Real Book Research Articles

Exploiting parsed corpora in grammar teaching

The principal barrier to the uptake of technologies in schools is not technological, but social and political. Teachers must be convinced of the pedagogical benefits of a particular curriculum before they will agree to learn the means to teach it. The teaching of formal grammar to first language students in schools is no exception to this rule. Over the last three decades, most schools in England have been legally required to teach grammatical subject knowledge, i.e. linguistic knowledge of grammar terms and structure, to children age five and upwards as part of the national curriculum in English. A mandatory set of curriculum specifications for England and Wales was published in 2014, and elsewhere similar requirements were imposed. However, few current English school teachers were taught grammar themselves, and the dominant view has long been in favour of ‘real books’ rather than the teaching of a formal grammar. English grammar teaching thus faces multiple challenges: to convince teachers of the value of grammar in their own teaching, to teach the teachers the knowledge they need, and to develop relevant resources to use in the classroom. Alongside subject knowledge, teachers need pedagogical knowledge – how to teach grammar effectively and how to integrate this teaching into other kinds of language learning. The paper introduces the Englicious web platform for schools, and summarises its development and impact since publication. Englicious draws data from the fully-parsed British Component of the International Corpus of English, ICE-GB. The corpus offers plentiful examples of genuine natural language, speech and writing, with context and potentially audio playback. However, corpus examples may be age-inappropriate or over-complex, and without grammar training, teachers are insufficiently equipped to use them. In the absence of grammatical knowledge among teachers, it is insufficient simply to give teachers and children access to a corpus. Whereas so-called ‘classroom concordancing’ approaches offer access to tools and encourage bottom-up learning, Englicious approaches the question of grammar teaching in a concept-driven, top-down way. It contains a modular series of professional development resources, lessons and exercises focused on each concept in turn, in which corpus examples are used extensively. Teachers must be able to discuss with a class why, for instance, work is a noun in a particular sentence, rather than merely report that it is. The paper describes the development of Englicious from secondary to primary, and outlines some of the practical challenges facing the design of this type of teaching resource. A key question, the ‘selection problem’, concerns how tools parameterise the selection of relevant examples for teaching purposes. Finally we discuss curricula for teaching teachers and the evaluation of the effectiveness of the intervention.

The return of the reader: contemporary philosophy of literature as a philosophy of reading

The modern philosophy of literature in terms of reading practices, changing the modern way of reading to new types of reading is analyzed, as well as the interpenetration in the present of different types of reading. It has been found that various researchers have been engaged in reading practices and, accordingly, philosophy of reading. A separate direction in the study of reading as a certain way of open dialogue was created by M. Rubakin. This area was called «bibliopsychology», thus reading is considered as a way of anthropological interaction of man and text. The most diverse ideas common to the subject of our research are contained in the writings of Umberto Eco. Four models of modern reading have been identified and characterized. Reading in the first model becomes the best means of selecting and processing information, and the ultimate goal and motive of such reading is the awareness, literacy and ability of the social lift through reading. The second model involves following certain ready-made patterns, it generates and retransmits social myths. This model involves merging text with the reader through myth. In contrast to reading as an exchange of information in reading as a kind of fairy tale there are two components – trust in information and its recipe-effect character. Trust in this model produces a reflection effect. In such a model, the reader wants to find himself, and not others, his way when the essence of a living person is hidden behind the cover of any real book. In the third reading model, the reader joins another’s story or constructs the story independently. The Middle Ages were built on a model of reading aloud, making a dramatic effect on reading. Modern times, through print, novel, newspaper, general employment and time-saving, lose this dramatic element and gradually lose their narrative. Literature and texts become a means of thinking, not an experience. The type of aesthetic reading highlighted by Umberto Eco is analyzed separately. The third type of reading is designed for reading as a means of self-improvement. The fourth type of modern reading involves dialogue with many interlocutors. Reading this type preserves a component of pleasure and empathy, through these two factors, and is actually read as a meeting with a text-friend. It proves that this type of reading involves the basic mechanisms of imagination, fantasy and memory. The fourth type of reading involves the development of both logical and emotional intelligence, the ability to engage the imagination in a constructive activity. Reading is an example of successful communication that touches the deepest levels of the human being.

