Real Effort Research Articles

Penalty contracts: is it all about paying the cash upfront?

We experimentally investigate the relevance of a cash upfront payment for the effort-enhancing effect of penalty contracts. We find that penalty contracts where participants receive the upfront payment physically before working on a real effort task induce more effort than penalty contracts where participants are only informed about the upfront payment. When comparing penalty contracts with economically-equivalent bonus contracts, we find that penalty contracts lead to higher effort provision than bonus contracts, but only if participants physically receive the upfront cash payment in advance. We suggest that the higher salience of the cash upfront payment might be a core driver of the detected framing effect. Our findings emphasize the importance of experimental design choices when studying framed incentive contracts.

The effect of loss aversion and entitlement on cheating: An online experiment

We investigate how loss aversion and entitlement influence lying. We conduct an online experiment with a cheating task in which participants draw and report a number. Participants can cheat by reporting a different number to earn a higher payoff. We vary whether participants perform (or not) a real effort task to generate their endowment before the cheating task to evoke a sense of entitlement, and whether participants can cheat for an additional gain or to avoid a loss using a 2 (earned/not earned endowment) × 2 (loss/gain) design. We find no effect of loss aversion on cheating and only weak evidence of a prior stage of real effort on lying behavior. Furthermore, we find a correlation between real effort task performance and lying, but only in the gain domain. This is the first study to look at how entitlement affects cheating behavior in both the gain and loss domains.

Do Women Contribute More Effort than Men to a Real Public Good?

AbstractThis study presents evidence from a lab-in-the-field experiment, conducted in eight small, rural villages in Mexico, in which subjects choose to exert real effort to fund real health centers in their own and other localities. The results show that women are more willing than men to exert effort to fund the health center in another locality, relative to the one in their locality. This gender gap is mostly due to women who have some trust in the way the government spends taxes, and to those who benefit from a government program that targets women and fosters healthcare use. These results also suggest that women might be aware of their higher willingness to exert effort for a public good that does not benefit them directly, compared to men, because they seem to reduce their individual effort the more female their environment is.

Strategi Guru PAI dalam Memberikan Motivasi Belajar Siswa Kelas IV untuk Mewujudkan Tujuan Sekolah di SDIT Al Islam Kudus Tahun Ajaran 2022/2023

This research was conducted at SDIT Al Islam Kudus, with the title raised "Strategy of Islamic Religious Education Teachers in Providing Learning Motivation for Class IV Students to Realize School Goals at SDIT Al Islam Kudus Academic Year 2022/2023". Strategy is a plan that will be carried out to achieve a goal. As a teacher or educator, you must have a real plan and effort in carrying out each of your duties. Teachers are not only able to give or convey lessons (transfer of knowledge). But a teacher must also be able to provide enthusiasm or motivation, guidance, directions, solutions, and various other kinds of efforts that are expected to be able to provide understanding to students, so that they are not confused about what they have to prepare, do, and realize (realize) according to with what are the goals of themselves personally, teachers, parents, and the educational goals of their school. So that a goal can be realized, it is necessary to have a strategy that is able to provide an overview of the design (plan) which ultimately creates the best value and results for what you want to achieve. The teacher's strategy here, more specifically Islamic religious education teachers, is very important, it can even become a basis or benchmark to be able to see the extent to which each student they project is able to understand the goals expected by the school.

National pride and tax compliance: A laboratory experiment using a physiological marker.

This paper reports on a laboratory experiment designed specifically to test the influence of national pride on tax honesty while using a physiological marker to observe emotional responses to patriotic priming. Participants were exposed to one of three framing videos before earning income in a real effort task and were given the chance to declare their taxable income. We find that psychological priming through exposure to symbols of Australian national pride and national identity had a positive effect on the level of tax compliance among Australian but not non-Australians. In addition, non-Australians report lower tax compliance ratios in the treatment groups than in the control group which may indicate an outgroup effect. When exploring the potential of a physiological marker of national pride we observe two different types of physiological responses to the activation and effects of national pride and its impact on tax compliance among Australians. Iconic images activate the parasympathetic nervous system while sports scenes activate the sympathetic nervous system, but both types of images and responses are positively associated with tax compliance. In addition, we find that non-Australians resident in the country for more than a year report a higher level of tax compliance, and that there are some similarities in heart rate variability (HRV) responses between Australian citizens born in the country and those born overseas who have been in Australia for a longer period. Overall, the results support the proposition that identifying with an ingroup at a national level is important for tax compliance.

