Real Envelope Research Articles

FY2013-FY2015 Medium-Term Budget

The FY 13–15 Medium-Term Budget presented in this paper reflects the following main features: Unchanged administrative budget in real terms for FY 13. Overall spending (structural plus crisis/temporary) will be kept unchanged in real terms in FY 13 relative to the FY 12 budget (excluding the one-off additional cost of the 2012 Annual Meetings in Tokyo).Broadly unchanged administrative envelope in nominal terms for FY 13. This reflects the impact of the Executive Board’s decision in March to grant no increase in the staff salary structure in the context of the 2012 Compensation Review. The “structure increase” is the main component in the budget deflator applied to map the real total envelope into nominal terms. A capital budget dominated by the impact of the HQ1 Renewal Program. The final appropriation for this project, approved by the Executive Board in March 2011, is reflected in the proposed capital budget for FY 13.

逆合成孔径成像激光雷达实包络成像算法

Limited by laser modulation technology and the phase information that is easily damaged by atmospheric turbulence,it is difficult to obtain the 2-D high-resolution image using traditional coherent integration algorithms for Inverse Synthetic Aperture Imaging Lidar(ISAIL).To solve this problem,a real envelope imaging algorithm was proposed based on inverse Radon transform.Using the proposed method,the ISAIL system can transmit noncoherent laser pulses and high-quality image can also be obtained under the condition of atmospheric turbulence with low pulse repetition frequency.The ISAIL imaging experiment with numerical data validates the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.

A NEW METRIC TO ANALYZE PROPAGATION MODELS

Deterministic propagation models are typically validated by performing comparisons between real and simulated E-field envelope distributions. These distributions correspond to straight spatial segments and, occasionally, also surfaces. This approach is correct to study large scale fading for relatively large distances. However, in a real environment and shorter distances, there are too many details to consider. As a result, it is almost impossible to reach a point by point match in a minimally realistic experiment. There are two ways to deal with this problem. The first one is to model every minor detail everywhere around us, keeping the point by point metric. The second one is to change that metric in order to admit, at least in part, that we can not take into account of all the details. If uncertainty can not be eliminated, we should learn to take advantage of it by using a statistical metric like the one proposed here. This paper uses such a kind of metric to validate several structural and geometrical simplifications of a model for the transition between outdoor and indoor propagation that has been recently published. Furthermore, we demonstrate that this metric has helped us to improve and understand better this model, while revealing unexpected model properties at the same time. Corresponding author: J. Blas (juabla@tel.uva.es).

Singularities of centre symmetry sets

The center symmetry set (CSS) of a smooth hypersurface S in an affine space Rn is the envelope of lines joining pairs of points where S has parallel tangent hyperplanes. The idea stems from a definition of Janeczko, in an alternative version due to Giblin and Holtom. For n = 2 the envelope is always real, while for n > 3 the existence of a real envelope depends on the geometry of the hypersurface. In this paper we make a local study of the CSS, some results applying to n ⩽ 5 and others to the cases n = 2,3. The method is to construct a generating function whose bifurcation set contains the CSS and possibly some other redundant components. Focal sets of smooth hypersurfaces are a special case of the construction, but the CSS is an affine and not a euclidean invariant. Besides the familiar local forms of focal sets there are other local forms corresponding to boundary singularities, and yet others which do not appear to have arisen elsewhere in a geometrical context. There are connections with Finsler geometry. This paper concentrates on the theory and the proof of the local normal forms for the CSS. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification 57R45, 58K40, 32S25, 58B20.

