Real Players Research Articles

A New Perspective in Diagnosis of Neuroendocrine Tumors and Pseudo Pheochromocytomas, Understanding the Biology Behind a Mislabeled Medical Terminology

Recently the incidence of undiagnosed hypertension that does not fit into either category of essential hypertension or secondary hypertension is becoming largely increased. Most of these cases are attributed to anxiety or forms of panic attacks associated with high blood pressure. Some in fact are lethal yet clinicians have been challenged to know the real cause of the disease. The term pseudopheochromocytoma widely used for patients who have typical presentation of pheochromocytoma but yet no concrete evidence of disease manifested in their imaging or lab reports to suggest increased production of adrenaline or neurepinephrine, as seen in typical pheochromocytomas. These patients suffer from life threatening attacks of hypertension, yet the only medical revenue offered are anxiolytics, or tricyclic antidepressants. Here we review a case of suspected pheochromocytoma and we present a novel theory about the real player behind all cases of pseudopheochromocytomas. Since in contrast to all other tumors, performing a tissue biopsy is detrimental in the case of pheochromocytomas, and therefore no one logically considers a tissue biopsy for adrenal gland, liquid biopsy( NETest by WREN Laboratory) is a great substitute with high accuracy to replace the tissue biopsy. We conclude that performing liquid biopsy on all cases of pseudopheochromocytoma is essentially life saving and can lead the clinician to appropriate course of action, when the other labs and functional imaging are inconclusive or negative. This is the very perfect example of why the traditional thinking of required presence of metanephrines in urine or blood, and nuclear studies(Dotetate scan/ Octrascan/ MiBG scan, etc…) for diagnosis of pheochromocytoma and surgical interventions depending on such tests is outdated.

The CoachAI Badminton Environment: A Novel Reinforcement Learning Environment with Realistic Opponents (Student Abstract)

The growing demand for precise sports analysis has been explored to improve athlete performance in various sports (e.g., basketball, soccer). However, existing methods for different sports face challenges in validating strategies in environments due to simple rule-based opponents leading to performance gaps when deployed in real-world matches. In this paper, we propose the CoachAI Badminton Environment, a novel reinforcement learning (RL) environment with realistic opponents for badminton, which serves as a compelling example of a turn-based game. It supports researchers in exploring various RL algorithms with the badminton context by integrating state-of-the-art tactical-forecasting models and real badminton game records. The Badminton Benchmarks are proposed with multiple widely adopted RL algorithms to benchmark the performance of simulating matches against real players. To advance novel algorithms and developments in badminton analytics, we make our environment open-source, enabling researchers to simulate more complex badminton sports scenarios based on this foundation. Our code is available at https://github.com/wywyWang/CoachAI-Projects/tree/main/CoachAI%20Badminton%20Environment.

Design and Implementation of Multi Player Pong Game using Altera DE2 Board

Pong game is a simple but entertaining game of logic control. This research paper presents the design and implementation of an FPGA-based Pong game that runs on an Altera DE2 board using Verilog HDL. This article explains the VGA controller, object creation and animation, and text subsystem and of course how to link them all together to build a functioning circuit. There is an interesting multi-player mode and single-player mode feature in this design scheme. This game's multiplayer mode features both real-time and automatic players to create a competitive atmosphere. This design method followed less complicated, fastest processing, and utilized memory requirements and logic elements. The single-player mode uses 1.3% of total logic elements, the two-player mode uses 1.32%, and automatic player vs. real player uses 1.456% of total logic elements which is very small compared to the other gaming schemes and it reduces the processing time that is cost-effective for universal use. All the modules are designed by using Verilog HDL. The synthesis is done with the help of Altera DE2 FPGA. Functional simulation and synthesis prove that the design is universally usable and combines different modules in one module that presents sound entertainment and extends the electronics application-based work in the future.

Measuring skill via player dynamics in football dribbling

Although a myriad of studies have been conducted on player behavior in football, in-depth studies with structured theory are rare due to the difficulty in quantifying individual player skills and team strategies. We propose a physics-based mathematical model that describes football players’ movements during dribbling situations, parameterized by the attacker aggressiveness, the defender hesitance and the top speed of both players. These player- and situation-specific parameters are extracted by fitting the model to real player trajectories from Major League Soccer games, and enable the quantification of player dribbling attributes and decisions beyond classical statistics. We show that the model captures the essential dribbling dynamics, and analyze how differences between parameters in varying game situations provide valuable insights into players’ behavior. Lastly, we quantitatively study how changes in the player’s parameters impact dribbling performance, enabling the model to provide scientific guidance to player training, scouting and game strategy development.