M. S. Bazykin as a critic and book art theorist

The scientific heritage of M. S. Bazykin is small, but still of considerable interest for book art researchers. In particular, he contributed much to study, description and promotion of a book sign as a phenomenon. His works on the book plates are written with a clear understanding of very special problems of this type of graphics. The scholar considers bookplate as a sort of an allegorical portrait of the owner giving an idea of his personality, profession, circle of interests, aesthetic preferences, composition and nature of his library. A bookplate should have succinct and laconic expressiveness, as well as ought to fit easily into the book artistic structure. In accordance with these requirements the art critic evaluated works by I. N. Pavlov, A. I. Kravchenko, M. V. Matorin, N. V. Puzyrevskiy, and other artists, demonstrating a broad spectrum of aesthetic views, delving into the essence of a creative method of each author. In his reviews touching the book graphics, M. S. Bazykin paid a special attention to details of their design, demonstrating his evident preference of strict and severe designer solutions. He was annoyed by ostentatious luxury of certain editions motivated by neither their content, nor readers′ target audience. At the same time he was interested and almost always favourable towards art editions realized in the provinces. Important and significant judgments, concerning prominent publishers and printers, designers and polygraphists of those years should be found in his still unpublished texts stored in the Russian state archive of Literature and Art (RGALI). For instance, in his reports Bazykin analyzes causes of disastrous situation with newly released art books, considering except for design merits and shortcoming various other factors of economical, sociological and management characters. In his papers the scientist poses a fundamentally important question: who of contemporary book designers can be considered as a real book artist, equally competent in both technical and aesthetic aspects. Strictly speaking, besides rare exceptions, such universal «artists-designers» didn′t exist for that moment, but it were them, whom Bazykin pinned his hopes on radical renewal of image of Russian book with. Undoubtedly, should his talent develop under favorable conditions, he might have easily become one of the most respected and competent scholars of book art. However, he managed to do quite a lot even in the short time period allotted to him.

Do objects of different weight fall at the same time? Updating naive beliefs about free-falling objects from fictional and informational books in young children

ABSTRACTThis study examined whether children 4- and 5-years-old (N = 156) can revise a physical science misconception from different types of picture books. A realistic fiction book and informational book with identical images matched in word count and reading difficulty level were compared to a control book about plants. In the pretest and posttest, children were asked to make predictions about pairs of objects that either had the same or different weight. The pretest scores showed that many children began with the misconception that heavier objects fall faster than lighter objects. Posttest scores revealed that children revised this misconception after reading the realistic fiction and informational picture books but not after reading the control book. These findings provide evidence that children as young as age 4 can acquire physical science knowledge from picture books and that both realistic fiction and informational books can be used effectively to expose children to science concepts.

Between Generations: Collaborative Authorship in the Golden Age of Children's Literature by Victoria Ford Smith

