Real-time Communication System Research Articles

Real Time Chat Application using React and Firebase

Abstract: This paper presents the development of a real-time chat application leveraging modern web technologies, including React for front-end development, Tailwind CSS for styling, and Firebase for backend services. The chat application addresses the need for seamless communication among users in various contexts. We discuss the architectural design, implementation details, and performance evaluation of the application. Our findings demonstrate the effectiveness and scalability of the proposed solution, paving the way for future enhancements and applications in real-time communication systems.

A Secure Image Cryptographic Algorithm Based on Triple Incorporated Ciphering Stages

Lately, image encryption has stand out as a highly urgent demand to provide high security for digital images against use and unauthorized distribution. A lot of existing researches use chaotic systems, symmetric or asymmetric schemes for image encryption, but cryptosystem based on one encryption technique only, faces many challenges like weak security and low complexity. Therefore, incorporating two or more different ciphering methods yields a secure and efficient algorithm to protect image information. In this work, a new image cryptosystem is suggested by joining zigzag scan technique, RSA algorithm and chaotic systems. These three security factors introduce Triple Incorporated Ciphering stages system (TIC). Initially, the plaintext image is divided into $8\times 8$ non-overlapping blocks, then the odd blocks are isolated from the even blocks. After that, a new modified zigzag scan in two different directions is adopted for shuffling pixels in the odd and even blocks. This operation effectively enhances the shuffling degree. Next, the RSA algorithm is utilized after combining the scrambled blocks in one matrix. Finally, chaotic systems are implemented on the resultant encrypted matrix to complete the ciphering process. The chaos is implemented in two steps; confusion and diffusion. Duffing map is exploited in the confusion stage, whereas L"u system is adopted on the shuffled matrix in the diffusion stage. The simulation results show the superiority of TIC in both security and attacks robustness compared to other cryptographic algorithms. Therefore, TIC can be exploited in real-time communication systems for secure image transmission.

Real-time chaotic video encryption based on multi-threaded parallel confusion and diffusion

Due to the strong correlation among adjacent pixels, image encryption schemes typically perform multiple rounds of confusion and diffusion to protect images against various attacks. This is time-consuming and cannot meet the real-time requirements for video encryption. Existing works, therefore, realize video encryption by simplifying encryption process or selectively encrypting specific pixels, resulting in lower security compared to image encryption. This paper proposes a real-time chaotic video encryption strategy based on parallel computing. It splits video frame into sub-frames, creates a dedicated set of threads to concurrently perform confusion and diffusion operations on their respective sub-frames, and efficiently outputs encrypted frames. To assess its performance, two cryptosystems are implemented using different chaotic systems. Encryption speed evaluation demonstrates a significant acceleration in byte generation, confusion, and diffusion phases, enabling real-time encryption and decryption on different X86 platforms. The average encryption time is less than 42 ms, despite performing five rounds of confusion and diffusion operations on each frame. Statistical and security analysis prove that the deployed cryptosystems exhibit exceptional statistical properties and provide resistance to different attacks. Moreover, our method is adopted to implement a multi-user, real-time mobile video secure communication system using embedded systems, validating the feasibility of the proposed strategy for various application scenarios.

Intelligent Traffic Management System Based on Traffic Density

Intelligent Traffic Management Systems (ITMS) play a vital role in efficiently managing traffic congestion in urban areas. This abstract presents an innovative approach to traffic management, specifically focusing on the priority given to emergency vehicles at traffic signals. By integrating advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence and real-time communication systems, this system aims to optimize traffic flow while ensuring the swift passage of emergency vehicles. The proposed ITMS incorporates a dedicated feature that detects and identifies emergency vehicles approaching intersections. This is achieved through a combination of specialized sensors, such as acoustic sensors and GPS- enabled devices, and intelligent algorithms capable of distinguishing emergency vehicle characteristics from regular traffic patterns.