Retained colistin susceptibility in clinical Acinetobacter baumannii isolates with multiple mutations in pmrCAB and lpxACD operons.

The progressive increase in the resistance rates to first- and second-line antibiotics has forced the reuse of colistin as last-line treatment for Acinetobacter baumannii infections, but the emergence of colistin-resistant strains is not uncommon. This has been long linked to acquired chromosomal mutations in the operons pmrCAB and lpxACD. Hence, such mutations are routinely screened in colistin-resistant strains by most studies. The current study was designed to explore the possible existence of pmrCAB and lpxACD mutations in colistin-susceptible isolates. For this purpose, the whole genome sequences of eighteen multi-/extensively drug resistant A. baumannii were generated by Illumina sequencing and screened for missense mutations of the operons pmrCAB and lpxACD. Most of the isolates belonged to global clones (GCs) including GC1 (n=2), GC2 (n=7), GC7 (n=2), GC9 (n=3), and GC11 (n=1). The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of colistin were determined by the broth microdilution assay. Seventeen isolates were fully susceptible to colistin with MICs ranging from (≤0.125 to 0.5 µg/ml). Interestingly, all colistin-susceptible isolates carried missense mutations in pmrCAB and lpxACD operons with reference to A. baumannii ATCC 19606. Overall, 34 mutations were found. Most substitutions were detected in pmrC (n=20) while no mutations were found in pmrA or lpxA. Notably, the mutation pattern of the two operons was almost conserved among the isolates that belonged to the same sequence type (ST) or GC. This was also confirmed by expanding the analysis to include A. baumannii genomes deposited in public databases. Here, we demonstrated the possible existence of missense mutations in pmrCAB and lpxACD operons in colistin-susceptible isolates, shedding light on the importance of interpreting mutations with reference to colistin-susceptible isolates of the same ST/GC to avoid the misleading impact of the ST/GC-related polymorphism. In turn, this may lead to misinterpretation of mutations and, hence, overlooking the real players in colistin resistance that are yet to be identified.

A Bot Approach-Based Capacity Testing Automation for Online Video Games

Online games are a type of computer game that can be accessed using the internet network and played with other players to play the same game. With the advance in online game development, game developers are required to develop games that can be played by many players in one game, especially in the capacity of an online game server. Those needs can be achieved by utilizing bots. However, previous works only conducted bot-based testing for testing network capabilities. In this research, those works will be extended further ftotesting the capacity of a game server. The result of this research suggests that bot approach testing can simulate real players adequately. Other than that, the bot approach also can be scalable. However, the result also suggests that the bot approach still has some limitations as bots cannot simulate the dynamics shown by real players. Special attention is also needed towards clients utilized for executing the bots for them to be scalable.

A Demonstration of Possibilistic Hierarchical Task Networks for Believable Agent Behavior

Believably human non-player characters (NPCs) are inherent to immersive gameplay yet developing them remains a common challenge. When the success of many modern games relies on using bots in online services to replace real players, it’s vital for the bots to seem like they make decisions like real people. This paper explains the inspirations for, ideas behind, and base functionality of a demo made to build a foundation for future work that aims to establish a framework for developing believably human NPCs. This demo simply aims to show that possibility theory can work with hierarchical task networks (HTNs) by using custom utility functions. This reliance on utility functions also means that this work provides developers who use behavior selection systems that can use utility functions to decide between branches, a clear example of how to adopt possibilistic logic in their own work. Most importantly, since this logic is simplistic, it can be easily adopted by both hobbyists and experts.