Reviewed by: Between Generations: Collaborative Authorship in the Golden Age of Children's Literature by Victoria Ford Smith Donna R. White (bio) Between Generations: Collaborative Authorship in the Golden Age of Children's Literature. By Victoria Ford Smith. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2017. Children play multiple roles in children's literature: fictional characters, real audience, inspirational muses, and, as Victoria Ford Smith proposes, active collaborators. Smith's goal in Between Generations is to resurrect a lost tradition of child-adult creative partnerships during the Victorian and Edwardian eras. These over-looked or forgotten collaborations show that child creators of the period exhibited more agency than we generally assume. Smith approaches these intergenerational collaborations through a historical lens, examining nineteenth-century theories of language acquisition and art education that challenged the perception of children as passive subjects, as well as actual creative partnerships such as that between Robert Louis Stevenson and his stepson, Lloyd Osbourne. One question that Smith never addresses is the difference between collaboration and influence. Her definition of collaboration, which she expresses only implicitly, is broad enough to include child muses such as Lewis Carroll's Alice Liddell and James Barrie's Llewelyn Davies boys. I question whether the Liddell sisters' begging for a story constitutes collaboration. The Llewelyn Davies brothers must have contributed ideas to the pirate tales that they enacted with Barrie, but the actual written words in Peter Pan are his. Does providing ideas for a story constitute collaboration, or does collaboration involve co-writing or illustrating the work? For Smith, collaboration apparently includes any kind of contribution from a real child, whether accidental (such as being born to a writer who uses him or her as creative fodder) or intentional (such as drawing a treasure map that inspires a novel). [End Page 348] However, Smith's main intention, which is fully realized in this volume, seems to be discussing how real children participated in the creation of real books, so I shouldn't quibble over the definition of one word. In her introduction, "A Child's Story," she states that children's literature scholarship since Jacqueline Rose's The Case of Peter Pan, or the Impossibility of Children's Fiction (1984) has ignored real children because of "a narrow focus on the figure of the child and its roots in adult desire" (11). Examining that constructed figure alongside children who are real historical beings opens up new avenues for scholarship, as Marah Gubar has demonstrated in Artful Dodgers: Reconceiving the Golden Age of Children's Literature (2009). Smith wishes to build on the work of Gubar and other critics who attempt to bring real children back into the discussions of children's literature scholarship. Examining what she calls "composition narratives"—historical texts and documents about the creation process of particular works—she organizes her chapters around different models of intergenerational authorship: "collaborations among storytellers and auditors, between coauthors, and between child illustrators and adult authors and educators" (20). In chapter 1, "Active Listeners: Child Auditors as Creative Collaborators," Smith claims that far from being passive listeners, the children listening to an adult tell a story help construct the meaning of the story and affect its pace, plot, and characterization. She ties the discussion to early theories of language acquisition that posited children as active agents capable of changing the language, just as the child audience changes the story. Using W. M. Thackeray's The Rose and the Ring as a case study, Smith shows how complex and ambiguous composition narratives can become as varying accounts and recollections compete for authority. Other story-tellers whom Smith examines in this chapter include the Brothers Grimm, Edgar Taylor, Mary Molesworth, Margaret Gatty, and Juliana Horatia Ewing. I was particularly intrigued by Smith's discussion of the child study movement at the end of the nineteenth century, especially its interest in language acquisition and children's secret languages. Chapter 2, "Family Dynamics: The Strange Case of Robert Louis Stevenson and Lloyd Osbourne," uses the fourteen-year collaboration between Stevenson and Osbourne as a paradigm of adult-child partnerships. Smith provides a history of the toy printing press, one of which initiated the partnership, as well as of...

THE REAL SECTOR OF UKRAINIAN ECONOMY CAPITALIZATION: TRENDS AND CONSEQUENCES

Introduction. The main trends in the corporate finance of Ukraine hardly could be explained with the traditional corporate finance frameworks which the trading-off or pecking order approaches included. In the beginning of 2017, the whole corporate sector indebtedness (calculated as total unconsolidated debt to book value based equity ratio) was substantially higher than a proper level for emerging markets countries. The restoring of the real sector equity capital sufficiency is crucial for the whole financial system stabilization and investments fostering. Purpose. The investigation of the book value decapitalization in real sector of Ukrainian economy scale and its potential impact on the financial system stability and economic growth assessment. Methods. International comparisons of the total book value capital to GDP ratios, the real book value capital (denominated by GDP deflator) trends and structural changes investigation. Results. The volume and the dynamics of the book value capitalization in Ukrainian economy’s real sector are investigated. The overall level of capital losses is determined (18% decline with 5 years) and significant structural imbalances are revealed. The trends of real sector book value equity changes analyzed comparing with the nominal GDP changes trends in Ukraine and foreign countries. A comparative analysis trends of real sector capital return in Ukraine and some European countries is conducted. The total book value capital to GDP ratio in Ukraine does not differ significantly from other countries. We explain these results capital by the low level of GDP in Ukraine and not by the book value capital sufficiency. The low level of legal productivity the real sector aggregate equity capital in Ukraine is determined. The share of accumulated capital in real sector book value equity in Ukraine was closed to 0 and fall negative in 2017. We explain this by the low level of legal productivity of equity capital in Ukraine. Conclusion. The capital accumulation in the real sector of Ukrainian economy is structurally deteriorated and generates significant risks for the stability of ountry financial system. The lack of capital in real sector hardly can be compensated by the financial sector and government investments. Thus, we can conclude that deficiency of equity in real sector is a strong barrier for the economic growth.