Don’t pay the highly motivated too much

One remaining puzzle in the literature on intrinsic motivation and extrinsic incentives is the conflict between two oft-cited rules: “pay enough or don’t pay at all” and “pay, but not too much”. There is some evidence to suggest differing impact of incentives, depending on level of initial motivation. Our lab-in-the-field experiment, on a heterogeneous sample of the general public, allows us to test our intuitive prediction: that crowding out will be less (more) likely when motivation is low (high) to begin with. We use a real effort task and a within- and between-subject design to measure motivation before, during and after an incentive is applied. On average, we find support for “pay, but not too much”, as a low power monetary incentive is as effective as a high power monetary incentive when applied. However, high power monetary incentives strongly crowd out motivation for the high types. Monetary incentives (low or high) do not crowd out motivation in low motivation types. A charity incentive does not increase performance in the real effort task, but also has no crowding out effect. We show the importance of accounting for initial intrinsic motivation, and that the highly motivated are more susceptible to crowding out.

A Real Effort vs. Standard Public Goods Experiment: Overall More All-or-Nothing, Lower Average Contributions and Men Become More Selfish in the Effort-Loss Frame

A Real Effort vs. Standard Public Goods Experiment: Overall More All-or-Nothing, Lower Average Contributions and Men Become More Selfish in the Effort-Loss Frame

An Artificial Neural Network-Based Model for Effective Software Development Effort Estimation

In project management, effective cost estimation is one of the most crucial activities to efficiently manage resources by predicting the required cost to fulfill a given task. However, finding the best estimation results in software development is challenging. Thus, accurate estimation of software development efforts is always a concern for many companies. In this paper, we proposed a novel software development effort estimation model based both on constructive cost model II (COCOMO II) and the artificial neural network (ANN). An artificial neural network enhances the COCOMO model, and the value of the baseline effort constant A is calibrated to use it in the proposed model equation. Three state-of-the-art publicly available datasets are used for experiments. The backpropagation feedforward procedure used a training set by iteratively processing and training a neural network. The proposed model is tested on the test set. The estimated effort is compared with the actual effort value. Experimental results show that the effort estimated by the proposed model is very close to the real effort, thus enhanced the reliability and improving the software effort estimation accuracy.

Free Riding, Democracy and Sacrifice in the Workplace: Evidence from a Real Effort Experiment

Free Riding, Democracy and Sacrifice in the Workplace: Evidence from a Real Effort Experiment

Can Prosocial Incentives and Self-chosen Goals Improve Performance? An Online Real Effort Experiment

Can Prosocial Incentives and Self-chosen Goals Improve Performance? An Online Real Effort Experiment

Asymmetric labor-supply responses to wage changes: Experimental evidence from an online labor market

We test whether labor supply responds symmetrically to wage increases and decreases using a randomized real effort online experiment. The results show that wage increases have smaller effects on labor supply than wage decreases of equal magnitude, especially on the extensive margin where the response to a wage decrease is twice that to a wage increase. This finding suggests that labor-supply responses to wage changes are asymmetric. We discuss the potential mechanisms behind our results including standard models of labor supply, reference dependence in consumption and reciprocity.

Pengadaan Mini Garden “Mandaka Laksmi” di RW 13 Nusukan, Banjarsari, Surakarta dalam Rangka Program Kampung Iklim (Proklim)

The Climate Village Program (ProKlim) is a national scale program in order to encourage the community and all parties to take concrete actions to improve resistance to the negative impacts of climate change. In the village of Nusukan in particular RW 13 will be promoted by the Climate Village Program (ProKlim). To support the program, the procurement of a mini garden is carried out as an effort to move society and all parties in the face of climate change. The impact of this activity is to increase public knowledge and understanding of change climate and its impacts, as a real adaptation effort so that it can improve the degree of public health in the face of climate change, environment of RW 13 Nusukan, and can reduce GHG (Greenhouse Gas) emissions.