Business Model Innovation to Address Vegetable Supply Chain Issues: A Case Study of an Indian Startup

Purpose: Agricultural supply chains witness several challenges, which result in increased cost of operations, high wastages, and low efficiency. In the case of vegetable supply chains (VSCs), the intensity of challenges is very high due to perishability. Literature suggests various operations research tools for supply chain management of perishables, but there is a paucity of research highlighting the real models adopted by real players in the market while making revenue. This paper investigates and presents how a startup can innovate its business model to meet the VSC issues by adopting a single case study methodology. Design: The phenomenon was studied by convergent interviewing with the company’s key personnel and gathering information from the company’s key documents followed by content analysis. Findings: The study shows real practices adopted by a startup to cater to the challenges of VSCs in India by incorporating various tools of productivity enhancement and waste reduction. It highlights the adoption of a traceability system, production planning mechanism, reduced food miles, and green initiatives contributing to an innovative business model. The study maps the business model of the startup with the business model concept provided by Lindgardt and colleagues [ 2009 ] and states two more dimensions, i.e. “Client relationship management” and “Sustainability activities” to expand the mentioned configuration. Originality: The study is the first of its kind to highlight the Business Model Innovation of a startup to address the VSC challenges in the Indian context. Practical contribution: The study has important managerial implications useful for finding our new value propositions in a VSC firm by shortening and effectively integrating the supply chain while minimizing information asymmetry to achieve economies and sustainability. Theoretical contribution: This study has strengthened the methodological advances in the study of business models based upon earlier validated configurations. It contributes to the extant research by adding two more elements “Client relationship management” and “Sustainability activities” in a business model configuration.

Visual tracking assessment in a soccer-specific virtual environment: A web-based study.

The ability to track teammates and opponents is an essential quality to achieve a high level of performance in soccer. The visual tracking ability is usually assessed in the laboratory with non-sport specific scenarios, leading in two major concerns. First, the methods used probably only partially reflects the actual ability to track players on the field. Second, it is unclear whether the situational features manipulated to stimulate visual tracking ability match those that make it difficult to track real players. In this study, participants had to track multiple players on a virtual soccer field. The virtual players moved according to either real or pseudo-random trajectories. The experiment was conducted online using a web application. Regarding the first concern, the visual tracking performance of players in soccer, other team sports, and non-team sports was compared to see if differences between groups varied with the use of soccer-specific or pseudo-random movements. Contrary to our assumption, the ANOVA did not reveal a greater tracking performance difference between soccer players and the two other groups when facing stimuli featuring movements from actual soccer games compared to stimuli featuring pseudo-random ones. Directing virtual players with real-world trajectories did not appear to be sufficient to allow soccer players to use soccer-specific knowledge in their visual tracking activity. Regarding the second concern, an original exploratory analysis based on Hierarchical Clustering on Principal Components was conducted to compare the situational features associated with hard-to-track virtual players in soccer-specific or pseudo-random movements. It revealed differences in the situational feature sets associated with hard-to-track players based on movement type. Essentially with soccer-specific movements, how the virtual players were distributed in space appeared to have a significant influence on visual tracking performance. These results highlight the need to consider real-world scenarios to understand what makes tracking multiple players difficult.

A Nash-Type Fictitious Game Framework to Time-Inconsistent Stochastic Control Problems

In this paper, a Nash-type fictitious game framework is introduced to handle a time-inconsistent linear-quadratic optimal control. The Nash-type game in this framework is called fictitious as it is between the decision maker (called real player) and an auxiliary control variable (called fictitious player) with the real player and fictitious player looking for time-consistent policy and precomitted optimal policy, respectively. Namely, the fictitious-game framework is actually an auxiliary-variable-based mechanism where the fictitious player is our particular design. Noting that the real player's cost functional is revised in accordance with that of fictitious player, the equilibrium policy of real player is called an open-loop self-coordination control of original linear-quadratic problem. As a generalization, a time-inconsistent nonzero-sum stochastic linear-quadratic dynamic game is investigated, where one player is to look for precommitted optimal policy and the other player is to search time-consistent policy. Necessary and sufficient conditions are presented to ensure the existence of open-loop equilibrium of the nonzero-sum game, which resort to a set of Riccati-like equations and linear equations. By applying the developed theory of nonzero-sum game, open-loop self-coordination control of the linear-quadratic optimal control is fully characterized, and multi-period mean-variance portfolio selection is also investigated. Finally, numerical simulations are presented, which show the efficiency of the proposed fictitious-game framework.

Crossover of the patient satisfaction surveys, adverse events and patient complaints for continuous improvement in radiotherapy department.