Jazz Culture in the North: A Comparative Study of Regional Jazz Communities in Cairns and Mackay, North Queensland

Jazz Culture in the North: A Comparative Study of Regional Jazz Communities in Cairns and Mackay, North Queensland

Last Child in the Library? A Survey of Use of E-books versus Traditional Books

Do kids even read books anymore? Don’t kids just read on tablets these days? Why do we still have libraries?Those flip remarks can be heard in many communities these days, from large cities to rural areas. But contemporary librarians should not fear. Recent reports of books being obsolete have been greatly exaggerated. One recent survey found that digital natives still prefer real books to electronic ones on their tablets.

Harmonic Syntax of the Twelve-Bar Blues Form

This paper describes the construction and analysis of a corpus of harmonic progressions from 12-bar blues forms included in the jazz repertoire collection The Real Book. A novel method of coding and analyzing such corpus data is developed, with a notion of “possible harmonic change” derived from the corpus and logit mixed-effects regression models that describe the difference between actually occurring harmonic events and possible but non-occurring ones in terms of various sets of theoretical constructs. Models using different sets of constructs are compared using the Bayesian Information Criterion, which assesses the accuracy and efficiency of each model. The principal results are that: (1) transitional probabilities are better modeled using root-motion and chord-frequency information than they are using pairs of individual chords; (2) transitional probabilities are better described using a mixture model intermediate in complexity between a bigram and full trigram model; and (3) the difference between occurring and non-occurring chords is more efficiently modeled with a hierarchical, recursive context-free grammar than it is as a Markov chain. The results have implications for theories of harmony, composition, and cognition more generally.

Implementation fidelity in computerised assessment of book reading

Measuring the implementation fidelity (IF) or integrity of interventions is extremely important, since without it a positive or negative outcome cannot be interpreted. However, IF is actually measured relatively rarely. Direct and indirect methods of measurement have been used in the past, but tend to over-emphasize teacher behaviour. This paper focuses on student behaviour collated through computers - an interesting alternative. It deals with the reading of real books and reading achievement, for which variables a very large amount of computerised data was available – on 852,295 students in 3243 schools. Reading achievement was measured pre-post with STAR Reading, a computerised item-banked adaptive norm-referenced test of reading comprehension. IF came from the Accelerated Reader (AR), which measures understanding of independent reading of real books the student has chosen by a quiz. Results showed higher IF was related to higher achievement. Neither IF nor reading achievement related to socio-economic status. Primary (elementary) schools had higher IF and achievement than secondary (high) schools. Females had higher IF and achievement than males. Students of higher reading ability implemented AR at a higher level, but did not gain in reading at a higher level. However, this computerised method of measuring IF with book reading showed limited reliability, no greater than methods emphasising teacher behaviour. In future, IF measures emphasising student response and those emphasising teacher behaviour need to be blended, although the latter will never generate the sample size of the former. This may be true of implementation fidelity in areas other than book reading.

As gravações históricas da canção “Desafinado”: desdobramentos da Bossa Nova no cenário internacional

Este artigo analisa e compara as versões da canção “Desafinado” nos discos Chega de saudade, Jazz samba, The composer of Desafinado plays, Getz/Gilberto featuring A. C. Jobim, Sinatra/Jobim e também nas partituras impressas nos livros The Real Book, The New Real Book 1, Songbook Tom Jobim e Cancioneiro Jobim, tendo em vista os desdobramentos que ocorreram no cenário musical a partir da divulgação da Bossa Nova internacionalmente. Como resultado, identificamos que as diferenças melódico-harmônicas do disco estadunidense Jazz samba interferiram sobremaneira nas execuções posteriores dessa canção como gravações e publicações de partituras.

Why should I pay for e-books?

PurposeBecause mobile phones offer a new, affordable and easy-to-use portal to reading material, mobile reading is emerging as the most ultra-modern reading approach. From the perspective of mobile reading service providers, knowledge of customer purchase, and consumption behaviour is critical for their survival and success. This paper aims to provide insights into the factors that influence the purchase e-books.Design/methodology/approachFollowing means-end chain theory, the prospect theory and elaboration likelihood model, a structural equation model is proposed to investigate and identify key factors that drive the purchase intention of experienced mobile readers. In the theoretical model, utilitarian value (UV) and hedonic value (HV) are supposed as formative second-order constructs formed by related payoff.FindingsBoth UV and HV are positively associated with readers’ purchase intention. However, there are no big differences between these two path coefficients. People seem to perceive relatively low payment risk although perceived risk could still negatively affect purchase intention. As a predictor of purchase intention, UV is less important when risk perception increases or when involvement (IV) decreases. Furthermore, this study illustrates that uniqueness and convenience (CV) are significant components of UV, whereas curiosity and flow are components of HV.Practical implicationsMobile reading providers should highlight the professional and specificity of app such as beautiful cover, page setup that similar to real books and so on. Readers should be allowed to post real-time reviews and communicate with others to improve their sense of satisfaction, participation and belonging. The payment process should be concise and simple through which readers can save their purchase time and effort. Mobile reading service providers should provide trustworthy payment approaches, especially third-party platform and guarantee the CV and safety of payment activity.Originality valueBy focusing on the impacts of relationships among UV, HV, perceived risk and IV to purchase intention, this paper not only provides a theoretical understanding of mobile reading purchase behaviour but also offers practical insights to reading material manufactures and app developers for promoting such a process.