Real-time photovoltaic energy assessment using a GSM-based smart monitoring system: Addressing the impact of climate change on solar energy estimation software

Climate change is altering weather patterns, leading to increased variability in cloud cover, precipitation, and temperature. These changing patterns make it more challenging to accurately forecast solar radiation levels, which directly impact solar energy generation. This study, evaluates the solar energy potential using a real-time GSM-based communication system combined with an off-grid PV power plant in Tehran and Ahvaz, two regions in Iran with contrasting climates. To measure the output voltage, C++ language programming was used in Arduino_IDE programming language was utilized along with an Arduino Nano board, ATmega328P microcontroller, and sensors for measuring current, voltage, temperature, humidity, and time. The recorded data was sent through short message service. The results were compared with simulations from PVsyst, PVGIS, and the Global Solar Atlas. The findings revealed that the PV power production potential in Tehran, which is characterized by a cold and wet climate, was 4.101 kwh.kwp −1 with a capacity factor of 17.09%. In contrast, Ahvas, with its warm and dry climate, had a potential of 3.271 kwh.kwp −1 and a capacity factor of 13.63%. These values differed significantly from the estimates provided by PVsyst and the Global Solar Atlas. The Global Solar Atlas overestimated the PV potential by 15% and 18.2% in Tehran and Ahvaz, respectively, while PVsyst underestimated it by more than 15% in both locations. The real-time energy production was measured at 246.1 Wh and 196.27 Wh, compared to the estimated values of 283 Wh and 232 Wh from the Global Solar Atlas, 178.36 Wh and 142.63 Wh from PVsyst, and 221.4 Wh and 196.9 Wh from PVGIS in Tehran and Ahvaz, respectively. These results underscore the importance of accounting for recent climate changes when predicting near real-time solar generation, particularly in remote areas and regions that deviate from global trends.

Real-Time Underwater Wireless Optical Communication System Based on LEDs and Estimation of Maximum Communication Distance.

This paper presents a real-time underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) system. The transmitter of our UWOC system is equipped with four blue LEDs, and we have implemented pre-emphasis technology to extend the modulation bandwidth of these LEDs. At the receiver end, a 3 mm diameter APD is utilized. Both the transmitter and receiver are housed in watertight chassis and are submerged in a water pool to conduct real-time underwater experiments. Through these experiments, we have obtained impressive results. The data rate achieved by our system reaches up to 135 Mbps, with a BER of 5.9 × 10-3, at a distance of 10 m. Additionally, we have developed a convenient method for measuring the underwater attenuation coefficient, using which we have found the attenuation coefficient of the water in experiments to be 0.289 dB/m. Furthermore, we propose a technique to estimate the maximum communication distance of an on-off keying UWOC system with intersymbol interference, based on the Q factor. By applying this method, we conclude that under the same water quality conditions, our system can achieve a maximum communication distance of 25.4 m at 80 Mbps. Overall, our research showcases the successful implementation of a real-time UWOC system, along with novel methods for measuring the underwater attenuation coefficient and estimating the maximum communication distance.

Demonstration of the First Outdoor 2-μm-Band Real-Time Video Transmission Free-Space Optical Communication System Using a Self-Designed Single-Frequency Fiber Laser

In the present paper, we demonstrate the first outdoor free-space optical communication (FSOC) system with real-time video transmission in a 2-μm-band with a state-of-the-art data rate performance of 10 Gbit/s and a communication distance of ∼177 m. The measured wide-open eye diagram and zero bit-error-rate also validated the high communication quality. The FSOC system is constructed with all homemade components, including a single-frequency (SF) thulium-holmium co-doped fiber laser (THDFL), a modulation module, a demodulation module, three thulium-doped fiber amplifiers, an optical bandpass filter, two optical-antennas, and a display system. As the most important component, the SF THDFL, enabled by a uniform fiber Bragg grating and a passive fiber ring-compound cavity, is self-designed and fabricated by our group, presenting high lasing stability centered at 2048.98 nm, an optical signal-to-noise ratio of >81 dB, a relative intensity noise of <-128.18 dB/Hz at >0.5 MHz and a linewidth of 5.290 kHz under a measurement integration time of 0.001 s. Our work is an important step forward for practical outdoor FSOC in a 2-μm-band, proving useful for engineers and scientists when our SF THDFL is implemented as a low-cost, high-performance laser source for the FSOC system.

