We study correlation functions and Bethe Salpeter amplitudes for the scalar, the pseudoscalar and the tensor glueballs using an instanton-based model of the QCD vacuum. We consider both the pure gauge case and the situation for real QCD with two light quark flavors. We show that instantons lead to a strong modification of the correlation functions as compared to their perturbative behavior. In particular, we find a strong attractive force in the $J^{CP}=0^{++}$ channel and repulsion in the $0^{+-}$ channel. Due to the strong classical field of the instantons, these effects are much larger than the spin splittings observed in mesons made of quarks. The resulting masses, coupling constants and wave functions appear to be in agreement with lattice gauge simulations.