The patient's needs and expectations can be assessed through satisfaction surveys, adverse event declarations and records of complaints. By cross-referencing individual complaints, satisfaction surveys and the adverse events received, we could get valuable information. The objective is to identify common elements of work between these different sources to improve care. A retrospective analysis of patients' complaints, surveys and adverse events was carried out in order to highlight common improvement items between these three sources of information. A satisfaction survey was given to the patients at the end of their treatment, who filled it out and left it in the 'ad hoc' letterbox. At the end of December 2019, 4695 questionnaires had been collected (response rate 37%). In addition, since 2014, 1369 patients (∼20 patients per month) have been interviewed 'face to face' by the research nurse who assesses their satisfaction using open questions. At the same time, a collection of complaints and adverse events was carried out. All these data have been analysed and cross-checked in order to highlight areas for improvement and strengthen the safety and quality of care in our department. Collect and analyse satisfaction surveys, unexpected events and complaints constitute in our opinion, an effective tool to achieve patient empowerment. We aim for the patients to become a real player in their safety and involve in the overall effort to improve the quality of their radiotherapy treatment by reporting what does not meet their expectations.

What motivates avoidance in paranoia? Three failures to find a betrayal aversion effect

The heightened belief that others intend to harm you (paranoia) is often accompanied by social withdrawal, avoidance and isolation. We investigated whether paranoia is related to betrayal aversion: the tendency to avoid potential harm caused by other people over and above an equivalent harm caused by a non-social mechanism. Across three large-N (Ntotal = 2433) pre-registered online studies, we employed a game theoretic paradigm where participants engaged in interactions with real players. Studies 1 and 2 explored betrayal aversion by eliciting participants' willingness to enter interactions where monetary reward was either determined by another player or a lottery. Study 3 examined betrayal aversion in a context where choices were not financially-incentivised. Paranoia was not associated with betrayal aversion or risk aversion in any study. We consider two possibilities: that paranoia does not involve increased risk aversion or betrayal aversion, or that the paradigm was limited in terms of its ability to trigger betrayal and risk aversion behaviour in paranoia.

Sustainable and Affordable Prefabricated Construction: Developing a Natural, Recycled, and Recyclable Mobile Home

Outdoor tourism is a form of outdoor holiday that is growing rapidly today, and that stands out from other forms of tourism for its immediate relationship with the landscape which becomes for the tourist the main attraction of the holiday intended as a break from ordinary urban life. Outdoor tourism today represents a growing percentage in the tourism sector, in which mobile homes are the real players. Despite the considerable use of this product in open-air accommodations located in relevant landscapes, there is still no sensitivity in the constructive approach and in the choice of materials in terms of sustainability. In the open-air tourism sector, the lack of ecological sensitivity results from two levels of application: one regarding the whole settlement and the public spaces of outdoor accommodations and one regarding the mobile unit from the design to the production process. This paper will provide some practical strategies to introduce the ecological theme in the mobile home for the tourism sector. The research aims to analyze the production system of mobile homes in order to introduce alternative materials within the existing assembly line. The research demonstrates the possibility of a product being sustainable both economically and environmentally, healthy, and well-integrated with landscape by adopting an approach that makes it possible to use the same assembly line currently in use.

Agenda Territorial Europea 2030: un marco político orientado a la acción para el objetivo de la cohesión territorial

Before next programming period 2021-2077 starts, Territorial Agenda 2030 was presented past 1st December 2020, under the German presidency. It represents a new step, started with the approval of the European Territorial Strategy in 1999, to make territory and spatial planning key factor for the objective of territorial cohesion and a just and green Europe. For Territorial Agenda implementation an action plan has been proposed, with at the moment six pilot actions that will be developed by stakeholders and administrations at different levels; the real players, more than European institutions. Beyond reporting funds, it is aimed at a higher quality of planning and programming of actions, exchanging experiences and learning, to improve their impacts on each place.

Understanding Online Voluntary Self-Exclusion in Gambling: An Empirical Study Using Account-Based Behavioral Tracking Data.