Triboelectric energy harvesting using inductor towards self-powered real-time wireless communication system

A wireless communication has attracted significant research interest in response to recent rapid advancement of the Internet of Things. Typical wireless communication systems utilize a battery to power the transmission of communication via transmitter, which can lead to problems of high design complexity and limited service life. There have been reports of self-powered wireless systems using a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) to resolve the challenges of battery issues. However, these systems require a significant time interval to operate the transmitter and these systems are not suitable to handle the signal with low frequency. Hence, the self-powered, real-time wireless communication system, which can handle signals with low frequency, is required. Herein, we demonstrate a self-powered, real-time wireless communication system (SRWS) using a TENG, transmitting inductor, and receiving inductor. At the receiving inductor, a change in the intensity of the magnetic field is observed from 3.79 mA/m to 4.91 mA/m, while the TENG is generating electricity. A variation in the magnetic field induces electricity at the receiving inductor, and the SRWS utilizes the generated electricity to conduct self-powered, real-time wireless communication. Simultaneously, wasted electrical energy in forms of electromagnetic field is harvested in the receiving inductor and utilized as the electrical signal. When the 0.47 μF capacitor is charged using both triboelectricity and induced electricity, the stored energy in the capacitor is 325% higher than the sum of the energies obtained from charging with triboelectricity and induced electricity separately. Also, despite its simple structure, the proposed system achieves wireless communication up to a distance of 60 cm. As a potential application, a rotation speed detection system is implemented using the proposed SRWS and evaluated. The proposed rotation speed detection system successfully detects rotation speeds of 120, 180, and 240 rpm, as well as changes in the rotation speed in each region. The security system is implemented with the aid of machine learning and this system can recognize the security key based on the electrical output. Considering these results, the proposed system shows great potential to overcome issues related to power and charging time and is expected to be utilized in next-generation self-powered, real-time wireless communication system.

Design of PROFINET I/O Real-time Communication System between PLC Based on S7-1200

Real-time communication means that the system processes external events within a defined time. The system configures a PROFINET I/O system between S7-1200 PLCs. By configuring the I/O controller and I/O equipment, setting the transmission area, and establishing the variable table and monitoring table, the system realizes the data exchange between the controller I/O and I/O equipment by observing the data transmission changes in the monitoring table.

Demonstration of a Real-Time UWOC System Using a Bandwidth Limited LED Based on Hardware and Software Equalization

In this work, we propose and experimentally demon-strate a real-time and cost-efficient underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) system based on field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) for practical application. A three-stage cascaded T-bridge equalizer (TCBE) is designed to enlarge 3 dB bandwidth of the light-emitting diode (LED). Also, a digital waveform shaping filter (DWSF) is proposed to assist the TCBE circuit by shortening the rise and fall time of the received waveform and adjusting equalization parameters to flexibly satisfy diverse communication scenarios. The 3 dB bandwidth of UWOC system is extended from 2.5 MHz to 44 MHz via TCBE. With the proposed scheme, a data rate of at least 50 Mbps with a bit error rate (BER) of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathbf{8} \times \mathbf{1}\mathbf{0}^{{\bf - 5}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> without forward error correction (FEC) code can be guaranteed over an underwater channel of 1 m. On the basis of TCBE, the DWSF is capable of further reducing the BER by 15%, 22%, 26%, 28%, 95%, and 98% for the data rates of 10 Mbps, 20 Mbps, 30 Mbps, 40 Mbps, 45 Mbps, and 50 Mbps, respectively. The results show that the method can remarkably improve the performance of UWOC system, especially when data rates are greater than 40 Mbps.

Maximal Ratio Combining Detection in OFDM Systems with Virtual Carriers Over V2V Channels.

This paper examines the performance of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems for vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication channels. More specifically, a doubly selective channel under high intercarrier interference (ICI) is considered. Current solutions involve complex detection and/or reduced spectral efficiency receivers. This paper proposes the use of virtual carriers (VC) in an OFDM system with a low-complexity maximal ratio combining (MRC) detector to improve the bit error rate (BER) performance. The results show that VC provides diversity in received data, resulting in a ≥5 dB gain compared to previous OFDM systems with conventional linear/nonlinear detectors used as a reference. The detector presented in this paper has linear complexity, making it a suitable solution for real-time V2V communication systems.