다중 신경망을 이용한 인식단위 결합 기반의 인쇄체 문자인식

본 논문에서는 다중 신경망을 이용한 인식단위 결합 기반의 인쇄체 문자인식 방법을 제안한다. 입력 문자영상은 한글 문자 형식 6가지와 한글 이외의 기타 문자 형식의 전체 7가지 형식으로 분류되어 인식된다. 한글 문자는 2단계의 MLP 신경망 인식기에 의해 인식된다. 첫째 단계에서는 한글 문자를 자소의 조합 형태에 따라 2개 또는 3개의 인식단위로 나누고, 각 인식단위에서 추출된 방향각도 특징 벡터를 입력으로 하는 MLP 신경망으로 1차 인식한다. 둘째 단계에서는 첫째 단계의 인식단위별 MLP 신경망 인식기의 인식양상 특징을 추출하고 다른 MLP 신경망에 입력하여 최종 한글 문자인식을 한다. 한글 이외의 기타 문자의 인식을 위해서는 단일 MLP 신경망을 사용한다. 인식 실험에서는 실제 우편물 50,000통 영상으로부터 추출한 문자영상 데이터베이스를 이용하였는데, 실험 결과 본 논문에서 제안한 방법이 매우 우수함을 알 수 있었다. In this Paper. we propose a recognition method of machine printed characters based on the combination of recognition units using multiple neural networks. In our recognition method, the input character is classified into one of 7 character types among which the first 6 types are for Hangul character and the last type is for non-Hangul characters. Hangul characters are recognized by several MLP (multilayer perceptron) neural networks through two stages. In the first stage, we divide Hangul character image into two or three recognition units (HRU : Hangul recognition unit) according to the combination fashion of graphemes. Each recognition unit composed of one or two graphemes is recognized by an MLP neural network with an input feature vector of pixel direction angles. In the second stage, the recognition aspect features of the HRU MLP recognizers in the first stage are extracted and forwarded to a subsequent MLP by which final recognition result is obtained. For the recognition of non-Hangul characters, a single MLP is employed. The recognition experiments had been performed on the character image database collected from 50,000 real letter envelope images. The experimental results have demonstrated the superiority of the proposed method.

Generation of correlated Rayleigh fading envelopes

A previous technique for generating correlated Rayleigh envelopes is generalized and physically interpreted to model specified propagation delay spread and frequency separation. Two accurate closed-form expressions that give explicitly the squared magnitude of the complex Gaussian cross-correlation coefficient in terms of the real envelope cross-correlation coefficient are derived to improve the efficiency and facility of the technique.

The influence of porosity of discrete particles upon their apparent dimensions as measured by the Coulter principle

Highly porous particles furnish, due to their porosity, smaller Coulter diameters and Coulter volumes than the real particle size and envelope volume, respectively. Finding a relation between these variables (eqn. 4) makes the determination of the latter easier. In addition to the readily obtainable Coulter and porosity data, only one empirical constant for each material class has to be determined.

Bandpass Asymmetry and Envelope Distortion

The nonlinear bandpass response of an analytic signal is evaluated and is defined by scaling polynomials as even powers of the real envelope. Bandpass asymmetry is shown to reduce the spectral complexity in the nonlinear transformation, suggesting merits in nonsymmetrical bandpass amplification.

Doppler-tolerant signal waveforms

When Doppler distortions of radar signals can be neglected, correlation or matched-filter processing is relatively simple. In those applications where high resolution requirements and high target speeds combine, the distortions in the waveform lead to severe processing problems. One way around these difficulties is the so-called Doppler-invariant waveform, which stays matched to the filter in the presence of an arbitrarily large Doppler effect; however, in many situations this waveform cannot be used. This paper extends the idea of Doppler invariance to only parts of the waveform, the complex modulation function and the real envelope. We then obtain waveforms which simplify the Doppler search rather than eliminate it entirely, and hence are referred to as Doppler-tolerant. The addition of a constant-carrier term to the Doppler-invariant signal leads to the signal of which only the modulation function is Doppler-invariant. It permits independent measurement of range and range rate at the expense of having to search for the Doppler shift of the carrier. For applications of the principle to the envelope of a signal, the type of signal which is of particular interest is the pulse train. It is shown that a Doppler-tolerant pulse train can be designed such that it can be processed by a delay line with fixed taps even if the pulse spacing is significantly changed by the Doppler effect. This approach is useful for both coherent and incoherent pulse trains.