Pengembangan Pakan Plus Vitamin C dan Probiotik Untuk Ikan Lele Pada Kelompok Pembudidaya Ikan Tani Subur Desa Gunung Melati

The target partners are the Tani Subur fish cultivator group that conducts catfish farming in tarpaulin ponds. In particular, the problem with rearing fish in tarpaulin ponds is the management of water quality which has an impact on taste and also low yields. The real effort that will be made to overcome these problems is to make efforts to manage water quality with a technological approach and the addition of vitamins in feed to improve fish health which has an impact on increasing crop yields. The activities carried out are 1) Application of feed technology in the management of catfish cultivation in tarpaulin ponds 2) Application of water quality management technology in the management of catfish cultivation in tarpaulin ponds and technical counseling, and 4) demonstration/practice activities and mentoring. Community partnership program service activities aim to transfer technology through technical training on albumin extract processing and utilization of by-products. The training method is counseling and demonstration which aims to provide knowledge and skills to the target audience. The follow-up plan of the training activity is the formation of creative businesses that increase the income of cultivator group members. This touch of technology is expected to increase the profit margins of pokdakan members which are expected to increase their confidence to develop this business in the future.

The Use of Kaili Regional Language in Improving Learning Outcomes in PAI Subjects

This study aims to determine the useof Kaili Regional Language in Improving Learning Outcomes in PAI Subjects at SDN 26 South Banawa". The research method used by researchers is field research with a qualitative approach. This study shows that the use of the Kaili regional language as an indicator that serves as a bridge connecting the ease of the learning process and as a controlling tool for student behavior. Furthermore, the use of kaili regional language at SDN 26 Banawa Selatan is a real effort from educators to reduce the uncontrolled rate of kaili regional language use. The technique used by educators is to start by using Indonesian and explaining the material in the Kaili regional language. The use of the Kaili regional language in improving learning outcomes in PAI subjects at SDN 26 South Banawa is inseparable from the guidelines of the Syllabus and Rpp. The assessments used by educators in the use of the Kaili regional language in improving learning outcomes are formative test assessments, subsumative tests and summative tests.

Effort Management Tourism Objective Through The Existence of Social Groups in The Community

The tourist attraction is developed synergistically by developing tourist facilities, public facilities, infrastructure, and community empowerment in a complete and sustainable system. In Banjarmasin City, in Banua Anyar Village, tourism management is carried out with community involvement in synergy with the Government through tourism awareness groups known as Pokdarwis. The purpose of writing this article is to identify the management of tourism objects through the existence of social groups. The approach used in this research is qualitative with a descriptive method. The data collection technique was carried out through observations in the culinary tourism area in the Banua Anyar Culinary Area. The results of the study ensure that the management of tourism objects through Pokdarwis in Banua Anyar Village is carried out in three forms of activity, namely the realization of Sapta Pesona, providing facilities and infrastructure and increasing knowledge of the community around tourism objects. These activities need to be carried out so that the existence of Pokdarwis can determine realistic strategic steps to realize the vision and carry out the mission of the existence of the government and the community in managing tourism objects through the existence of social groups. Therefore, it can be concluded that the existence of Pokdarwis in Banua Anyar Village is a form of real effort from the authority to the region to plan, develop and manage tourism in the region. So that local people get the opportunity to get involved in tourism development. Keywords: management, tourism objects, social groups, pokdarwis, tourism development

Food Memory and Food Identity of Educated People Migrating from Turkey for Work or Higher Education

This qualitative study aims to understand the food memory and food identity of a group who emigrated from Turkey to North Carolina for education or for work 30-40 years ago. For this purpose, one-to-one in-depth interviews were conducted with 14 persons, 12 women and 2 men living in North Carolina using the Zoom application. In the interviews, participants said that they are connected to their roots with their homeland’s food, that is Turkish food. They had not given up on cooking and eating Turkish dishes. The memories they described are so to say proving food memory and food identity concepts which are searched in migration studies. These are sub-topics of food anthropology. Also, they have a real effort to serve Turkish food to their non-Turkish friends, neighbours and this effort seems to be an attempt to show their identity with their food. Besides, it can also be said that they were influenced by other cuisines and experienced a cultural diffusion.