Structure of personal values and corruption: An experimental analysis of decisions leading to accepting or rejecting bribery

Corruption is a legal and moral contravention that generates great concern among nations due to its erosive effects on economic growth, democracy, governance, social equity and the integrity of culture. Therefore, it is necessary to know more about the multiple variables that produce and maintain this phenomenon. This article reports the results of an experimental investigation that sought to provide elements of judgment on the influence of the structure of personal values on the willingness to bribe. For this, 12 couples of young university students of both sexes interacted through a game that simulated a relationship between a corrupter and a corruptible agent, with the help of a real-time communication system, mediated by an online platform, which allowed instant and bidirectional interaction. The couples were randomly constituted and played with each other under double blind. However, the interacting members of the dyad could share values or vary in their axiological structure in such a way that, while one of them could manifest anti-corruption principles, the other's commitment was not so obvious. The results confirm the importance of the axiological structure of people in the facilitation or containment of the corrupt behavior. This article also reflects on the theoretical connotations of the relationships shown.

A Function-Oriented Electronic and Electrical Architecture of Remote Control Ship on Inland River: Design, Verification, and Evaluation

The remote control is an important function of intelligent ships. In this article, first, the functions and communication requirements of remote control ships are sorted out based on the “Rules for Intelligent Ships (2020)” issued by the China Classification Society (CCS). Second, a domain controller-based electronic and electrical architecture (EEA) for inland remote control ships is proposed. The functional domain of the ship is divided, combined with the physical layout of the ship, into the perception domain, communication domain, motion control domain, marine bridge domain, deck domain, cargo management domain, and cabin domain. Third, the real-time network communication system and the central gateway controller are designed, and the efficient information interaction between domain controllers is realized through a service-oriented communication architecture. The simulation experiment shows that the designed domain controller architecture and communication network can meet the information interaction requirements of the ship. Compared with the traditional distributed architecture, the ship EEA based on the domain controller has apparent advantages in system cost, system redundancy, functional load distribution, architecture scalability, communication load distribution, and information security and can give a design reference for inland remote control ships.

Community Space using WebRTC

Abstract: Human interaction is important in today's internet-based world. To effortlessly approach each other to communicate people can use the new technology i.e. web real-time communication (WebRTC). Our real-time communication system will provide virtual voice rooms to users to audio chat in groups or peer to peer using technologies like WebRTC, Node.js, Web Sockets and React.js. On the basis of a range of topics, users can create public/private rooms and join them as well. The implications of this study are better than the previous projects

Evolving scheduling heuristics with genetic programming for optimization of quality of service in weakly hard real-time systems

The weakly hard real-time system model is used for describing the real-time systems that allow occasional violations of real-time timing constraints. These systems include real-time control systems, multimedia systems, and communication systems. In some approaches that deal with mitigating the system overload in real-time systems with periodic tasks, namely job-skipping algorithms, the constraints defined by the weakly hard real-time model are used as a mechanism for defining the pattern of task instances (jobs) that may be skipped in order to reduce the system load. The performance of these algorithms is usually evaluated with respect to the quality of service metric, which depends on the number of skipped jobs. In this work, we investigate the possibility of using genetic programming in the automated synthesis of scheduling heuristics for optimizing skipping patterns in order to increase the average quality of service in comparison with the conventional job-skipping algorithms. Using genetic programming to automatically synthesize heuristics allows for an easy and quick design of novel heuristics for various problem types and optimization criteria. We present two different approaches for implementing the proposed method. The first approach is to encapsulate the evolved heuristics into job-skipping algorithms known from the literature, namely Red Tasks as Late as Possible (RLP) and Blue When Possible (BWP). The idea of the second approach is to employ the evolved heuristics as standalone job-skipping algorithms. The results show an improvement of up to 15% in comparison with the state-of-the-art algorithms. The novel methods described in this work present a significant upgrade of the standard job-skipping algorithms as they provide a notable improvement in terms of quality of service while ensuring the fulfillment of weakly hard constraints. Moreover, the presented methods are computationally efficient and are therefore suitable for implementation on real-time operating systems, which is not the case with similar methods based on optimization techniques.

50 m/187.5 Mbit/s real-time underwater wireless optical communication based on optical superimposition

In this paper, an optical pulse amplitude modulation with 4 levels (PAM-4) using a fiber combiner is proposed to enhance the data rate of a field-programmable gate-array-based long-distance real-time underwater wireless optical communication system. Two on–off keying signals with different amplitudes are used to modulate two pigtailed laser diodes, respectively, and the generated optical signals are superimposed into optical PAM-4 signals by a fiber combiner. The optical PAM-4 scheme can effectively alleviate the nonlinearity, although it reduces the peak-to-peak value of the emitting optical power by 25%. A real-time data rate of 187.5 Mbit/s is achieved by using the optical PAM-4 with a transmission distance of 50 m. The data rate is increased by about 25% compared with the conventional electrical PAM-4 in the same condition.