Implementation fidelity and pupil achievement in book reading: variation between regions, local authorities and schools

ABSTRACTImplementation fidelity or integrity is a key variable in evidence-based interventions, but is rarely assessed by student response or over a long period. This study related implementation fidelity in independent book reading to tested reading achievement over a year. The sample of 852,295 students in 3243 primary and secondary schools was reduced by schools providing incomplete data and the discarding of mid-year data. Achievement was measured pre-post by STAR Reading, a computerised item-banked adaptive test of reading accuracy and comprehension. Implementation fidelity was measured by variables from the computerised Accelerated Reader software, which analyses comprehension of a real book the student has chosen by a quiz. Results compared key variables for the four regions of the UK, local authorities and best performing schools. Computerised methods offer an interesting alternative to teacher behaviour for investigating implementation and outcomes. This study showed stronger links between implementation and outcomes at an individual level than when all data are aggregated, and that student response is at least as good an implementation index as teacher behaviour. The implications for practice, policy and future research were outlined.

Zasadność rewizji konstytucji instytutów zakonnych oraz ich zawartość i forma według dokumentów kościelnych

Basic norms of the religious institutes of the consecrated life, usually called constitutions, should comprise basic theological rules and law norms, which faithfully reflect institutes’ charisma and their spiritual patrimony. Each religious is obliged to faithfully preserve, develop and safeguard the patrimony of his own institute concerning its nature, purpose, character, spirit and sound traditions (Can. 578 CCL/1983). This way he will strive for perfect love of God by way of evangelical counsels following the method shown by founders inspired by the Holy Spirit. That’s why the faithful and communicative expressing of founders thoughts, and intentions in constitutions are so important. Constitutions are not simple book, which is put aside on the shelf, when it was already read, but must become real book of life for religious, and which contents they must constantly absorb, and implement into their own spiritual life and everyday activities. Therefore a manner of formulating the basic questions of constitution, and their language play very important role.

Substantiation of the procedure for the reflection of goodwill in the accounting system of national enterprises

Goodwill is the amount that an enterprise buyer pays more than the book value of assets. According to foreign accounting practices, external goodwill arises only in the case of acquisition and combination of companies, and internally generated goodwill should not be reflected in the accounting of enterprises at all.The current methodology for reflecting goodwill in Ukraine has weak points, because of the lack of research and the lack of system, related to the novelty of the category and the lack of experience in accounting and reporting. The absence or non-reflection of information on goodwill in accounting leads to a decrease in the attractiveness of national enterprises in the markets for sales, labor, capital, resources, reduces costs, possibility of raising funds, searching for strategic investors and partners, building relationships with the authorities and shaping the demand and loyalty of consumers.An analysis of existing approaches to the accounting interpretation of goodwill with the proposal of classification is carried out. The prerequisites for introduction into accounting practice and gradual expansion of use in the national system of accounting for the goodwill of an enterprise are substantiated.A systematic treatment of positive goodwill for acquiring and combination of the enterprises is presented. The expediency of returning to use in the national accounting system of negative goodwill (badwill) is proved.The use of proposed proposals for the reflection of goodwill in the accounting system will allow national enterprises to increase the real book value, improve the investment-innovative attractiveness for investors, perform efficiency analysis and search for reserves of forming a positive business reputation.