Online gambling has continued to grow alongside new ways to analyze data using behavioral tracking as a way to enhance consumer protection. A number of studies have analyzed consumers that have used voluntary self-exclusion (VSE) as a proxy measure for problem gambling. However, some scholars have argued that this is a poor proxy for problem gambling. Therefore, the present study examined this issue by analyzing customers (from the gambling operator Unibet) that have engaged in VSE. The participants comprised of costumers that chose to use the six-month VSE option (n = 7732), and customers that chose to close their Unibet account due to a specific self-reported gambling addiction (n = 141). Almost one-fifth of the customers that used six-month VSE only had gambling activity for less than 24 h (19.15%). Moreover, half of the customers had less than seven days of account registration prior to six-month VSE (50.39%). Customers who use VSE are too different to be treated as a homogenous group and therefore VSE is not a reliable proxy measure for problem gambling. The findings of this research are beneficial for operators, researchers, and policymakers because it provides insight into gambling behavior by analyzing real player behavior using tracking technologies, which is objective and unbiased.

Generalization of Heron\u2019s and Brahmagupta\u2019s equalities to any cyclic polygon

It is well known that Heron’s equality provides an explicit formula for the area of a triangle, as a symmetric function of the lengths of its edges. It has been extended by Brahmagupta to quadrilaterals inscribed in a circle (cyclic quadrilaterals). A natural problem is trying to further generalize the result to cyclic polygons with a larger number of edges. Surprisingly, this has proved to be far from simple, and no explicit solutions exist for cyclic polygons having n>4 edges. In this paper we investigate such a problem by following a new and elementary approach, based on the idea that the simple geometry underlying Heron’s and Brahmagupta’s equalities hides the real players of the game. In details, we propose to focus on the dissection of the edges determined by the incircles of a suitable triangulation of the cyclic polygon, showing that this approach leads to an explicit formula for the area as a symmetric function of the lengths of these segments. We also show that such a symmetry can be rediscovered in Heron’s and Brahmagupta’s results, which consequently represent special cases of the provided general equality.

МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ ПРОСТРАНСТВА СТРАТЕГИЙ ЗАДАЧИ «ДИЛЕММА ЗАКЛЮЧЕННОГО»

An iterated version of the game "Prisoner's Dilemma" is used as a model of cooperation largely due to the wide range of strategies that the subjects can use. The problem of the effec-tiveness of strategies for solving the Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma (IPD) is most often considered from the point of view of information models, where strategies do not take into account the relationship that arise when real people play. Some of these strategies are obvious, others depend upon social context. In our paper, we use one of the promising directions in the development of studying IPD strategies – the use of artificial neural networks. We use neural networks as a modeling tool and as a part of game environment. The main goal of our work is to build an information model that predicts the behavior of an individual person as well as group of people in the situation of solving of social dilemma. It takes into account social relationship, including those caused by experimental influence, gender differences, and individual differences in the strategy for solving cognitive tasks. The model demonstrates the transition of individual actions into socially determined behavior. Evaluation of the effect of socialization associated with the procedure of the game provides additional information about the effectiveness and characteristics of the experimental impact.The paper defines the minimum unit of analysis of the IPD player's strategy in a group, the identity with which can be considered as a variable. It discusses the influence of the experi-mentally formed group identity on the change of preferred strategies in social dilemmas. We use the possibilities of neural networks as means of categorizing the results of the prisoner's iterative dilemma in terms of the strategy applied by the player, as well as social factors. We define the patterns of changes in the IPD player's strategy before and after socialization are determined. The paper discusses the questions of real player's inclination to use IPD solution strategies in their pure form or to use the same strategy before and after experimental inter-ventions related to social identity formation. It is shown that experimentally induced socialization can be considered as a mechanism for increasing the degree of certainty in the choice of strategies when solving IPD task. It is found out that the models based on neural networks turn out to be more efficient after experi-mentally evoked social identity in a group of 6 people; and the models based on neural net-works are least effective in the case of predicting a subject's belonging to a gender group. When solving IPD problems by real people, it turns out to be possible to talk about generalized strategies that take into account not only the evolutionary properties of «pure» strategies, but also reflect various social factors.

Methanolic extract of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) escalates functional restoration following a compression injury to the sciatic nerve in a mouse model.

Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is one of the major health concerns faced by the community at present. Till now, available therapeutic approaches are ineffective to fully heal a nerve injury and to assure the functional recovery entirely. Natural compounds can prove attractive and effective drug candidates to bridge up this gap. In this scenario, the present study was designed to explore the role of methanolic extract of Foeniculum vulgare (F. vulgare) seeds in accelerating the function regain following a sciatic nerve injury in a mouse model. For this purpose, 12 adult healthy albino mice (BALB/C), 8–10 weeks old, were grouped as control (Ctrl, n = 6) and treatment (Trt, n = 6). The treated group was given methanolic extract of F. vulgare (200 mg/kg per day) started from the day of nerve crush until the end of the study. The sensorimotor function regain assessed by hot plate test, grip strength, and SFI assessments was found significantly (p < .05) ameliorated in the F. vulgare‐treated group. A prominent improvement in the muscle mass of the treated group further affirmed these effects. Furthermore, morphometric analysis of muscle fiber cross‐sectional area of tibialis anterior muscle between groups revealed a noticeable improvement in muscle fibers’ diameter of the treated group. Conclusively, these findings suggest that F. vulgare methanolic extract exhibits the potential to escalate functional recovery following a peripheral nerve injury. However, the real players of this extract and the mechanism involved in boosting functional restoration need to be dissected by further work.

METAFICTION AND DROSTE EFFECT IN THE NOVEL “IF ON A WINTER’S NIGHT A TRAVELER” BY ITALO CALVINO

f on a winter's night a traveler is considered one of the greatest novels by Italian writer Italo Calvino. Published in 1979, this literary work, which belongs to the postmodernist narrative style in the form of a frame story, tells about a reader trying to read a book with the same title from beginning to end. Much of the story’s content was written in the second-person’s narration, implying that “you” (the Reader) are the protagonist of the novel. Embedded inside are ten short stories (the loose ends of different novels) read by the main character, which causes the book to constantly switch between settings, narrators, and styles. If on a Winter’s Night a Traveler is truly a perfect illustration for the literary style characterized by metafiction and postmodernism. The novel is a conscious textual play with various techniques employed such as authorial role limitation, reader involvement in the plot line, open structure, non-linearity, fragmentation, multiplicity, and intertextuality. By effectively using these devices, Calvino deconstructs the traditional novel form and creates a new structure which shows a parallel between the processes of writing and reading a text. Calvino acts as the supreme game-master taking control of both the characters and the real players, who have been pushed into this game-like novel. This article focuses on analyzing the charactericstics of metafiction, the Droste effect and deconstruction in Calvino’s novel If on a winter's night a traveler, thereby helping to grasp his playful language and his narrative techniques as well as to discover his metafictional discourse.

A Moroccan Leading Use Case for Predictive Maintenance, IoT and Industry 4.0

As part of our research, predictive maintenance is acquiring more attention through time, making it one of the most interesting topics and undeniable use cases when discussing advanced Industrial Internet of Things, Industrial Big Data and advanced data analytics combined with machine learning applications. Throughout the years, this new fresh market is expected to follow an alarming exponential growth trend with a 39% annual rate. The latter could only be achieved under the existence of well-structured organizations that aim to offer high quality maintenance monitoring and control through a combination of state-of-the-art tools and technologies. Whilst big players already exist in the market and managed to gain considerable attention in Industry 4.0, we cannot deny the exclusive establishment of startups and novel units operating in the same field of expertise. The aforementioned enterprises might be considered as freshmen and novices whilst being independent entities in the pool of enterprises, but we cannot ignore the fact that these micro-organizations were established by maintenance and reliability experts that have acquired a priceless know-how and expertise throughout the years. These startups offer robust and highly innovative hardware, software solutions in addition to a plethora of services for predictive maintenance, including platforms and analytics making them real players introducing a new competition in the market. OCP Maintenance Solutions is a newly-established situation created as a business unit to meet the internal maintenance needs of the OCP Group. The key objective and motivation behind establishing such service is to create a remote center of excellence in maintenance, based on wireless data collected combined with OCP’s expertise as a global player specialized in the mining, refining, processing, manufacturing, commercialization, marketing and development of phosphate rock, phosphoric acid and fertilizers. Today, the business unit established itself as an operational and independent unit providing sophisticated predictive maintenance services through a proprietary predictive analytics and IIoT-based platform in addition to multiple products and services including but not limited to: - Tailored digitalized desktop applications for maintenance and reliability - Training and e-learning solutions (i.e. development of bespoke serious games) - Out-of-the box and highly tailored mobile applications to serve diversified end-users and client’s needs