concatenated logic functions using nanofluidic diodes with all-electrical inputs and outputs

Nanopore-based logical schemes in ionic solutions typically involve single gates and chemical inputs. The design of computer-like functions requires the consecutive concatenation of several gates and the use of electrical potentials and currents to facilitate the downstream transfer of electrochemical information. We have demonstrated the robust operation of concatenated logic functions using biomimetic nanofluidic diodes based on single pore membranes. To this end, we have implemented first the logic functions AND and OR with combinations of single nanopores using all-electrical input and output signals. The concatenation of these gates allows the output of the OR gate to act as one of the inputs of the AND gate, giving an Enabled-OR logic function. Also, the operation of the OR gate connected with a solid-state transistor, working as a signal inverter, gives a NOR gate. These hybrid electrochemical circuits allow a variety of real time logic functions because of the robust electrical coupling between ionic solutions and electronic elements.

Algorithms for monitoring real-time properties

Real-time logics are popular specification languages for reasoning about systems intended to meet timing constraints. Numerous formalisms have been proposed with different underlying time models that can be characterized along two dimensions: dense versus discrete time and point-based versus interval-based. We present monitoring algorithms for the past-only fragment of metric temporal logics that differ along these two dimensions, analyze their complexity, and compare them on a class of formulas for which the point-based and the interval-based settings coincide. Our comparison reveals similarities and differences between the monitoring algorithms and highlights key concepts underlying our and prior monitoring algorithms. For example, point-based algorithms are conceptually simpler and more efficient than interval-based ones as they are invoked only at time points occurring in the monitored trace and their reasoning is limited to just those time points.

The realization of elastic fuzzy operators based on optic-electronic technology

The possibility of synthesis of functional elements of elastic fuzzy logic processors based on opto-electronic and integrated optical technologies, providing the realization of operators of fuzzy logic in real time and with high precision is considered in the paper. The possibility of using of mentioned technologies for elastic fuzzy logic computing is illustrated on example of building of one of the general functional elements of elastic fuzzy logic processors – the compromise adder.

Optimizing path real-time logic for unified real-time system

By simply describing a classic weakly hard real-time system's performance with the number of tasks meeting or missing deadlines, the system's real-time characteristics cannot be expressed accurately and its reliability cannot be established. The path real-time logic (RTL) is used to determine the reliability of real-time systems; though desirable, it cannot be used as a tool to configure an optimized real-time system. This paper introduces the notion of optimizing path RTL, where integer constants of arithmetic inequality in path RTL are replaced by integer constants or integer variables. With further modifications, optimizing path RTL can not only determine the reliability of a real-time system, but also be used to optimize the system. Furthermore, a unified framework for hard, soft and weakly hard real-time system is established based on optimizing path RTL. The process of transforming a weakly hard real-time system into this unified framework is demonstrated. Moreover, this work proposes and proves a theorem that if the directed ring of a constraint graph contains all elements of behaviour specification (SP) and only SP, then its value must not be greater than zero. This theorem can be used to quickly determine the reliability and safety of a real-time system. A case study is presented to show the validity and reliability of optimizing path RTL and the unified real-time system.