A high-performance dual classifier based packet classification engine on FPGA

Security is one of the key elements of real-time communication systems, especially with the developments in digital communication systems. One of the most crucial networking activities that guards against hacking and unintentional consequences on connected devices is packet classification. The router's and other linked devices' sluggish processing speeds are a problem for implementing real-time packet classification. This paper proposes a novel parallel architecture for packet classification in routers. The design that has been suggested uses the parallelism that modern hardware technologies offer to categorize several packets at once to increase throughput, lower energy usage, and drastically lower latency. The suggested design supports multiple data reads by utilizing Dual Port RAM, or DPRAM. They have low latency performance and allow for fast rate packet lookup, making them the preferable choice for stage memory. The DPRAM provides the data to the packet scheduling module. The packets are received concurrently by the two subsequent packet splitter units. The throughput of packet classification increases as a result. In this paper, a parallel packet categorization architecture using FPGA is explored for maximizing throughput and maintain allowable latency while preserving low energy consumption. The classifier has the lowest energy efficiency of 7.2nJ and less latency of 58 ns. Its throughput may reach 668 MPPS (million packets per second).

VOICE CHAT WEB APP USING WEBRTC

Technology improvements have made it possible to communicate more effectively. New technologies have improved existing communication routes. Some real-time communication systems include limitations, such as the need for additional software plugins and downloads to enable real-time communication, as well as security problems. Web Real-time Communication (WebRTC) is a technology that may be able to assist in the resolution of these issues. Thanks to advancements in internet technology, people may now easily access the internet. With the help of technological improvements, the internet is providing an increasing variety of services, all of which can be virtualized. People's internet communication has become ingrained in their daily lives. People used to communicate with one another by exchanging voice chat messages via the internet.In order to achieve scalability, the platform also makes use of cloud computing. The iterative platform architectural design is revealed, as well as some preliminary scalability analysis results.

Long-Distance, Real-Time LED Display-Camera Communication System Based on LED Point Clustering and Lightweight Image Processing

LED displays can be used to realize the dual functions of display and communication simultaneously. However, existing LED display-based visible light communication (VLC) systems suffer due to their short transmission distance and are not practical. A long-distance, real-time display-camera communication (DCC) system is proposed in this paper. First, a LED-DCC point clustering scheme is proposed to increase the transmission distance by clustering multiple adjacent LED display points for improving the quality of the VLC signal captured by an image sensor. Then, a lightweight, back-forth, fast image processing algorithm is proposed to reduce the introduced additional computational complexity caused by point clustering and enhance the reliability of information extraction from the real-time captured images/video frames. The experimental system was implemented with a 2.2-inch 16 × 16 point LED display and the CMOS camera on the smartphone. Experimental results show that the proposed system can achieve a maximum data transmission distance of 7 m under a bit error rate (BER) of 0.5, which is about 9 times that of the previous LED-DCC system, and can achieve a data transmission distance of 175 cm under the 7% forward error correction (FEC) limit, which is about 12 times that of the previous LED-DCC system. Additionally, the decoding latency for extracting information from each video frame is only 13.26 ms, which guarantees real-time data reception.

Full-duplex wireless deep ultraviolet light communication.

With recent advancements in deep ultraviolet (DUV) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and solar-blind photodetectors, wireless DUV light communication is emerging as a novel technique, which can extend transmission ranges and avoid solar interference. Herein, a full-duplex, real-time wireless light communication system using 275 nm DUV LEDs is proposed. We adopted high-power DUV LEDs and designed a high-speed transmitter, a high-sensitivity receiver, and a main processing unit for the system. Furthermore, the DUV communication system, using a Reed-Solomon (RS) encoder and an on-off keying (OOK) modem with frequency control, achieves a 10 Mbit/s bidirectional data transmission rate within 5 m in free space, while a full-duplex video communication link is formed. The encapsulated DUV communication system described in this Letter provides a feasible scheme for confidential and anti-electromagnetic interference communication in Internet of Things (IoT) applications.