Implementation of Teacher Certification in Improving the Quality of Education in MAN 1 Bogor Regency

The teacher is a determining factor for the success and quality of learning. A learning that is not qualified can come from the low competence of a teacher and the teacher's inability to adjust the situation, that is what lowers the value of the quality of education in Indonesia. Due to the low quality of teachers, it will have an impact on the understanding and learning outcomes of students. Therefore, the government makes regulations for educators to have teacher certification in the hope that the quality of education in Indonesia can increase. The purpose of this study was to determine the implementation of teacher certification in improving the quality of education at MAN 1 Bogor Regency. In this study, the researcher used a field research approach and a type of qualitative method. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that implementing teacher certification is a real effort for MAN 1 Kab Bogor to improve the quality of education. Because with the provision of competent educators, they are able to provide good results on the quality of education.

Free Riding and Workplace Democracy—Heterogeneous Task Preferences and Sorting

A novel laboratory experiment is used to show that mismatching between task preferences and task assignment strongly undermines worker performance and leads to free riding in teams. Unlike prior experiments using real effort tasks, task preferences are elicited from all workers. Under team-based remuneration (revenue sharing), free riding is significant, but this effect is largely driven by those working on undesired tasks. Workers’ endogenous sorting into tasks improves productivity as it mitigates task mismatching although workers’ task selection per se has only small effects on work performance and effort provisions beyond the positive sorting effects. This paper was accepted by Yan Chen, behavioral economics and decision analysis. Funding: This work was supported by Independent Research Fund Denmark [Grant 4182-00163]. Supplemental Material: The online appendix and data are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4556 .

Self‐nudging contracts and the positive effects of autonomy—Analyzing the prospect of behavioral self‐management

Nudging interventions typically presume some asymmetry of sophistication and power between the choice architect and the nudged. But the nudged need not be relegated to a passive role. We present evidence that individuals have a capacity to counter their biases, and even to use them to their advantage. This capacity for behavioral self‐management (“BSM”) can allow them to act as the choice architects of their future‐self. In our study, we provide participants with the autonomy to choose among a variety of loss‐ and gain‐framed contracts that govern the terms under which they perform a real effort task. The results show that subjects strategically harness their own loss aversion to counter their present bias and significantly improve their performance. The loss‐framed contracts give individuals a tool they can use to self‐nudge. This possibility of self‐nudging should widen our perspective on biases. Biases can cause cognitive error and dampen motivation, but they can also be a valuable tool for individual decision making. And giving subjects the autonomy to choose their favored contract adds to the effectiveness of their BSM strategy. We show that subjects' experience self‐determination utility separate from performance benefits driven by a better adjustment of work tasks to subjects' production functions. To demonstrate the policy relevance of our results, we expand on an application of BSM strategies to retirement savings plans, which we suggest may lift participation and savings rates at no additional cost.

Implementation of Tahfidz-Based Islamic Boarding School

This study aims to determine the development of boarding school management and its implications as an effort to improve the quality of Islamic school and their relevance to Islamic education goals. The research method used is field research with qualitative research. Data collection technique use observation, documentation and in-depth interviews while testing the validity of the data uses source triangulation techniques. The results of this study indicate that the implementation of the Islamic boarding school model with the addition of a special program in the form of tahfidzul Qur'an and its implication is a real effort by schools in improving Islamic schools. It has significant relevance to the goals of Islamic education conceptually and the values ​​of Islamic education in Islamic school in fulfilling aspects of student management developed from the goals of national education.