A Girl’s Best Friend by H.M. Savitz

Savitz, Harriet May. A Girl’s Best Friend. New York: Scholastic, 1995. Print. The book I am reading is A Girl’s Best Friend. I like the book because it’s sad and funny at the same time. It’s sad because she blind. There's a blind girl who has a dog has named Jessie. She also is getting sick. And they are having a hard time with money. It’s sad and funny. It’s awesome and very sad because she is blind and the dog is getting very sick.I did not like the book when the dog might die or get killed and that she is blind so she can’t see her dog but I do love the book. If I could pick one hundred I would but I can't so I will pick five. My reason is it’s an awesome book and I like the dog, it looks cute. Highly recommended: 5 out of 5 stars Reviewer: SantanaMy name is Santana I really like reading comics because it has some action in it. I am 11 years old. My favorite things to do are dance, sing, and cook. I always go to my best friend’s house because she lives very close to me. I enjoy my reading because it is comfy and fun. I really like reading comics because it’s awesome. I also like reading real life stories and my favorite book is called A Girl’s Best Friend.

Diary of a Wimpy Kid by J. Kinney - 3rd review

Kinney, Jeff. Diary of a Wimpy Kid. New York: Amulet Books, 2007. Print.In the book their grandpa moved in with them. And his mom has been talking about the old days and their grandpa made them wash him. I like the book cause it’s funny and cool and and it has pictures and sometimes I don’t really like reading cause sometimes it gets boring. I rate this book 10 stars cause I like it.Highly recommended: 5 out of 5 stars Reviewer: LenayaMy name is Lenaya and I like nuggets. My favorite ice cream is cookies and cream. I like reading fiction and I like reading Diary of a Wimpy Kid. I also like real life books and fiction books. I like to read Diary of a Wimpy Kid because I like it it’s funny. What I would change about the book is to make it more fiction because then it cannot be true.

“GOING OFF THE BEATEN PATH: KNUT HAMSUN’S FORAYS INTO TRAVEL WRITING”

This paper examines Knut Hamsun’s travel writing, from his many newspaper articles about America published before The Cultural Life of Modern America (Fra det moderne Amerikas aandsliv, 1889) – his idiosyncratic and very personal reckoning with America – to his only real (i.e., formal) travelogue or travel book, In Wonderland (I Æventyrland, 1903), documenting his visit to the Russian Caucasus. The article focuses on some common themes as well as striking differences among these works, so as to highlight Hamsun’s creative use of the travel genre. As the term “foray” in my title suggests, there is something illicit and transgressive about Hamsun’s travel writing. He does not readily conform to the norms of the genre; rather, he transforms the genre to suit his own purposes by infusing a large dose of his idiosyncratic genius in everything he writes about the faraway lands he visits.

GEOWAPP: A Geospatial Web Application for Lab Exercises in Surveying

E-learning applications that allow students to review their survey data are not widely used in urveying Engineering. To design and develop such an application, the requirements to be studied include user inter ac tions, technology interactions, existing exercises, data representation, etc. This study comprises the process of designing, developing, and testing a geospatial web application (GEOWAPP), which is intended to be under the adjunct mode of e-learning. Four exercises were supported by GEOWAPP: two levelling exer cis es, a traversing and a topographic survey exercise. The GEOWAPP contains five tools: Traversing Comparator, Differential Levelling Comparator, Least Squares Levelling Tool, Vertical Comparator, and Proximity Comparator. After testing using surveying real data and book exercise data, the GEOWAPP func tionality was found operational. Finally, user reviews were favourable towards the GEOWAPP. This application provides a new way to support surveying exercise lab practices by delivering immediate feedback.

Camera Pose Estimation by Vision-inertial Sensor Fusion: An Application to Augmented Reality Books

As the booming of mobile technologies, handheld Augmented Reality draws increasing attention. One crucial process is the position and orientation estimation of the handheld device relative to a reference coordinate system in order to display the virtual content accurately upon the real world. An emerging application is to integrate multimedia elements (e.g., text, images, sound, video) in physical real books to enhance the learning process or provide amusement and interaction. Square markers are popularly used due to their ease-to-use and high accuracy. However, these markers cause visual discomfort. This paper introduces a novel pose tracking approach for mobile devices by combining a tricolored strip, an internal camera and embedded inertial sensors. Furthermore, the application to books is studied. The proposed approach is less intrusive than square markers due to its reduced size and provides accurate six-degree-of-freedom pose estimation in real time.